• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    Method and apparatus are disclosed for investigating lateral characteristics of an earth formation penetrated by a borehole. Substantially identical measurement transducers are mounted in a fixed separation, side-by-side relationship on a pad adapted for sidewall application. As a pad traverses the borehole, measurement signals are produced corresponding to the same formation investigation conducted along two side-by-side paths on the borehole wall. The signals are recorded and provide an indication of lateral changes between the side-by-side paths. By comparing the signals with varying depth displacements, the best likeness and corresponding displacement are determined and provided as an indication of lateral inclination of the formation. The best likeness indicates a lateral formation homogeneity characteristic and the displacement the inclination of the lateral characteristic between the side-by-side paths. In a multipad embodiment, the lateral characteristic determination is made for each pair of side-by-side paths around the borehole and combined to provide the dip of lateral characteristics which persist to some degree around the borehole. When side-by-side transducer pads are employed on conventional dipmeters, twice as many dipmeter signals are produced, allowing more detailed correlation of signal features corresponding to vertical changes in formation characteristics, such as occur between bed boundaries, and thus improves the formation dip determination.
    公开号:SU974940A3
    申请号:SU782629449
    申请日:1978-06-23
    公开日:1982-11-15
    发明作者:Хэльо Мишель；Винсент Филипп
    申请人:Шлюмбергер Оверсиз С.А. (Фирма)；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    lying to others.  The friction of the shoe over the borehole walls is the cause of noise that is superimposed on the recorded signals.  When the formations are not uniform, the curves recorded with the help of different shoes are different.  Therefore, the correlation between the four curves, obtained with the help of four electrodes located on four shoes, is difficult.  In accordance with the invention, at least one geological characteristic of the mountain sites is measured, namely the lateral inclination and / or the degree of homogeneity of the formations.  Lateral inclination is obtained with a single measuring shoe.  The lateral inclination of the formation is a sectional view in a plane passing through two measurement electrodes of the considered shoe and parallel to the axis of the well.  This lateral slope and degree of homogeneity may be known or point characteristics of the rock in question, or also average values characterizing a formation of a certain thickness.  These characteristics make it possible to determine the rock depth in accordance with.  an invention.  A tiltmeter device is known that implements a well testing method in which at least two are used. electrode on each shoe.  In order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, the two resistivity curves, recorded with the help of two electrodes of the same poppy, are multiplied point by point.  In this way, one resistivity curve per shoe is obtained, the signal-to-noise ratio of which is improved by the fact that the signal correlates with.  The static useful signal V ICIIKI tVrfrv - “fJ | CH. . , rii j is relative to noise l.  The closest to the present invention is a method for investigating boreholes, according to which, using a formation tiltmeter, containing supply electrodes, at least two shoes, each of which has two electrodes spaced apart, with the axis connecting the electrodes parallel to each other. the wells simultaneously measure the electrical resistivity of the rocks, the results, the measurements correlate among themselves, and the homogeneity of the formation rocks is judged by the correlation results 2.  This method is implemented using a device containing a probe that includes power electrodes, less than two shoes, each of which has two electrodes spaced apart, the axis connecting the electrodes parallel to the probe, the ground unit for processing and recording measurement results connected by cable to probe 2.  However, the known method and device have a low measurement accuracy.  The purpose of the invention is to improve the measurement accuracy.  The goal is achieved by the method of drilling research, in which, using a reservoir tiltmeter containing feed electrodes, at least two shoes, each of which has two electrodes spaced apart, with the axis connecting the electrodes parallel to the source of the well. simultaneously measurable The electrical resistivity of rocks is measured, the measurement results are correlated with each other and the homogeneity of the rocks is judged by the correlation results, the specific resistivity of the rocks is measured by each shoe in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the measurements, with a spacing between electrodes smaller than spacing along the longitudinal axis of measurements, and the results of measurements additionally judge the homogeneity of rocks.   In a device for implementing this method, comprising a probe including supply electrodes, at least two shoes, each of which has two separated electrodes, the axis connecting the electrodes parallel to the QJ probe, the ground unit for processing and recording, measurement results connected by a cable with a probe, each probe shoe is provided with an additional electrode located in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the probe and passing through the measuring electrode, and spaced relatively a distance less than the distance between the above pair of electrodes and equal to 3 cm.  In addition, the ground unit contains at least two memory devices connected by cable with measuring electrodes lying in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the probe connected to the core; relay connected to the recorder.  The application of the invention makes it possible to determine with greater languor the homogeneity of the rocks, their lateral tilt, the presence of a crack.  According to the proposed method, the first measurement of the electrical resistivity of rocks at the first point of the borehole wall at a certain depth is carried out using a measuring electrode fixed to the shoe, which can be applied to the borehole wall, and the second measurement of the above value at the second point the borehole wall with the help of the second measuring electrode fixed on the shoe, the first and second measuring points being located in one plane, perpendicular the longitudinal axis of the well and are separated from each other by a distance which is small compared with the smallest electrical sounding of the well.  Then, the first and second measurements are repeated at predetermined depth intervals selected so as to obtain at these intervals at least two sequences of measurement signals intended to correlate with each other in order to determine the lateral inclination and / or the degree of homogeneity. rocks, the lateral slope being determined in a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis of the site and passing through two measurement points.  The geological characteristic can be represented by an average or a point value.  This characteristic is the degree of uniformity or lateral inclination of the layers of the section intersected by the well.  These two quantities, which Can be obtained simultaneously, are the results of correlations, carried out between two sequences of signals.  The proposed method can be used to determine the incidence of rock intersected by a well.  To do this, changes in electrical resistivity are measured as a function of depth over several wellbore generators in such a way as to obtain several curves in the form of measurement signals representing these changes, with the lateral inclination of the formation being determined along each of the generators, so that one side slope measurement is associated with each of the curves.  