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    • 专利摘要:
    In accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the present invention, methods and apparatus are disclosed for measuring the average conductivity and heterogeneity of formations surrounding a borehole. To accomplish this, certain phase components of the electrical signal produced by an induction logging tool are measured and combined in accordance with given mathematical relationships to produce indications of the average conductivity and heterogeneity of a formation. Moreover, the average conductivity and heterogeneity indications can in turn be combined to give indications of the conductivity of different radial regions of the formation under investigation. Additionally, to measure these phase components, a technique is disclosed for eliminating the mutual coupling between the transmitter and receiver coils of an induction logging tool. In this technique, the transmitter coil(s) is excited at two different frequencies and the mutual coupling component of the voltage induced in the receiver coil(s) at the lower frequency is used to cancel out the mutual coupling component at the higher frequency. The phase components used for computational purposes are then measured at the higher frequency.
    公开号:SU900823A3
    申请号:SU711668185
    申请日:1971-06-23
    公开日:1982-01-23
    发明作者:Рега Шарль
    申请人:Сосьете Де Проспексьон Электрик, Шлюмберже (Фирма)；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    I
    The invention relates to the study of the characteristics of rocks, in particular, induction devices, and can be used to measure the average conductivity and heterogeneity of the rocks surrounding boreholes.
    To make these measurements, changes in the phase components of the electrical signal generated by the induction instrument during the automatic recording of the logging results are used. To this end, the measurement results are processed mathematically to represent the indications of the average 1c conductivity and heterogeneity of the rocks. These results, corresponding to average conductivity and heterogeneity, can in turn be used to obtain conductivity readings from various radial zones under study. Signals of different frequencies are applied to the transmitter coil (s) of the transmitter, and the values of voltages induced in the coil (coils) 25
    the receiver, due to direct communication with the transmitter coil at low and high frequencies, is compensated. In order to increase the accuracy of the tests performed, the phase components used in the calculations are measured at higher frequencies.
    A system of coils is known, comprising one or more transmitter coils and one or more receiver coils. These coils can be mounted on a support or holder with fixation of the intermediate, spatial distance between them. Electrical signals are applied to the coils or coils of the transmitter from the alternator to induce secondary current in the surrounding rocks. The electromagnetic field created by this secondary electric current induces a signal voltage in one coil or in several coils of a receiver. The magnitude of this signal voltage depends on the electrical conductivity of the rocks. For presently used induction logging devices, only the part of the receiver conductivity signal that is in phase with the transmitter current is measured at the output. At the output, the signal from the receiver coil system is directly proportional to the electrical conductivity of the rocks in the largest part of the range. meeting values of conductivity 1P. The result of measurements is influenced by nonlinear effects due to the effects of the electric skin effect. The magnitude of this skin effect increases with increasing operating frequency of the radiator coil system. There are also known methods for correcting the results of conductivity measurements with the help of induction systems with respect to the influence of the nonlinearity of the skin effect. In one of the full systems, the primary functional circuit corrects the signal of apparent conductivity received from the induction measuring device according to a predetermined function 21. 8 the other system and the receiving coil is induced by a square-shaped signal and summed with the normal component of the signal -the formation of a conduction signal corrected for the skin effect. This system is based on the principle that the signal from the rock, having a phase shift of 90, is approximately equal to the component of the signal from the skin effect, which is antiphase with this signal within a given range of conductivity values and frequency C31. When the values of the operating frequency of the system and the conductivity of nearby formations are not too large, these known systems provide extremely accurate measurements of the conductivity of the formations under almost all conditions encountered. However, when the value of the product of frequency and conductivity of rocks becomes very large, it is very difficult to obtain an accurate result of conductivity measurement due to the significant effect of the skin effect. If the rocks studied are heterogeneous and the product of frequency and conductivity is large, then problems (accurate measurement of the conductivity of rocks is much more complicated. The purpose of the invention is to improve the accuracy of measurements of the conductivity of rocks in a wide range of operating frequencies. Set: 1a a device comprising a wellbore, comprising a system of generator coils connected to a generator, and a system of measuring coils connected to two phase-sensitive detectors, The basic signals of which are connected respectively to the active and reactive elements of the generator circuit, as well as the telemetry system and the ground registration unit, introduced an active and reactive component of the complex conductivity of the rocks, connected between the telemetry system and the recording unit. node (device) of interconnection in phase of component voltages, connected to nonlinear cascade, node (device) summing combined and nonlinear signal in connected to the recorder. The active and reactive release components of the complex conductivity of the rocks also contain a device for calculating the conduction of the section of rocks located at a selected distance from the well. The majority of those studied using inductive measuring devices consist of many zones with different conductivities. Such rocks are called heterogeneous, in contrast, rocks that have the same conductivity (they are called homogeneous). Therefore, it is necessary to improve the induction devices used for the study of inhomogeneous rocks. According to the present invention, the generated electromagnetic field and the induced signal have amplitude and phase, depending on the conductivity and heterogeneity of the breed, the values of which are compared with the amplitude and phase of the reference signal, fto the amplitude and phase characteristics of the induced signal (according to two or more indications) you can determine the necessary characteristics of the breed, and, at least on one of the indications found; t conductivity. According to the second demonstration, it is possible to determine the heterogeneity or some other parameter depending on the nonuniformity.