The fall is obtained by first finding the average fall plane parallel to at least two average lateral slopes for the rock layer under consideration, then the classical correlation between the resistivity curves from the shoe to the shoe is made, considered as acceptable only values of the fall that are consistent with the average fall plane.  Otherwise, the fall is obtained by finding the planes containing); two correlated points belonging to two curves, recorded using different shoes and point lateral slopes of the layer at two correlated points.  FIG.  Figure 1 shows a simplified diagram of a device for the study of subterranean formations, in particular, the fall of subsurface layers intersected by a well; in fig.  2, 3 and i - the form of implementation of the probe shoes; in fig. 5 electrical probe circuit; in fig.  6 illustrates one embodiment of the method; in fig. 7 schematically shows the means for implementing a variant of the method according to FIG. 6; in fig.  8 means for implementing another variant of the method; in fig. . 9 and 10 illustrates a method for determining the fall of layers of a region.  According to the proposed method.  at least two sequences of signals obtained by measuring the physical characteristics of subterranean formations depending on the depth of the well are determined, and these two sequences are obtained simultaneously in experimental conditions that are possibly more identical.  The measured physical characteristic is mainly the resistivity of the formations measured by el. However, other measurements, such as magnetic or acoustic, made respectively with the help of coils or acoustic transducers (hereinafter referred to as measurement bodies, are called electrodes) may also be considered.  In order to obtain the most identical experimental conditions, two sequences of signals are recorded using two identical measuring electrodes placed adjacent to the same logging shoe.  These two electrodes are preferably located in one plane perpendicular to the axis of the probe in order to reduce inaccuracies caused by a change in the speed of the probe.  The distance between the two electrodes is m; hal compared to the horizontal dimensions of the well, namely, compared to the smallest radius of the well.  This distance varies with the desired degree of accuracy of formation analysis.  As an example, the distance between two electrodes can be 3 cm.  Since the experimental conditions are identical, the difference exists. between two sequences of signals obtained at the same depth, can only occur from formations analyzed by two electrodes. The invention provides an accurate analysis of the same formation layer.  Indeed, comparing two sequences of signals by correlating them gives information about the degree of homogeneity of this layer.  For example, if the layer to be analyzed is blinded by a conglomerate.  t. e.  pebbles connected to each other, the degree of homogeneity of the layer is very small, due to the fact that. the two sequences of signals issued by two electrodes of the same shoe are different,. Since there is a greater likelihood that the korAa one electrode is opposite the gang, the other electrode does not go out and vice versa; In other words, the correlation of the two signal plots of signals does not allow for the appearance of events that match each other in two sequences.  In the same way, if a layer analyzed simultaneously by two electrodes is very homogeneous, the two signal sequences are almost identical, and the measured degree of homogeneity increases.  In a correlation operation, this is expressed by the fact that a large number of events correspond to each other in one and another sequence of signals.  The classic nylon meter contains at least three sliders, mostly four.  If two identical electrodes are mounted on each shoe comparing the degrees of homogeneity with each other, obtained with the help of two electrodes of each shoe, it can be noted that for a certain depth interval, the resistivity curves are very different, which indicates the heterogeneity of the formation.  The proposed tiltmeter allows the eye to accurately analyze the layers intersected by the well, and from here one can detect the presence of layers with a very small thickness, of the order of, for example, a centimeter.  The same feature of the resistivity curves, which are changes in the amplitude of the measurement signals, obtained depending on the depth, a peak or depression, for example, can be reproduced in a given zone on all the curves obtained from all the shoes.  Since the phenomenon is reproducible, a real feature of the formation takes place, for example a layer of clay.  The same feature of the resistivity curves (peak, trough, and so on. P. ), you are impressed by correlation. two curves with the help of two electrodes of one shoe, on all the curves of four shoes.  This fact allows us to reveal a local disturbance of the formation, for example, a fracture that correlates in one or more shoes, but not all.  Two sequences of signals, obtained with the help of two electrodes located on one shoe, make it possible to measure the lateral inclination of the layers of the area visible by the two electrodes. .  This lateral inclination is measured more accurately in a plane passing through two electrodes and parallel to the axis of the well.  The lateral slope of the layer follows from the two resistivity curves obtained with the help of two measuring electrodes of one shoe, which are almost identical on one side and shifted in depth on the other.  This shift measures the lateral tilt.  In addition, the comparison of curves by correlation from shoe to shoe allows to reveal the elements of the curves that match each other, and thus determine the fall of the layer.  The probe 1 for measuring the incidence (FIG. Can be moved in the borehole 2, filled mainly with drilling rig, connected with an electric cable 3 to the surface equipment.  Cable 3 runs around balance block 5 and drum 6.  The collector 7 and the flexible metal tab, which is rubbing along the drum shaft, allow the cable 3 to be electrically connected to the equipment located on the surface.  The most important element is the computing machine 8, which can receive data transmitted by the tiltmeter 1, and also send control and calibration signals to this tiltmeter. The computing machine 8 is programmed in such a way as to be able to analyze the signals for the correlation, so as to give a degree of uniformity and lateral tilt of the layers, as well as falling layers.  Computational. Machine 8 can be replaced by any available with (eedstvmi (FIG. 7 and 8).  Characteristic signals of the depth of the probe in the well can be, but not necessarily, processed by a separate circuit 9, connected to the computer 8.  The tilt meter 1 contains a centralizer 10, composed mainly of several curved metal plates, mostly four, rubbing along the borehole wall, and two rings 11 and 12 connected to the ends of the metal plates, and at the edge of one of these rings can slide around the central bushings 13. This centralizer is a known device.  The logging tool may also contain a second centralizer at its upper end.  Section T of the drill contains shoes (only two shoes 15 and 16 are mounted diametrically opposite on the probe body).  The inclination gauge may contain four identical shoes (two not shown shoes are located at two ends of the diameter, perpendicular and complanar9 About the diameter of the shoes 15 and 16, and In the same horizontal plane, perpendicular to the axis of the inclinometer).  Here it can be mentioned that the inclinometer can contain only two shoes placed diametrically opposite, each of which contains two measuring electrodes.  The four resistivity curves obtained with these two shoes are sufficient to determine the fall of the formation in question.  Each shoe contains at least two measuring electrodes 17 for the shoe 15 and 18 for the shoe 16 (only one electrode is shown for each shoe).  