    FIG. 1 shows a functional diagram of the proposed device; Figures 2 and 3 of the voltage diagram (and its components in phase and with a phase shift of 90 °) induced in the receiving coil of the induction measuring system at different conductivity values of the homogeneous rock; in fig. k is a diagram of some of the calculated parameters as a function of the voltage from the conductivity that is in phase and with a phase shift of 90 °; ne figs 5 is a functional diagram of computing equipment, defining clause 2 of the claims; in fig. 6 is a circuit diagram for programming a digital assignment device for its own purpose, which will be used to calculate some parameters; in fig. 7 and 8 show the position of the measuring device inside the borehole and show the radial and vertical characteristics of the rock strata in the form of some parameters obtained using the apparatus shown in FIG. one; in fig. 9 - curves b and b “valid and compressed the conduction of rocks with their horizontal occurrence; in fig. 10 and 11 are graphs of relative signals versus distance on the borehole axis for geometric factors; in fig. 12 is a block diagram of the device for determining the active and reactive components described in claim 3 of the invention. FIG. 1 is a functional diagram of an induction automatic logging tool for logging, which is designed to examine rocks 1 intersected by a borehole 2. Borehole 2 is usually filled with a liquid solution 3, The immersible moving part of an induction measuring device includes a probe core with a system of coils, which can move inside the borehole 2. The electric parts of the device, lowered into the well, are placed in a sealed enclosure 5, which is mechanically fixed on the upper end of the rod I with a system of coils. This part of the device in the housing 5, in turn, is suspended on the reinforced multicore cable 6, which is fed from the ground surface. A winch and a drum (not shown) are located on the ground for lifting and lowering said part of the measuring device into the well. A power source (not shown) is located on the surface of the earth, from which electrical energy is supplied to the device through cable 6.
    The coil system includes (Fig. 1) the radiating coil 7 and the receiving coil 8. Both of these coils are coaxially wound on a non-conductive non-magnetic support probe h and are usually parallel to the longitudinal axis of the borehole 2. The centers of the coils are spaced L from each other . Inside the hermetic housing 5, there is a generator 9 of signals 8, the output of which is connected to coil 7. The flow of alternating current J through the winding of coil 7 results in the appearance of a signal voltage in the receiving coil 8, the value of which depends on the electrical characteristics of rocks I. In addition to the component voltage, which depends on the structure of the rocks, additional voltage is also induced in the receiving coil due to the DIRECTIVE magnetic flux crossing the windings of the radiating and receiving coils. To compensate for this component of the voltage in the receiving coil, a device made in the form of a transformer 10 is introduced into the equipment, the primary winding 11, which is connected in series with the signal generator 9, and the secondary winding 12 is connected in series with the receiving coil 8. The transformer 10 is turned on in such a way that the voltage in its secondary winding 12 will have an opposite polarity "relative to the polarity of the voltage of the direct connection, which is induced in the receiving coil 8. The transformation ratio (ratio to The transformer 10 is selected in such a way that the compensating voltage of the transformer is equal to the absolute value of the voltage generated as a result of direct communication in the receiving coil 8. Any configuration of the transformer 10 is usually performed in conjunction with the movable part of the measuring equipment that is suspended above the ground far enough away from any significant magnetic bodies. Consequently, the voltage applied to the input of the amplifier is only the voltage in the receiving coil x, ction effects due to eddy currents in the rocks 1. The downhole part of the device (FIG. Contains an amplifier 13, a voltage is supplied to the input from the receiving coil 8 and the secondary winding 12 of the transformer 10, a phase-sensitive detector AND to extract a polar output signal, the value of which is proportional to the component of the voltage from the amplifier 13, which is in phase with the current J in the radiating coil. To form the output signal from the coupling 15 in the circuit, using the signal generator 9, remove the reference signal to compare the phase and feed it to the phase-sensitive detector and T.I. The triplet (Fig. 1) also contains a second phase-sensitive detector 16 for generating a single-celled output signal, which should be proportional to that component of the signal from amplifier 13, which has a phase shift of 90 relative to the signal signal generator J phase, Dp implementation of this to the phase-sensitive signal For detector 16, for comparing the phase, the signal excited in the coil 17. The voltage components in the phase and with a phase shift of 90 °, denoted respectively by Vj and YX, produced by phase-sensitive detectors ft and 16, serve at the input of amplifier 18 and further by many wire cable 6 supplied to power metal NOSTA. The downhole part of the device operates as follows. The signal generator 9 feeds signals with a constant frequency to the radiating coil 7. The flow of current through the coil 7 leads to the formation of a variable electromagnetic field in the space surrounding this transmitter coil, and which in turn penetrates a considerable distance into the adjacent layers of rocks. This results in a secondary current. Typically, this secondary current flows in a circular circuit around the probe in well 2 and is coaxial with the axis of coil 7. The magnitude of this secondary current depends on the effective impedance of the material of the host rocks. Usually this current contains active and reactive components. 8 the secondary coil is also induced by the receiving coil 8 due to the direct magnetic coupling between the coils 7 and 8. This voltage due to the direct magnetic coupling does not depend on the change in the conductivity of the adjacent rocks and, therefore, remains mostly constant during the whole process of research of the rocks surrounding the borehole 2. As can be seen from FIG. 1, this signal from the action of direct reciprocal communication is compensated by the corresponding switching on of the transformer 10. From the theory of the electromagnetic field and in particular from the theories concerning magnetic dipoles, it is known that the voltage of the receiving coil from the current of the radiating coil d | g of a pair of coaxial coils located in c) an isotropic home environment and separated by a distance larger than the coil sizes can be expressed as follows. -JbJJ AiAy. JrUgJrU (1) 2tL where j -1; J - current signal generator; D - permeability, environment; circular frequency in radians for the generator signal, where f is the frequency, A is the product of the cross-sectional area and the number of turns of the radiating coil; AG is the product of the cross-sectional area and the number of turns of the receiving coil; L is the distance between the centers of the coils; jf-constant of wave propagation in the medium surrounding the coils. When the environment is conductive, as in the present case, the wave propagation constant can be described by the expression r. (2) where means the electrical conductivity of the medium. Equation (2) can be rewritten in the following form where S is the depth of current penetration (skin effect) into the medium under study. This depth S is the effective depth of penetration of the element
    electro magnetic field and
    it is determined from the expression 5 V2 / u) S | 4 Decomposition of equation (1) to the degree of a series and the introduction of the value of f, defined by equation (3), leads to the expression V. di tfJAiAr, (L) 2. (,.) (Ch g (ij) (|) As you can see, equation (5) contains the real and imaginary parts. In the final form, equation (5) transforms into the following: V Vr + jVx Here Vf. Means the real part of the equation (5) and therefore represents the voltage component in the gripping coil, which is in phase with the signal current in the coil 7. These phase matching components correspond to the active in the rock resistance. The ld is the low part of equation (5) and corresponds to the signals induced in the receiving coil, the phases of which are shifted by 90 relative to the primary signal in the radiating coil. These phase-shifted signals are induced by the direct magnetic coupling between the coils transmitter and receiver, and can also be derived from the reactive impedance component of the formation.When emitting the real part of equation (5), one can see GcJ / u JAfAr -1 (t) 4 () This dependence for the phase-matching voltage determined by the equation(7) can be given the form Vo - Vc A.
    900823 and
    ten
    -СЧт) -М) - 00) Member Vg. defined by equation (9), means the so-called sign of the geometric factor, which is predicted by linear theory.  As follows from equation (8), the only variable is the coefficient b. bridges of rocks.  Consequently, this signal Vq of the geometric factor is directly proportional to the conductivity T of the material of the adjacent rocks.  The remaining members of equation (7) are a collection of non-linear components and are denoted by the symbol Y (defined by equation (10).  From equation (7), it can be seen that this term determines the effect of the skin effect and is part of the overall sig-.  Nala V.  .  In equation (5), the reactive component (shifted in phase by 90 °) of the total signal is represented by the imaginary part of equation (5).  The members of this imaginary part have the appearance ofjuJAt A.  () H () H () - the last equation corresponds to handicap V.   Vv "Vx tJjulAt AI ii I Vx {i (l) -4 (Tti (| - / - l" Vfy, indicates how this defines equation (13).  voltage generated as a result of direct magnetic field between the radiating and receiving coils and independent of the conductivity of the material of the adjacent layers.  A functional diagram of the device of FIG.  1) Vjvi from the direct magnetic cable is compensated by the transformer 10.  V, Equation (12) corresponds to a residual voltage shifted 11 in phase by 90 ° and determining the magnitude of the reactive component, depending on the flow of the secondary current in the material of the adjacent strata.  Its value depends on the effect of the conductivity of the material of the formations, as noted by a factor of 5 in equation (I).  The sum of equations v, (7) and V, (1 according to the formula (6), receive the voltage of the receiver (component Vy, created as a result of direct interaction, canceled) jVxМШ-Ш).  ; f u jMiAtA r g / L f h 21G1 Uis /) 4 (f - l} Ha FIG. 2 shows a diagram of the dependence of V on UX for studies using a dual-head probe of homogeneous rocks in a certain range of water content.  From FIG.  As can be seen in Fig. 2, the conductivity values increase in the counterclockwise direction of the adol curve 19. Initially, the induction measuring device operated only at a low frequency, then the receiver signal was directly proportional to conductivity.  This proportionality can be determined from the equations (k}, (9), (10) and (14)). From equation (k) it follows that at a low frequency value l) the depth of the skin effect 5 will be large.  Consequently, the component of the signal Vj formed due to the skin effect (defined by equation (10), as well as the component, are out of phase in phase 90 and characterizing the conductivity of the transmission according to equation (11), are negligible.  This means that only the voltage component V remains in equation (9), due to the geometrical factor.  The diagram in FIG. 2 shows that the entire curve 19 is adjusted under the condition that the values of VH and V are reduced, under the influence of decreasing frequency.  3 However, an increase in Vr and V, to a level where the new conductivity curve intersects the original curve 19, causes the conductivity curve 3 to point 20 to shift to a new position 21. At a lower frequency, most of the conductivity values of interest will lie on plot of the curve near the axis V ,.  However, the use of low operating frequencies significantly reduces the signal to noise ratio.  This can be seen from equation (9), since the component Vg of the induced voltage is proportional to the square of the frequency u).  Consequently, with an increase in the operating frequency to a level when the voltages Vs become significant, the skin effect, which is in phase, and the component for example; The phase shifted by 90 and depending on the conductivity of the rocks will have a half-change curve similar to curve 13 in FIG. 2. To obtain accurate results for measuring the conductivity of the formation at these relatively high operating frequencies, you need to enter correction for skin effect in the expression for the component voltage V of the receiving coil.  This correction takes the form of a shift of the common-mode voltage level M of the receiver by the prescribed value at the given values of this voltage Vv. In view of the fact that the skin effect affects the received voltage in a non-linear manner, as follows from equations (10) and (l4 ), the skin effect correction takes the form of a nonlinear shift of the receiver voltage component V in phase to obtain corrected values of the conductivity of rocks.  The conductivity measured by a similar system with a correction for the skin effect is sufficiently accurate for the vast majority of the conductivity values of the rocks, as shown by point 22 on the conductivity curve 19 (Fig. 2).  Most of the rocks are not homogeneous and, consequently, the conductivity values of heterogeneous rocks will not coincide with curve 19 (fig 2) of the uniform conductivity of the reservoir.  At relatively low values of formation conductivity, this difference will not be too noticeable, since the slope of curve 19 at similar values of conductivity approaches zero.  Consider the case in which a heterogeneous rock may have the values V and V, corresponding to point 23 in FIG.  2  When measured using systems of the former type, when it is determined with only the phase V which does not affect the phase. it is assumed that the measured value of rock conductivity is a vertical projection of point 23 on rock conductivity curve 19.  In fact, by several. the values of the average conductivity of rocks are the conductivity of curve 19, at point 20 which is closest to the conductivity at point 23.  Inaccuracies of measurements arising from. rock heterogeneity can be corrected to some extent by using several measuring devices of complex computing technology. According to the invention, both values of the phase coinciding with the generator current Jf and the phase shifted 90 ° component of the receiver voltage V are measured and, using these values , not only determine more accurately the conductivity of rocks in most cases, but also the degree of their heterogeneity.  