All probe electrodes are preferably in the same plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the probe body.  Each shoe is connected to a probe by hinged booms 19 and 20, rotating around fixed points 21 and 22.  The two ends of the booms 19 and 20 are connected by a metal rod 23, which is connected on the one hand to the piston 2, which hydraulically controls the opening and closing of the booms, and on the other hand to the potentiometer 25, which allows determining the distance of the shoe with respect to the axis the probe.  The arrangement of the hinge boom is such that the electrode 17 moves, remaining all the time in one plane perpendicular to the axis of the probe.  A spring 26, composed of several folded metal plates, is fixed fixedly on the probe body and movably on the shoe.  This spring presses the shoe against the borehole wall with a force that is basically constant.  The four shoes and the arrow connected to them are preferably independent of each other.  Four potentiometers 25 (only one is shown), connected to four independent shoes, allow us to recognize at each moment the dimensions of the well in two perpendicular directions, as well as the position of the longitudinal axis of the probe with respect to the axis of the well.  Section 27 contains pumps that allow the piston 2k to be operated using hydraulic connections (not shown).  The fall of the layers traversed by the well is determined by measuring electrodes located on the four shoes.  It can, therefore, be defined with respect to a plane perpendicular to the axis of the probe passing through the measuring electrodes.  The slope and orientation of this plane vary, since the probe is not always aligned with the axis of the well, and the axis of the well itself may not be strictly vertical and may change direction with depth.  Therefore, it is necessary to determine its position relative to a fixed one. reference point depending on the depth, zone, to the well.  For this, section 28 contains a compass supported horizontally and indicating the azimuth of one of the shoes taken as the reference, t. e.  the angle formed perpendicular to the plane of this shoe with magnetic north.  Section 28 also contains a contruSj to determine the position of one shoe relative to the vertical, as well as a tilt indicating the inclination of the longitudinal axis of the inclinometer relative to the vertical.  All these measuring devices of section 28 are well known in classical tiltmeters.  Section 29 contains electronic equipment, which supplies its measuring electrodes, as well as a telemetry circuit, which allows the measurement signals to be sent to ground equipment k via cable 3- Section 29 is shown in detail in FIG. 5 The principle of operation of the tiltmeter is schematically depicted on the left side of FIG. 1 The current generator, located in section 29, but not represented in FIG. 1, sends an electric current between section 1 of the inclinometer, which is then under a certain potential, and the metallic sheath. Which 30 sections. 29, which is at a certain other potential.  In other words, a current generator with one terminal is electrically connected to the shell 30 of section 29, and the other terminal to section 14.  Sheath 30 and section 14 play the role of feeding electrodes.  These two sections are electrically separated from each other by an electrically insulating layer of the cover section 27 and 28, and an electrically insulating part 31 located between sections 27 and 28.  Consequently, the electric current cannot flow along the body of the probe of the interelectrode unit.  12 do sections 29 and and, but it can pass through a formation.  The formation current lines that connect these two sections are shown schematically and are indicated by the positions 32-36. These current lines correspond to the focusing current, which allows the current to flow out of the measuring electrodes 18, represented by the current lines 37 ,.  penetrate the formation perpendicular to the axis of the well.  Then, depending on the depth, the measurement current 37 is measured for four shoes.  This measurement current is a characteristic of the electrical resistivity of the suit of the formation layer located opposite the measurement electrode.  As an example, a layer of sand 38 is presented between two layers of clay 39 and AO.  At the boundaries I 42 of these layers, the measuring electrodes indicate a change in the resistivity of the layer being analyzed.  This resistivity measurement makes it possible to determine the fall of the layer of sand 38.  Indeed, the change in resistivity is recorded by the measuring electrodes of each shoe at different depths, depending on the fall of the layer.  This is reproduced in the resistivity curves in the form of a shift of these curves depending on the depth).  The measurement of this shift, corrected for the change in velocity, indicates the fall of the layer.  FIG. 2, 3 and represent a preferred form of implementation of the shoes, with FIG. 2 shows the first shoe, front view; in fig. 3 the same, the second shoe; in fig.  k is a swarm of his shoe, a slit, in-plane, perpendicular to the shoe and passing through two vertical electrodes.  The shoes are elongated.  Highly rounded part of LZ shoes. is the front part of the shoe in contact with the borehole wall if the inclinometer rises to the surface during the measurement.  The shoes may, but need not, have a notch 44 surrounded by two shoulders 45 and 46.  The shoes themselves form a large focusing electrode, for this they are made of a metal that conducts electricity well, such as bronze.  As an example, the notch 44 has a thickness of the order of 0.2 cm. The width of the shoe is equal to b cm and its length is about 25 cm.  Each shoe contains two measuring electrodes C7-C8 (FIG. 2) and 9-50 (FIG. H) located at a distance of about 3 cm.  It is necessary that the two measuring electrodes of the same shoe do not move in the well along the same generator, so as not to take measurements in the same places of the borehole wall.  Therefore, these two electrodes should not be in the same plane passing through the longitudinal axis of the plane of the probe, t. e.  two electrodes do not have to be on the same vertical line when the drill is positioned vertically.  In addition, these two electrodes are arranged in one plane, perpendicular to the axis of the drill, and therefore, in the same horizontal plane, the drill is arranged vertically.  This arrangement is not necessary, but is preferred.  A-25 ODN BUT, when two electrodes are vertically shifted, the shift between the resistivity curves can be caused by two reasons: on the one hand, the formation layer falls and on the other side the vertical shift of two electrodes.  The speed of the probe in the well is not uniform.  Therefore, when (It is necessary to correct the two resistance curves as a function of this vertical shift of the electrodes, it is necessary to take into account the possible change in the probe speed between two measurement points.  The accuracy obtained from another source of shear curves, namely from falling formations, is then reduced due to the fact that it always makes more or less error when determining the velocity of the probe.  A device in which two electrodes are arranged horizontally significantly reduces this source of inaccuracy by the amount of incidence.  The measuring electrodes are electrically isolated from the shoe by an electrically insulating socket preferably made of ceramic. Each measuring electrode is connected by an electrical connection 55 with an output terminal 5b located on the back side of the shoe.  This electrical connection 55 is surrounded by an electrically insulating material 57, for example araldite.  40 Since the speed of the inclinometer moving in. the well is not uniform, it is necessary to measure this speed at each moment.  For this purpose various known means can be used.  