Here it is assumed that the conductivity parameter 6 in equation (1), as well as in combination with equation (2), is a complex number having real and imaginary parts.  Denoting the real and imaginary components of the conductivity, respectively, and 6v, the complex conductivity G is determined by the equation 6m + J6V (16) Combining equations (1), (2) and (16) gives -JuJ3 / uAfAt.  , V. v ,, AND-jLVj J4 (5u JSv) Vja) jM (() For a more complete picture of the components of Gj, and 6v in FIG.  3, curve 19 is reproduced, also shown in FIG.  2  The values of the components Vj and V are determined at the point most close to the curve 19 9 3 (perpendicular p to curve 19); the distance between volume 2 and curve 19 represents the value of b and can be calibrated in units of values of ffv.  The distance between the starting point 2A and curve 19 at Vj. , V 0 to the intersection point 35 corresponds to the value of the component Gj, and can be calibrated in GU units. .  From the foregoing, it can be inferred that the selected value of component 6c is located at the intersection point of the perpendicular with the conductivity curve 19, for example for point 2.  Consequently, the value of component b represents the average conductivity of the formation in the area under study.  Thus,  The 3OMj-studied conductivity of homogeneous rocks is expressed in this case in the average values of the conductivity Gfy for rocks of this type.  Determine the value of component 5, if the desired point, determined by the values of Ui and V, lies in the region bounded by the conductivity curve 19 (as shown for point 2), then the value is positive and the value of the conductivity of the rock near the location of the coils is less than the conductivity zones that are more removed from the coils.  Conversely, when the value of Gv is outside the uniform conductivity curve 19, as represented by point 2b, the value of the component Gv is negative and the conductivity of the nearby zone is greater than the conductivity of the remote area.  Therefore, the polarity of Sv indicates the distribution of the conductivity of rocks.  The distance between point 26 and the closest point on the conductivity curve 19 for a homogeneous rock corresponds to the degree of heterogeneity.  Therefore, knowing the magnitude (v, you can determine the heterogeneity, m. e.  relative sign of conductivity of near and distant zones of rocks (vertically and radially) in amp. so and the polarity of the calculated parameter GV.  For homogeneous rocks, the value of the parameter GV is zero when the values of the components / f and Vy correspond to a point lying on the conductivity curve for a homogeneous rock, and the measured parameter value (DU is determined by the coordinates of the point formed by the intersection of the perpendicular with the curve (V Vy - 0 ).  Until now, the description concerned only a two-core probe.  It is known that due to the use of several transmitting and receiving coils, it is possible to obtain an improved characteristic, t. e.  the effects of radial and vertical geometrical factors can be more fully determined. The technique according to the present invention can also be applied to signals formed by similar multiple coil devices.  Evaluation of measurement results using multi-coil devices is necessary for each pair of overeating and receiving coils, considering them as a separate two-coil device and then combining the signals of all two-coil probes.  We rewrite Eq. (17) for the multi-probe probe Ju) 3/4,, J3 LviriHh /. n - r -U-jn. ““), (18) where the product of the cross-sectional area and the number of turns of the coil of the t-th transmitter; Aup is the product of the cross-sectional area and the number of turns of the coil of the nth receiver; Lwk, is the distance between the centers of the coils of the t-th transmitter and the n-th receiver, and finally.  r / jiJ / 4 (e "t-jGv) To determine the conductivity in equation (18), the right side of this equation should be divided into You can write 5.  Gf jGx And Ifl J tVH Ayy, 14-LWV, ud i corresponds to V.  Then, equations (18) and (19) can be solved for the values of E008 3 16; and (memory in the same way as equation (1) was solved for the same parameters for a two-coil probe.  Equations (18) and (19) are generalized expressions and they extend to the number of coils, including the two-core probe.  Equation (19) can be used to obtain a coordinate grid defining the values of 5ts and ffv and the functions of variables 6 and Y.  This can be accomplished, for example, by selecting the values of Q and y and solving the equation for the corresponding values of 6.  and (Z.  FIG.   until . zana result of such calculations.  In fig.  4 shows a diagram of b values, depending on 6 for a multi-coil device.  As follows from the diagram (FIG.  ) you can use V ,, and Vi (or (jy.  and b) determine, through the values of the parameters bc and bu, with the help of a family of orthogonal curves constructed in a system of rectangular coordinates, where these families of curves will be curvilinear with respect to the rectangular coordinate system.  On the axis of the rectangular coordinate system (FIG. 3 or k), Sf 0.6, O can be set aside and then any values of parameters 6, and 6, i can be determined using these curves.  To (moreover, these curves allow one to determine GU parameters when constructing them in the coordinate system for (.  and 6 ".  Therefore, in practical use of the methods outlined, the parameters and T are measured using a measuring device lowered into a boring boring, and the same methods according to the present invention can be applied to obtain Gi, and GX using the measured values of the parameters bi, b.  Such a technique can be carried out using complex or simple transformations.  For example, the measured values of the components V / and Ud can be determined from the diagram in FIG.  k value of parameters 5 (.  and GU.  With its help, for any measuring device it is possible to compile tables of values of the parameters of bc and 5y for any values of Gf, and (x.  Such a table can be used for simple calculations or a program for introducing it into the computing device.  1 It is also possible to use the constructed curves for the approximate solution of equation (19).  Depending on the accuracy of the approximation of equation (19), these expressions can be complex or simple.  Some expressions for parameters 5 as functions of the Vr and V components can sufficiently simplify the values of 1dbc C + A1db, + BG, + 06.4.  .  . + + A, IgS, + + 0 (e, f + (20), where S, aV + and S, aVr +. (21) The expression for parameter b) is of the form igO.  - with A JgG, + BG, + o f. .  , 1 ii (it + A 1db, + B, b, 0 (b,) +. . .  (22 w eVt - d6 (23: Coefficients from o to c, A, B, C, O, A, b, c, D, AJ, B, Dj are permanently dependent only on the design of the coils of the probe and are determined in the process of building curves.  FIG. 5 shows an example of constructing a block 27 for isolating the active and reactive components of the complex conductivity of rocks in accordance with paragraph  2 formulas of the invention for calculating parameters bi and w.  which is shown takhyu in FIG.  one.  Computing device (FIG.  5) can determine only the first three terms of equations (20) and (22).  The signals Vf and Y from the measuring equipment located in the well go through amplification stages 28 and 29 — which determine the average value of the coefficients and e — to the node 30 of the combination of phase-matched voltages 30 (summing stage).  Cascade 30 summarizes these two AC values.  and and forms the output signal, indicated in accordance with equation (21) by the letter (5 ,.  The output signal G is fed into a nonlinear cascade — a logarithmic converter) 31 to obtain an output signal proportional to the logarithm of G / I.  This output signal from the logarithm converter 31 is supplied to amplification stage 32, where the value of 1 g b to form an output signal proportional to the product AIgG ,, is multiplied by the factor A from equation (l8). the signal proportional to the constant coefficient c from equation (20) and the value of b5 goes to the summation of the combined and nonlinear signal 33 (summing circuit), the output signal of which is proportional to the value of the logarithm of equation meter 6ts.  The value of B ff is given by the amplification circuit 3, which receives a signal proportional to the parameter from the summing cascade and multiplies by a factor B.  The logarithm of G can also be converted to a linear parameter GJ, by using the entilogarithmic circuit 35.   to obtain the value of o, i, the IgG should be multiplied by the factor A by means of the gain amplification cascade and the result transferred to summing cascade 37.  Additionally, ff, is multiplied by a factor in using a cascade 38 and the result is passed to the summing cascade 37.  Coefficient C is also entered into the same cascade, and thus the signal at its output will be proportional to the logarithm of the parameter according to equation (23).  The logarithm of the parameter is converted from into the value of the parameter itself by means of the anti-log cascade 39, the signals from the output of which are fed to the input of the differential amplifier 0.  The signal V, shifted in phase by 90, depending on the rock properties, is then fed in positive polarity to the input of differential amplifier 40 through amplifier 1, so that according to equation (22) the signal at the output of the latter will be proportional to the value (.  If necessary, the term determining the heterogeneity of the rocks can be normalized to account for fluctuations in the conductivity of the formations.  To do this, the parameter S (.  divided by GU or better by the sum of the parameters ac + + SY can be performed in cascade C2 (FIG.  five).  Equations (17) and (19) can be solved with a digital computer for each measured Vj value.  and v or b.  and Q.  Consider now FIG.  6, which shows a scheme for starting a computational 1990 machine that solves equations with respect to parameters G, j, and G.  as a function of G, and GX.  After launching the circuit according to this program, the measured conductivity parameters for one level (lip, taking into account the correction constants of the measuring instrument, are entered into the computer through t} blocks and the data processing center.  Then, in the first approximation, the parameter (Zoo is considered equal to parameter b, and parameter bG is reduced to zero using block 5.  This first approximation corresponds to the case of a homogeneous rock.  After that, equation (19) is solved with the help of data processing unit 46 with respect to pairs of meters b.  and (3); using for this GI value, and Sy.  When it is necessary to determine with sufficient accuracy the parameters 0 „and (e,,, a series of iterations is applied.  Such an iteration consists in determining the difference between one or both of the measured values of the values of GY and / or B and the calculated values of these values using the specified values of the parameters c and.  In this case, through block 7, an iteration is performed, determining the difference between the new calculated value Gv and the previous value in, when this difference is less than the selected coefficient C.  If the response of the coincidence circuit corresponds to Yes, for the previously set values of the parameters Gi, and (ey, then the data calculations are performed for the next depth level by means of blocks 48 and 9.  If the matching circuit check (block 47) is not satisfactory, then select the new values of the parameters Sc and ffy and repeat that one (its calculation process is performed by the data processing unit 50, and the output signal of this block is supplied to the input of the block 46 for this.  8, the process of re-performing the calculated operations for the previously calculated value of the parameter Gr, denoted, compares it with the subsequent calculated value of the same parameter, indicated.  