The most commonly used tool in classical tiltmeters is composed of an additional electrode, called the velocity electrode, at all points identical to the previously described measuring electrode.  This electrode is fixed on one of the shoes at a known distance from one measuring electrode and in a direction parallel to the axis of the inclinometer.  Thus, the shoe shown in FIG. 2, contains a velocity electrode 58 located vertically and at a strictly defined distance from the measuring electrode 8.  The velocity electrode 58 and the measuring electrode tB allow the identical resistivity curves to be recorded, since they are above the other in the direction of movement of the meter tilt, they pass opposite the same layers of the plot, but at different times depending on tiltmeter movement speed in the well.  By knowing the displacement, depending on the time, of two resistivity curves, one measuring and another speed curve, and the distance between measuring electrode 8 and velocity electrode 58, it is possible to calculate the tilt meter speed at the considered depth.  The second shoe also contains a speed electrode 59 (Fig. 3, however, this electrode is located at a distance from the corresponding measuring electrode 9, other than the distance separating the speed electrode 5B from the measuring electrode 48.  This feature allows greater accuracy in the measurement of the speed of the inclinometer.  Indeed, the relatively large distance between the measuring electrode and the velocity electrode (Fig. 2) it is preferable to measure relatively high speeds, while a relatively small distance (Fig. H) preferably for measuring relatively low speeds.  The electrodes of speed 58 and 59 are fixed on the shoe in the same way as the measuring electrodes.  Electrode speed 59 o: is punched by an electrically insulating part 60, for example, from ceramics (FIG. ).  The electrode 59 is connected to the output terminal 61, located on the back-side of the shoe, by means of an electrical connection 62, which is immersed in an electrically insulating material 63, such as araldite.  By way of example, the distance between a scatter electrode 58 and a measuring electrode. 8 (FIG.  2) and the speed electrode 59 with the measuring electrode 49 (FIG. W) are respectively about 12.5 cm and 5 ea.  Also, as an example, the diameter of the measuring electrodes and the speed electrodes is approximately 0.5 s. Fig. 5 shows an embodiment of the measuring circuit of an inclination meter located in section 29 (Fig.  The four tilt-foot shoes are schematically depicted by 6k-67 rectangles. The first two shoes 6 and 65 each contain three electrodes: 68 and 6 or 70 and 61 as measuring electrodes and 72 or 73 as speed electrodes.  Two other shoes 66 and b7 each contain two of the measuring electrodes 7 and 75 or 7b and 77. All these electrodes are fixed on the shoes in the manner described.  Each electrode is electrically connected to one of the two inputs of the primary winding of the transformer, and the second input is electrically connected to a shoe that forms a large focusing electrode.  The two terminals of the secondary winding of each input transformer 78 are connected to the two output terminals of the measuring circuit 79. An input transformer 80 and 81 are connected to the measuring electrodes b9 and 68 respectively for the measuring or speed electrodes (not shown for the electrodes of the three other shoes), as well as a measurement circuit identical to measurement circuit 79 (these measurement circuits are not shown).  Input transformers 78, 80, 81 are located on the surface of the shoes, being 1 hour in contact with the borehole wall, and have a purpose. immediate amplification of measurement or velocity signals to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.  The four shoes are electrically interconnected by coupling 82.  The current generator 83 is connected at point 8 ba maca 67.  It energizes the electrical shoes, forming the focusing 9 4016 electrodes and through the primary windings of transformers 78 measuring electrodes and speed electrodes.  The second terminal of the current generator 83 is connected at point 85 with the mass of section 29 (FIG. 1) The current generator 83 pulses 86 period Ta. ; which is 500 μs.  At the time of the first half of the signal, the full period of the sinusoidal signal is transmitted with a period T of 250 µs (kHz frequency), no other signal is transmitted for the next 250 µs.  . Each circuit contains a transformer amplifier 87, which also performs the function of isolation, two terminals of the primary winding of which are connected to two measuring terminals 88 and 89.  Two secondary terminals of transformer-amplifier 87 are connected to two inputs of amplifier 90 with variable gain.  This gain can be controlled in a manner not shown in FIG. 5, using a control circuit located on a surface that operates when the output of measurement circuit 79, for example, is saturated.  This control circuit itself is connected to the measuring recorder in such a way as to vary the recording level in accordance with the change in the gain factor.  The waveform of the variable gain amplifier 90 is shown 91. These signals are then passed to phase detector 92, which is connected to a current generator 83 by its second input 93.  Phase detector 92 allows only a portion of the measurement signal to be maintained, which is in phase with the current sent to the formation by current generator 83.  The output of the phase detector 92 generates signals whose shape is represented by the number 9. These signals are sent to the input of the low-pass filter 95.  which must integrate the signal applied to its input.  This low pass filter 95 provides an output current whose strength is a characteristic of the amplitude of the detected measurement signal. This DC current is then amplified in amplifier 9b, then applied to the input 97 of the sealing circuit 98.  This circuit contains as many inputs 97, 99 107 as there are measuring electrodes and speed electrodes and, therefore, as many as measuring circuits identical to those of pi 79.  The circuit is compacted and 98 cyclically quantizes the measuring currents, prii. applied to its inputs, and applies them in series to the input of an analog-digital converter 103, the output 109 of which is connected to a telemetry circuit, not shown here, to direct the measurement signals numerically to the surface. The invention determines at least one new characteristic formations.  This characteristic can be an average characteristic, if you are interested in a formation layer of a certain thickness, or a point characteristic when only one point or section of a drilling well is considered.  The characteristic defined according to the invention is the degree of homogeneity of the formation (which can also be called the coefficient of lateral continuity or lateral strength).  This coefficient of formation homogeneity, determined with the help of two electrodes located on one shoe, can be an average value or a partial value.  The second characteristic, defined by the invention, is the lateral inclination of the layers of the formation intersected by the drilling hole, taken by two electrodes located on the same shoe.  This lateral inclination is measured in a plane passing through two measuring electrodes of one shoe and parallel to the axis of the well.  This side tilt can be medium, partial or point tilt.  The determination of the average characteristics gives the average value of the lateral inclination and the degree of homogeneity of the successive layers of the formation with a constant interval, for example, every meter.  The technique used is a correlation technique between sequences of signals transmitted by only two electrodes of one shoe.  For these definitions of averages, as well as for point values, a logging tool equipped with a single shoe can be used.  Determining by correlation the depth shift between two sequences of signal sections of a fixed E 18 0 signal, for example, each NLR of length, meter.  Fig. 6 illustrates one possible method for performing a correlation operation.  Two registers Ry and R are presented, in which two sequences of signals of outgoing pt of two electrodes of one are memorized.  Each register has a number m of elementary cells.  Each of them is designed to receive one measurement of one electrode.  As an example, signals from the left electrode of the shoe are stored in the register R, and signals from the right electrode of the same shoe are stored in register R.  The signals are memorized in the order they arrive, the passage from cell order 1 to cell order t.  On the left side of FIG. 6, as an example, indicates a value of 600 for the order of m memory.  This figure is equivalent to 1.50 m of the formation.  The set of signals stored from the pth cell to the qth cell of the R register (rne) determines the correlation interval.  The value (p + 1) is called the length of the correlation interval.  The value is referred to as the maximum search offset.  stored in the cell on the order of d (d iq + S) is called an inclusion sample.  As an example, ea, in figs 6,,, and.  The quantization coefficient can be chosen so that the length W of the correlation interval corresponds to one meter of the formation, and the maximum search shift S corresponds to 6.25 cm.  This shift corresponds to the maximum allowable shift between measurements of one shoe.  The correlation operation is classic.  It consists in the correlation of the measurements included between cells of order P and q of the register, with measurements made between cells of order 1 and d of register R.  ; 1l of this, the 2S + 1 C (t) values are calculated by the correlation coefficient for all integer values of t, varying from -S to + S.  FIG.  6, this reduces to determining the values of C (t) by the correlation of the interval N of the register R with each of the sequences, 1, 1, 1, I, of the register R of Designation A magnitude, contained in the order of the register R and The values contained in the cell I of the register R are determined by the values of C (t) using the formula Cftx-ilHA. -A) B tSCfc) 3 TdTvSN :) in which A and f (t) represent average values, namely J.    A - 7G L i, b (i) - q-. t В 3, - Р and T and Tft (t) are the mean non-quadratic deviation, t. e.  -o (, C (t) corresponds to the classical correlation coefficient between N values of the interval tA. , BUT.  and the interval value.   The purpose of the correlation operation is to determine the maximum value of the coefficient C (t} in the considered interval, as well as the value of t corresponding to this maximum value. The value of t that gives the maximum value of C (t) is called cp /:} it is the lateral slope of the formation for a slse formation, corresponding to signals enclosed between a cell of the order of p and a cell of the order of q for the shoe in question.  The magnitude (s) corresponding to the maximum C (t) is called the average degree of homogeneity for the formation layer corresponding to the signals enclosed between a cell of the order of r and a cell of the order of q for considered:. knocked shoe.  Thus, the maximum value of the correlation coefficients is determined, which is logical with the equations used, but with other equations the desired coefficient may have a minimum value.  In the general case, the desired coefficient is an extreme value.  8, while the operation of the core occurs (the greens for the interval under consideration, the measuring signals of the electrodes continue to arrive at the turn tO and are memorized in the following KaXj cells starting on the order d 1 q -5Vl d6 order t.  When the correlation operation for the interval in question is completed, go to the next interval that has the same length N.  Then it is necessary to shift the data contained in the registers R.  These correlation operations can preferably be carried out in real time, and for this, the capacity of the m registers is such that the filling time of ha-d cells, from d-t-l to m, is greater than the time for performing the correlation operation for the interval in question.  FIG.  Figure 7 shows schematically the means for implementing correlation operations and, therefore, for determining the average lateral inclination and the average degree of homogeneity of the formations taken by two electrodes of one shoe.  When the probe is lowered in the well, it contains several shoes, P "DSTva, shown in fig. 7, ° Y are intended for a specific shoe (therefore, so many devices shown in FIG. 7, how many shoes there are) or to all the shoes at the same time, since when operating in real time, the counting rate of the means in FIG.  7 is significantly higher than the rate of obtaining measurements of each shoe (at least four times if there are four shoes).  FIG.  7, two measuring electrodes of one shoe are schematically represented by blocks 110 and 111, and the corresponding measurements are intended respectively to the registers R and R.  At first, the clock 112 includes a control circuit 113 that allows storing signals from the electrodes 110 and 111 in the registers R and c.  114 and 115 respectively.  The registers perform the role of memory devices.  Each layout works in such a way that the measurement signals are stored in the registers R, and the R-ftCon order of their arrival at the beginning of operations, starting from a cell of order 1.  When the layout schemes 114 and 115 reach the cell in order of magnitude (FIG. b, logic circuitry 116 includes a switch circuit 117, which controls the correlator 118.  Then a correlation operation is performed.  Logic  The circuit 116 then controls the layout patterns 1Y and 115 in such a way that the following measurements), coming from the measuring electrodes, are also stored one by one, starting from a cell of the order d + 1 register.  Rjj ditch and R2 (rt) иг. 6) until the last check in order.  When registers are filled, t. e.  when the placement patterns reach the order of cells, the logical Kdf) circuit 116 controls the shift control circuit 11E which operates the shifter 120 and 121 connected to the registers R ;, and the shift shift consists in overwriting - from the order 1 to R ( FIG. 6) the contents of cells from q + 1-S to m of the same register.  In addition, when the allocation schemes are revenue t to a cell of the order of t, logic 116 again puts them in a cell of the order of R + 1. The shift operation (FIG. 7) carried out for two registers R.  and R.  Classic electronic tools. they allow this shift operation to be fast enough that, when it is over, the memorization of measurements coming from the electrodes did not even reach a cell of order d.  For each considered interval, the correlator calculates the lateral slope and the average degree of homogeneity R.  These values are remembered in the output circuit 122 and can be recorded on a magnetic base 123.  The correlation operations proceed in this way until the end of the flow of meters from the electrodes.  Correlation operations known in the art, and the means shown in FIG. 7 are only one form of implementation.  Other forms are possible.  Any other correlation technique other than the one described may be suitable.  For example, one can use the correlation technique of form recognition.  The average lateral slope or average CTeneHjb homogeneity can be obtained at a certain depth interval by calculating the average value, respectively, of the point lateral slope or local degree of uniformity, determined at this interval.  The determination of the point characteristics is as follows.  The measurements made with the help of two electrodes, located 022 in one plane, allow determining the local degree of the formation, as well as the point lateral inclination of the formation layer of small thickness viewed by the two electrodes.  The technique used to determine these point or local characteristics uses one of the known methods of correlation, such as, for example, the method of correlation for the identification of forms.  