Thus, by means of block 46 and the matching scheme, a check is made to determine the correctness of the calculated values of the parameter r, which vary considerably from one interaction to the next.  If they do not change, then it is indicated that they are for the selected final values of the parameters 0c AND (eu.  To determine the correctness of the new values of the 5 Hz parameters and the GBU, calculate the ratio of the measured value of the logic oi, + JG to its calculated value, and then multiply the last selected value of the parameters GU and GV.  The equation corresponding to the choice of new values of parameters (and, has the form of y, / - and.  . -I1.  (. and 1 b | SbGm -n jSv, J V- and. an Jx where the designation (n + 1) refers to the new parameter used in the following calculations, and the designation n refers to the previously calculated parameter.  The equation that the block solves, 47 is of the form G: -G where (n - 1) determines that the value is obtained before this calculation (initially it corresponded to the measured value Gy); c is any value.  Thus, the values of the parameters p and G, i are calculated for each depth level, and the parameters y and G were initially chosen for different values of 6 ,, including equal to zero.  Equation (19) is then solved for 6f and woo.  If the calculated value of the parameter (6 (G) does not satisfy equation (25), then, according to equation (24), is the program for calculating the new values of the parameters G and G.  These new values of the parameters Cj, and (5.  then used to calculate the new values of the 3t and ix parameters, and the new calculated value of the parameter Gx (and / or the parameter G) is compared with the previously calculated value GT.  and / or bc (according to equation (25).  If equation (25) is satisfied, the new values of parameters 3c and SY are calculated according to equation (24) and the calculation process is repeated.  This calculation process continues several times until the obtained results finally satisfy equation (25) and then the last calculated values of the parameters are processed and 19 the program continues and is executed for the next depth level.  Characteristics of an induction gauge for logging formations by means of the so-called geometric factor theory, t. e.  The use of radial and vertical geometrical factors to map the formation with a conventional induction system can be extended to the proposed induction meter.  ny system.  However, the geometric factor used for the present invention has the form of a complex number.  For the co-roll device, the geometrical factors d, and oy associated with the measurement results of the parameters Gu and (eg, can be expressed as follows 9 (-. z) X g H-jrpT e P n n-jypT) ejrt where g (r, 2) - means the geometrically factor, which is defined respectively / | 6ll; fr is the distance between the transmitter coil and the device ground bus; pj is the distance between the receiver coil and the device ground bus.  FIG.  10 shows the curves defining the PT and PR distances.  Dividing equations (2b) into separate expressions for the real part d, and for the imaginary part d gives (1 - xS + VP) cos (yS) + 9 * 9.  + (yS 4- uP) sin (yS) QO C (1 - S + VP) sin (yS) - (yS + uP) cos (yS) «« o TrG V f 1 p ft -ph; u (V u) ju-Cv / Vu4v The values of C1 and g for the length of a multi-coil device can also be expressed taking into account the size, distance of 3 research institutes, and so on. P.  for all coils.  Radial and vertical geometric factors can be derived from geometric factors d and d for the entire device.  The radial geometric factor for the geometric factor ds for the entire device is r Jsudz. The integral radial geometric factor for the instrument for particular values is equal to Gvr. J -co The integral vertical geometric factor for the device is equal to and the vertical geometric factor for equals. In FIG.  Figure 7 shows diagrams of changes in the radial geometrical factors GUr and GVj for a dual-coil measuring device.  FIG.  7, it can be seen that the negative and positive portions of the area bounded by the curve for the radial geometric factor GVf, respectively denoted by K and L, are equal in area, therefore, in a homogeneous medium, the overall response for GVr is zero.  On the other hand, if the zone closest to the coils is more conductive than the radially more distant zone, then the reaction will be negative.  Conversely, if the radially more distant zones are more conductive, then the characteristic determined by the radial geometrical factor 6Vt will be positive.  Radial geometric factor 6Vf.  pretty much close to the dollar factor.  FIG.  8 shows diagrams of vertical geometric factors GU and for a device with two coils.  The curve of the vertical geometric factor 6Vr is shown on the left side of the figure.  Similarly, changes in the radial geometric factor 6Vr positive and negative areas bounded by the curve for the vertical geometric factor EE are equal to each other, so the overall response determined by the vertical geometric factor in a homogeneous medium will be zero.  FIG. 8, the central zone with a negative reaction is denoted by the letter H, and the upper and lower zones with a positive reaction are denoted respectively by j and J.  If the distant test pst rock is more conductive than adjacent layers, which corresponds to the pattern of higher conductivity in zone H than in zones j and J, then the characteristic determined by the vertical geometric factor B,, will be negative and, conversely it will be positive when near formations are more conductive.  Vertical geometric factor C (FIG. 8) very similar to the geometrical for a 35-meter device with two coils, which is determined according to the theory described in the earlier article | danta article Doll.  Therefore, conductivities are significant (and will be almost o / ak with ordinary conductivity values measured by logging with conventional induction measuring instruments.  Geometric factors, as follows from equations (I) and (28), vary depending on the nature of the conductivity.   (FIG.  7 and 8) correspond to typical “4 uszh) 0i m. Although the radial and vertical geometric factors SutiGv. Cur. Cvj are for a measuring device with two coils, they can be derived for designs with any number of measuring coils.  They can also be used as a means of interpreting the measurement results of the parameters q and G. , obtained using any similar measuring device with several coils.  The curves of the logarithmic parameters Gq ib | “, obtained in the study of rocks, are shown in the left part of FIG.  9.  Here there are three homogeneous formations with conductivities in ;, GJ, 3d, and they are shown in the upper part of FIG.  9.  Conductivity Gj is more conductivity Gj, and more conductivity Gj.  The logarithm of the parameter ce, ,,. obtained by following the formation of these layers, is almost the same with the log-conduction curve obtained using a well-known induction measuring device.  However, the logarithm of the parameter Gf is completely different from any previously logged logarithmic values.  Conductivity measurement (FIG.  9) produced by moving the measuring device from top to bottom.  When moving coils from the reservoir P | with the conductivity of the BC to the more conductive stratum rij at the boundary of the strata, the parameter (3c will first have a positive value, and then at the transition of this boundary it will acquire a negative value.  Further, the value of the parameter Of becomes close to zero, up to the boundary of the reservoir with conductivity Q.  The reason for this can be seen if we take into account the vertical geometric d aKTOp 6Vj (Fig. eight).  For the case where the measuring coils are located corresponding to the central part of the curve between the positive parts j or J, due to the influence of the geometric factor, the research data is opposite for a more conductive formation that corresponds to the central part of the H curve.  In the case when the central portion of the H is opposed to a more conductive layer with conductivity (3, the negative components of the signal will exceed the positive components of the signal.  From here it is possible to see why the parameter has a positive sign after the negative value, when the measuring coils cross the boundary of the layers from P ;, to P ,.  When the measuring coils pass from reservoir P to a less conductive reservoir P, then the curve of parameter 6p deviates in the negative direction and then in the positive direction.  This is because the H section of the geometric factor curve corresponds to a transition to a more conductive formation when the coils move towards the boundary of the reservoir.  When the measuring coil moves away from the reservoir boundary, the H section of the geometric factor curve will correspond to less conductive formations, therefore, create a positive deviation.  These deviations help determine the separation of the seams.
    Now consider what happens when the gauge explores formations lying in zones filled with a solution with a conductive fluid. This example is shown in FIG. E, where formations with
    CONDUCTIVITY Gt and Qtfe-Sxfe.
    The PTs and P layers are separated by a Pu layer with conductivity E5. Conductivity Gti, more conductivity G,, and conductivity G (, more conductivity Gt. For the Pt and Pt layers, the logarithm of the parameter bc determines the average conductivity of each layer. One GV curve will have a positive value in the zone opposite to the Pts layer, because the zone with the conductivity Cf c is less conductive than the radially more remote, non-impregnated zone with conductivity. Why this value will be positive can be seen from Fig. 7, which shows that the curve for the radial geometric The factor passes in the negative region K in the zone radially closer to the measuring coils and in the positive region L radially more distant from these coils. Consequently, if the conductivity C) Cs of the solution saturated zone is less than the conductivity Gti, not the saturated zone, then the positive part characteristics, i.e. the geometric factor curve (FIG. 7) will have a greater effect on the signal than the negative portion of the characteristic.
    Upon further movement of the measuring device, when the coils approach the boundary between the Pts and P | - strata, the logarithm of the parameter G will show a decrease in conductivity, as a result of a decrease in the average conductivity between two formation layers. On the other hand, the logarithm of parameter i will remain positive when the measuring coils approach the boundary of this reservoir, since the mean conductivity Gj of reservoir P is greater than the conductivity of reservoir G. When the measuring coils cross layer P, the logarithm of the parameter GV will not deviate due to the fact that layer P is homogeneous. Then, when the measuring coils are even closer to the boundary between the P and P layers and, therefore, are more affected by the P layer, the logarithmic values of the Gy parameter may change to negative deviations, which indicates that the conductivity S of the penetrated penetration zone more conductivity of the formation, not zatrynugo penetration.
    The reason for this negative deviation is due to the fact that the conductivity on the negative section K of the geometric factor curve (Fig. 7) is greater than the conductivity on the positive section L of the same characteristic. When the measuring coils move to the boundary between the formations P and Pu, the logarithm of the parameter becomes positive, since the conductivity G is greater than the average conductivity of the reservoir P. After the measuring coils move away from the boundary of the reservoir, the logarithm of the parameter Gy will first deflect in negative direction for the exact opposite reason, and then crosses a series of stable zero values for the case of homogeneity of the seam P.
    In addition to recording the parameters (ec and by, to obtain logarithmic curves that determine the average conductivity and heterogeneity of the rocks, combine the parameters G and GV in such a way that they provide information on the conductivity of the various radial zones of the formation.