The curves of this technique are represented by the following changes depending on the depth. the probe in the well of the signals of each sequence, obtained with the help of measuring electrodes, are decomposed into characteristic elements (bumps, depressions, peaks) and a network of specific parameters is calculated for each element.  To determine the correspondence to this element of the curve, they begin to select elements of another curve, which can be considered as acceptable correspondences, taking into account the correlations already made.  If a. the two elements really correspond to each other, it is impossible that the element located above one of them corresponds to the element located below the other.  Indeed, the corresponding element among all possible corresponding elements selected in this way is then searched for by counting for each possible corresponding element of the coefficient I I i I J 1 h / | cc.   V i vi. yri I correlation C according to a given formula, that C--). ) -CPi-Pi) - (- e -i- () R. .  . P is yutte p, p. . .   R; with the values of the various parameters associated with this element and considered possible with the corresponding - 1 Dim element, respectively.  It is obvious that the coefficient C is always positive, and the closer to zero, the more similar the elements with their specific parameters.  The various values of coefficient C, obtained from the element in question, are then compared with each other.  If the two smallest coefficients differ: p by no more than a threshold value S called the recognition threshold, consider that there is a two-valuedness: the two coefficients are too close to indicate the element corresponding to the element in question.  Then it is preferable for her not to make a decision, than to make a decision that the knife should be wrong and, consequently, have consequences for subsequent operations.  If, on the contrary, the difference between the two coefficients is higher than 5, there is no double digit, compare the smallest coefficient with the second threshold value S, called the likelihood threshold.  If this factor is higher than 5, it is considered that there is an ambiguity in the identity of the corresponding element, and then the solution is also not taken.  On the contrary, if this coefficient is: ient is less than Sj, a match is established.  In order for the corresponding correspondence to any element to be really chosen as the correspondence to this element, it is necessary.  so that its correlation coefficient is not only sufficiently different from the coefficients of other related elements, but also sufficiently small.  To implement this correlation technique by identifying forms, an apparatus is shown schematically presented. eight.  Two electrodes of one shoe are schematically represented by blocks 123 and 2k. Measurements arrive at the input of the form detector 125, which selects the characteristic shapes (convexities, depressions, peaks) of the curves representing changes in the amplitude of the measurement signals Depending on the depth.  These different shapes are then correlated using the correlator of forms 12b so as to determine the corresponding elements of the two curves.  The results of this correlation are then fed to the output body 127, which may be, for example, a recording device.  The results can be stored in memory if they are written to the 128 tape.  The information provided by the correlator of the forms 126 (FIG. 8) is a sequence of elementary forms, defined on the one hand, two q and q sample numbers, c, related to one of the electrodes and, on the other hand, two d and d sample numbers, d i related to the other electrode.  The four numbers of samples q, q, d ,, denote that the correlator is able to identify, on two curves, the outputs corresponding to the measurements of two electrodes, the same layer-section limited by the samples q.  and q on the curve from the first electrode and samples d and d on the curve from the secondVo electrode. FIG. Figure 9 shows two resistivity curves 150 and 151, corresponding to resistivity measurements made with two electrodes of one shoe.  A resistivity curve 151 is also shown, representing the resistivity curve recorded with the electrode of the other shoe.  Using the described method of correlation with the identification of forms, it is possible to determine using the correlator of forms 126. elements of the curve 150, corresponding to the elements of the curve 151.  As an example, the correlator shows that peak 129 corresponds to peak 130, depression 131 to depression 132, and peaks A and L are FRIEND to a friend.  The angle c, formed by straight A, A, and connecting these two vertices, and straight.  connecting two electrodes of shoe 1, at point A, determines the point lateral inclination of the formation layer under consideration at point A. This side inclination is defined in the plane passing through the two electrodes in the parallel-longitudinal axis of the tool (if this axis basically corresponds to the axis of the well).  Each pair of corresponding curve elements, 1 1l, allows determining the point lateral slope of the formation layer at the point in question.  When the logging tool used contains four shoes, a correlation operation is performed between two resistivity curves obtained with each of the shoes.  With a point side tilt curve, it is also possible to select shapes on the recorded curves from one electrode to another that are similar and which are not identifiable.  This feature is very important, for example, to accurately calculate the fall of layers, since the uncorrelated elements of the curves are not taken into consideration and, therefore, cannot give erroneous values of the fall.  The uncorrelated portions of the curves are also discarded if the average lateral slope and dip, which is derived from it, is determined.  It is also possible to determine the local degree of homogeneity of the formations intersected by the well, and this degree is characterized by the percentage of forms identified as corresponding from the i-electrode to another.  This information is important in geology to know the structure of the formation: for example, it allows you to know whether a given layer is a conglomerate (cluster) or has a more or less pronounced layer.  This is possible only because the two electrodes are located on the same shoe and, on the other hand, are close enough to each other.  Indeed, two curves recorded with one shoe can be very similar for a single formation, since measurement inaccuracies act almost identically on two measurements.  For example, if the shoe does not fit correctly to the borehole wall, this is reflected equally on two measurements made by the two electrodes of this shoe.  The discrepancy between the curves and the curves occurs almost entirely from the local difference in the structure of the formation.  In addition, since the two electrodes of a single shoe are relatively close to each other, the structure of the formation can be determined the more accurately, the closer the electrodes are.  ; It is also possible to detect fractures in the formations that intersect the well.  For example, the geological lateral midpoint or point characteristics of the formation, determined using the method described, may constitute a first step to determine the incidence of formation layers intersected by the well.  Determination of seam dip is as follows.  In addition to the use of geological characteristics determined by the described -: image, to determine the occurrence of formations. only measurements made using only one of the two electrodes per shoe, and therefore one resistivity curve per shoe, are used.  This curve is the curve that was used to determine the lateral slope and degree of homogeneity.  Using the values of average lateral inclination and layers of the formation, determined in the described manner or by calculating the point lateral inclination in the considered depth interval, the characteristic of each of the layers of the formation, for example, 1 m thick, for the first stage, is determined for each layer of the average incidence plane, that it is parallel to the average lateral slopes, each of which is determined by one slider.  The lateral inclination, as previously defined, may be represented in a straight space, such as straight, passing.  through A and L (fig. 9) instead of using angle c.  If the inclinometer used contains four shoes, four middle lateral inclinations are determined, each with a single slider, for the formation thickness in question.  Two middle lateral tilts, related to two diametrically opposite shoes, are parallel in principle, eclVl, to eliminate measurement error, you can approximately know the measurement accuracy of the comparison of these two tilts, which in principle determine in parallel the average of two lateral tilts opposite sliders.  Thus, two average slopes are obtained, corresponding to two average slopes.  This plane is taken to the mean fall plane.  When the average lateral slope cannot be determined, since the two curves obtained with one shoe are too different (no possible correlations), or due to a faulty measurement device, or for another reason, this shoe can be assigned to average lateral inclination, defined with the help of the opposite shoe.  Thus, there are four lateral inclinations and it is possible to determine the plane of mean incidence.  For the formation layer, knowledge of the two side slopes obtained with the help of two non-diametrically opposed sliders is sufficient to determine the plane of the average incidence.  This latter is a plane parallel to these two average lateral slopes for the formation interval in question.  The inclinometer can have only two non-diametrically opposed shoes.  Since the electrodes of one nahs / dts shoe are relatively close to each other, the accuracy with which the average slope is measured is not very high.  In practice, it is equal to about 10 degrees.  In the second stage, the fall is determined more precisely by correlating between itself the four specific resistance curves stored and recorded with the aid. about four shoes.  This fall definition is classic.  The four curves correlate with each other in pairs.  Three curves are enough.  consequently, three shoes, since three points make it possible to determine a plane, but the fourth curve allows us to get better results.  Exact drop detection is facilitated on the one hand and improved with the other.  It is facilitated in the sense that the mean fall plane is already known, definite. average lateral slopes.  For the correlation between the curves from shoe to shoe, it is possible, therefore, to limit the maximum nose shift during the correlation operation (S in FIG. 6), since the mean incidence plane is already known, with an accuracy of 10 degrees.  Accuracy and drop measurements also increases c by eliminating the relation results from shoe to shoe, which are incompatible with the average lateral slopes obtained by correlating the curves of the same shoe.  In addition, the ability to limit the search angle in a correlation operation searches the correlation from the shoe near the present value and reduces the risk of error.  In contrast, the correlation, which is approximately 40 layers, between the curves from the shoe to the shoe, allows one to obtain a more accurate value of the drop, since the distance between the shoes is greater than the distance between two electrodes of the same shoe.  Point lateral tilts can also be used to measure the incidence of layers.  This utilization is performed as part of a dip calculation, in which a known method of correlating shape recognition is preferably used.  The classical correlation method can also be used.  In order to use the method of correlation with the recognition of forms, only one resistivity curve per shoe of the two recorded ones is saved.  However, the correlation with the identification of the forms, carried out for each pair of measuring Curves, recorded with a single shoe pad, allows us to eliminate the portions of the curves that are uncorrelated with each other, and retain only the portions of the curves that are quite similar.  Then, only correlated forms are considered with which the magnitude of the point lateral slope is associated for each of them.  A certain lateral slope can be represented as an angle (FIG.  9) but also direct in the space passing through two correlated points (A & L, fig.  9).  The method of correlation by form recognition is then applied to the selected forms of the four resistivity curves from the four shoes, the curves being correlated in pairs.  Limit attempts at correlation to two forms and f in a pair (fj,, f), in i. aj / t, Jf J 2 of the torus is such that the three following matrices are approximately in the same plane: the point side slope associated with the shape f of the curve recorded by the shoe 1, the point side slope associated with the shape f.  the curve recorded by shoe 11, the direction connecting and f in the attempted correlation.  This operation is then repeated for four shoes, tying them in pairs.  The proposed method makes it possible to determine a fall with the help of only two shoes, each of which is equipped with two measuring electrodes, which allow to determine the point lateral inclination visible by these two electrodes.  under the condition that these two shoes are not diametrically opposed.  FIG.  10, which illustrates a method for determining a fall by using point lateral tilts, the drilling well is schematically represented by a cylinder 133.  The two electrodes of the shoe 13 allow to record two measuring | These are shown schematically in FIG. 10 with two parallel generators 138 and 139- In the same way, for the shoe 135, the two recorded curves correspond to the two generators 1AO and Ill.  Assuming the classic
    the correlation or correlation operation by identifying the forms between two curves of one shoe allowed to establish correspondences Between points and for shoe 13 and points T 4 and point} kS with point 1A8 and point} 14bc with a point for shoe 135 the definition of a drop consists in finding pairs of points, which are in the same plane as the points and FROM. For example, if such a pair is present, HB, this means that the four points,, -1 "5 and, H8 are in the same plane, which is the plane of incidence. The same operations are performed for two other pairs of curves, for example, poppy pockets 135 and 136, shoe 136 and 137. Shoe 137 and 13, shoe TK and 136 and finally shoe 135 and 137. This method of determining the fall of the layer according to which Consideration is taken only of the already identified forms on the two curves obtained with the help of two electrodes of one poppy shoe, and by which it is checked that the correlations received from the shoe to the shoe do not correlate from the point lateral inclinations seen by each shoe. most of the risks of mistakes and repeat propelling results showing greater or lesser stratigraphic odnoro NOSTA formation. It may also be interesting to use the method of determining a fall using statistics. This method is also known. This method allows one to determine the magnitude of the fall of the formation at a certain depth interval. According to this method, the set of possible values of the fall at the point of the resistivity curve of the first shoe is considered, which correlates with the point B of the resistivity curve of the second shoe, and this set of values is determined in the reference plane, generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the drilling well (hence , this is usually horizontal plane). The set of possible values of the fall at point A is represented by a straight line formed by the intersection of the reference plane with the plane, passing through it through a point and perpendicular to the points. It does the same for all couples.