    FIG. 10 shows plots of relative signals as a function of radial distance from the borehole axis (from which we can determine the values of the radial geometric factor), explaining how the combination of G parameters, and (oy can give the necessary information. Curve d "shown by a solid line . (fig. U), is a set of values of the radial geometrical factor d for the multi-coil construction of the measuring device. The flCjigy curve (plotted with a solid line) corresponds to the radial geometry This factor combines these two curves of the geometric factors g to obtain the curve of the resulting geometric factor ds + otj9v 27 which corresponds to the depth of the rocks under study in the radial direction.Fig 11 shows the vertical projection of the combined geometric factors shown in FIG. 10. The solid curve (Fig. 11) characterizes the geometric factor obtained by combining the geometric factor d From comparing this curve with the geometric curve th factor tc in FIG. 10, it can be seen that the geometrical factor dy + oCj, gv allows a greater depth of radial investigation than factor 9. The geometric factor + d.jgv corresponds to a combination of parameters and (iv, according to the expression QV. A comparatively shallow radial study can be achieved by subtracting the geometric factor e multiplied by the selected factor “, ;,” from the geometric factor d. signal, then this operation corresponds to subtracting oC, Gv from Ez. Now consider Fig. 12, which shows a device for calculating the conductivity of a section of rock located at a selected distance from the well and adding the parameters GU and Sv according to claim 3 (for obtaining individual signals corresponding to conductivities of different radial zones of rocks). The signal (5, multiplied by the coefficients + oCj and -oC in blocks 51 and 52 and then fed to summing blocks 53 and 5. - Signal (the ec is supplied to the summing blocks S3 and 5, as a result of which the output signals are of the form GU-. The multiplication blocks 51 and 52 and the corresponding summing blocks 53 and 5 may separately contain operational amplifiers with corresponding input resistances, the choice of the method of connecting the positive or negative th amplifier output signal determines the sign of the multiplier and + (These signals G and 3 can also zapisatna recorder 55 shown in FIG. 12 and 1. Measured signals from cable 6 are typically amplified by an amplifier 56 located in ground equipment. Consequently, as a result of the practical implementation of the proposed 90,328 invention, it is possible to obtain an accurate measurement of the average conductivity of the medium surrounding the device coil system, without errors, due to the heterogeneity of the rocks and the skin effect. In addition, it is possible to obtain values for the inhomogeneity of the medium surrounding the measuring coils, on a logarithmic scale. These measurements can be obtained by using a device with a single receiving coil. Although it was shown that the two-phase components of the signal voltage at the output of the receiving coil were measured, which were used to obtain the values (5y and Sv), it is also possible to measure other parameters to obtain the same oi and GV signals. Consequently, the amplitude of the signal voltage at the output of the receiving The coils and its phase angle can be used to obtain the same results. For example, referring to Fig. A, suppose that point 3 represents the measurement result using said coils, i.e. measuring the vector length Between this point and the origin (Vj Jf o) and measuring the angle between this vector and any of the coordinate axes Vt. and Vj (or their transformed versions), which can be used to determine the position of glasses 2 relative to curve 19. Thus can be thereafter, the values representing the conductivity and heterogeneity of the rocks studied were obtained.The signals of the phase components Vj and vic functionally depend on the amplitude and phase of the voltage of the signal induced in the receiving coil, which, in turn, are proportional to the amplitudes and the phase of the electromagnetic field in adjacent rocks. Although the invention has been described for the case when measured point V, V (i.e. point 2 in FIG. 4) was designed perpendicularly, on curve 19 (FIG.) And parallel to axis Vjt on curve 19, other options are possible when design the measured point in a different way on curve 19, and these methods do not change the essence of the invention. Additionally, the selected formation model for the best form of practical implementation of the invention is a homogeneous rock defined by curve 19, it can be considered that other models of the formation can also be used. For example, another curve can be used, parallel and remote from curve 19.
    权利要求:
    Claims (3)
    [1]
    1. A device for induction logging comprising a wellbore including a system of generating coils connected to a generator
    and a system of measuring coils connected to two phase-sensitive detectors, the reference signal lines of which are connected respectively to the active and reactive elements of the generator circuit, as well as a telemetry system and a ground registration unit, characterized in that it additionally contains an allocation unit active and reactive components of the complex conductivity of rocks, connected between the telemetry system and the recording unit.
    [2]
    2. The device according to claim 1, which, in its turn, is that the block for the separation of the active and reactive components of the complex conductivity of the rocks contains a node for the combination of phase-matching component voltages connected to a nonlinear cascade. a combined and non-linear signal summation node connected to the recorder.
    [3]
    3. Device pop. 2, characterized in that the block for the separation of the active and reactive components of the complex conductivity of the rocks comprises a device for calculating the conductivity of the section of the rock located at a selected distance from the well,
    Sources of information taken into account in the examination
    1. Doli G., Introduction to induction logging method and its use in oil wells. LJ. Petroleum Technology,, №6.
    2. US patent fc 3226633, cl. 32 | - 6, 12.28.65.
    3.US Patent ff,
    cl. 32 - 6, 01.09.6D (prototype).
    L.
    tsh
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    w b
    w ig.
    (n-: i
    s
    S |
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    "H
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    5d
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    7
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    NO134133C|1976-08-18|
    AR196393A1|1973-12-27|
    KR780000746B1|1978-12-30|
    NO134133B|1976-05-10|
    TR16920A|1973-11-01|
    HU162675B|1973-03-28|
    US3706025A|1972-12-12|
    BR7024990D0|1973-06-14|
    GB1338418A|1973-11-21|
    DE2062841B2|1975-01-02|
    FR2072089A1|1971-09-24|
    NL7018835A|1971-07-01|
    DE2062841C3|1975-08-07|
    JPS5031841B1|1975-10-15|
    SE380104B|1975-10-27|
    ES386865A1|1974-02-01|
    ZA708534B|1971-10-27|
    OA03580A|1971-03-30|
    IE34889L|1971-06-29|
    IE34889B1|1975-09-17|
    CA926466A|1973-05-15|
    FR2072089B1|1978-03-17|
    PL81655B1|1975-08-30|
    DE2062841A1|1971-07-15|
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    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    US88823969A| true| 1969-12-29|1969-12-29|
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