    权利要求:
    Claims (3)
    [1]
    the correlated points of the curves of the first and second shoes on the considered depth interval receive a series of straight lines in the reference plane. If there are no correlation errors, assuming that the measurements are very accurate, and that there is one magnitude of the fall in the considered depth interval, all the straight lines are combined into one. In fact, they get something like a ribbon. The same operation is repeated again, but this time from a pair of curves coming from another shoe, for example, from the first and third shoes, and for the same depth interval. In this way, a second series of straight lines in the reference plane is obtained, representing a set of dip values for pairs (H2,,) of the correlated points, with the points and AHC taken on the curves of the first and third shoes, respectively. The intersection of the first and second series of straight lines in the reference plane gives the desired magnitude of the incidence. This intersection is mainly formed by a dot or common zone in the reference plane. Then, the most likely value is chosen as the magnitude of the fall. Note that the correct values, hidden among all the quantities, reveal the true magnitude of the fall, while the erroneous quantities disperse their result. This method can preferably be applied using only the side slopes defined according to the invention. Indeed, for the formation layer, numerous measurements of lateral side tilts are made along one generator of the well. Consequently, for one specific thickness of the formation, a large number of point lateral slope values are available. When considering, for example, a single point forming a well, on which the first shoe moves, and a straight line representing lateral inclination at this point, the intersection of the reference plane with the plane passing through this point and perpendicular to the lateral inclination at this point is mine, which is a set of possible values of the incidence at the point in question. Repeat this operation on the considered depth interval, get the first series of straight lines on the reference plane. Again, because of the inaccuracy of the measurement, a beam of straight, approximately parallel, forming something like a ribbon is obtained. At this stage of the operation, it can be noted that to determine this first series of straight lines on the reference plane, only measurements made by one shoe, i.e. the lateral slopes determined with the help of two resistivity curves obtained from one shoe, whereas according to the described classical method one should consider the curves obtained with the help of two shoes. Then, as before, the second series of straight lines on the reference plane is determined using, on the same depth interval, lateral slopes obtained along the generatrix along which the second shoe moves, not diametrically opposite to the first one. The intersection zone of the first and second series of direct lines gives the desired value. This value, which is determined, can be confirmed by repeating the same operation with the third and fourth shoe, if the inclinometer contains four shoes. However, two shoes are sufficient to determine the fall according to the invention, whereas three shoes are required for classical tilt meters. When two resistivity curves correlate with each other in such a way as to determine a drop according to known methods, they are limited by the maximum shift iS of the correlation search (Fig. 6), which corresponds to the search angle -i-a, generally chosen around 5 °. The sto limitation is justified by the fact that point A 2 of curve 150, which is defined as the corresponding point A of curve 151, cannot be shifted in depth beyond the limited distance. This distance corresponds to the angle 2a and, therefore, to the interval S on curve 150 and the interval on. curve 151. Since the two curves 150 and 151 recorded with the help of two electrodes of the shoe 1, the possibility of correlation of the vertex / V / from one of the vertices of the curve 150 in the interval S. is relatively small compared with the possible correlations on the internals S of curve 151 recorded by shoe 2. Permissible acceptable correlation possibilities, but investigator 37 32 is more limited, and error is also limited. In addition, when the correspondence of the point L to the point A is known, which determines the lateral inclination c, the search on the curve 151 corresponds to the vertices A and A can be limited to the angle b around the straight H-A. A. The angle b expresses the inaccuracy of the determination of the correspondence to the point. For example, this inaccuracy may be on the order of 10. The search angle b determines the interval S., which is small compared to the interval of stars, the number of --fi correlations decreases. possible In addition, curves 150 and 151, recorded with the help of one shoe, are much more similar than if they were recorded with the help of two shoes. This reduces the risk of error when correlating the curves with each other, when looking for, for example, identical, forms, eliminating parts of the curves that are considered to be a little similar. The invention can be used in versions of all or part of devices similar to that described. By measuring electrodes, a different physical characteristic can be measured instead of electrical resistivity. The term electrode includes, therefore, all organs that measure the physical characteristics considered, such as acoustic transducers and magnetic coils. Claim 1. Borehole research method, in which, using a formation tiltmeter containing feed electrodes, at least two shoes, each of which has two electrodes spaced apart, with the axis connecting the electrodes parallel to the generator hole, simultaneously The electrical resistivity of rocks is measured, the results of measurements are correlated among themselves, and the homogeneity of rocks is judged by the correlation results, characterized in that, in order to improve the accuracy of measurements, The specific resistivity of rocks is measured by each shoe in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of measurements, with the spacing between electrodes smaller than the distance along the longitudinal axis of measurements, and according to the measurement results, the homogeneity of the medium is additionally judged.
    [2]
    2. An apparatus for carrying out the method according to claim 1, comprising a probe comprising feeding electrodes, at least two shoes, each of which has two electrodes spaced apart, with the axis connecting the electrodes parallel to the axis of the probe, a ground block for processing and recording measurement results, connected with a cable to a probe, characterized in that each probe shoe is provided with an additional electrode located in the plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the probe and passing through the measuring electrode and spaced apart m relative
    measuring electrode a distance shorter than the distance of the above pair of electrodes and equal to 3 cm.
    [3]
    3. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the ground unit for processing and recording measurement results contains at least two memory devices connected by cable with measuring electrodes lying in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the probe connected to the correlator, connected to the regstrator.
    Sources of information taken into account in the examination
    1. US Patent No. 352115, cl. 3241970.
    2, Patent of France No. 2185165., cl. G 01 V 3/18, 1972 (prototype).
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    IT7824804D0|1978-06-21|
    NO148165B|1983-05-09|
    JPS5445601A|1979-04-11|
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    MY8500195A|1985-12-31|
    DE2827229C2|1986-12-11|
    AU521230B2|1982-03-25|
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    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    FR7719486A|FR2395516B1|1977-06-24|1977-06-24|
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