• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    Existing techniques for making atmospheric electricity available for use are based on passive methods and are therefore not effective. By copying processes that we see in a thunderstorm, we can create an active antenna that extracts charge and energy from the atmosphere. For this we use an electrical discharge of a suitable high voltage between two specially designed electrodes. The electrons lose their temperature (chaotic movement) in this discharge, which causes a supply of energy to start from the environment, and furthermore, the pressure to the outside falls away. This energy supply ionizes air in the vicinity of the discharge and increases the voltage of the charge present. The electric and magnetic fields generated by the discharge concentrate the charge on the receiving electrode.
    公开号:NL1041935A
    申请号:NL1041935
    申请日:2016-06-17
    公开日:2017-12-21
    发明作者:Willem Van Den Bergh Ernst
    申请人:Faaq Holding B V；Willem Van Den Bergh Ernst；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Active Antenna for Atmospheric Electricity.
    Introduction and history
    Since it is known that the atmosphere contains large amounts of static electricity, various attempts have been made to make it available. For example Andor Palencsar (patent US 674,427), Walter I Pennock (US 1,014,719), Hermann Plauson (US 1,554,998), Mark Ellery Ogram (US 8,112,282) and Clint McCowen (US 2012,299,559) .
    These attempts are all based on passive methods in which an antenna is suspended at a (great) height, on which the air then deposits its charge.
    The passive nature means that these methods are inefficient. An antenna that actively attracts charge is of course many times more effective.
    To get an impression of the available energy: - the average thunderstorm discharges around 10 million KWh while a heavy thunderstorm can contain up to 100x more energy, (source: Encyclopaedia Britannica) - worldwide a current of 1800 amps flows from the ionosphere to the soil. At an average voltage of 400 KV this represents 720 MW. (source: Feynman lectures) - this current would discharge the ionosphere in about 20 minutes if there were no thunderstorms. (source: Reiter, 1992) - after a thunderstorm, it takes an average of 5 seconds before the situation in the thundercloud is again the same as before the discharge, (source: Feynman lectures)
    The fairly constant nature of the potential of the ionosphere seems to indicate a dynamic balance between the various processes involved, including the solar wind, ionizing radiation - both cosmic and from radioactive elements in the earth - and thunder.
    Electron temperature.
    Around 18ΘΘ there was the idea that electrical voltage is comparable to temperature and that electrical conduction is analogous to thermal conduction. Based on this thought, Ohm's law came into being, a law that we still use today in virtually unchanged form. J.C. Maxwell (Treatise of Electricity and Magnetism Volume 1, parts 331 - 333) and Lord Kelvin also saw this analogy but found that there are also differences.
    Looking at the free charge in a conductor, we see, when we think away the conductor itself, loose particles (electrons) exactly like the molecules in a gas.
    So we are dealing with a similar medium and we can compare electrical voltage with the pressure of a gas. With this the analogy that was seen around 18ΘΘ can easily be explained on the basis of the ideal gas law: P-V = N-kB-T (1)
    If the volume remains the same, as is usually the case in an electrical circuit, there is a constant ratio between temperature (T) and pressure (P) and thus an analogy between temperature and electrical potential. On earth, however, with the exception of transients and in the atmosphere, the electron temperature is virtually constant so that pressure x volume = (constant x) amount or voltage x capacity = charge.
    The average kinetic energy of electrons would be a value analogous to temperature. This is kinetic energy of an electron that does not immediately result in ionization or an excited state of an atom.
    Within plasma physics, the definition of electron temperature for a group of electrons whose velocity distribution follows the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution:
    (2)
    With an IR thermometer, which actually measures the "black body radiation", you can measure a short increase in temperature when switching on a Tesla coil and a short dip when switching off, in accordance with the ideal gas law.
    If we measure the voltage on two electrodes between which a DC discharge takes place, we see at the cathode, where electrons go away, a dip in the voltage and at the anode a peak that can be much higher than the supply voltage. This is analogous to what we see in an evaporating medium, the fast molecules go first, causing the remaining mass to cool down.
    These are just two examples to illustrate that the concept of electron temperature also has practical meaning outside of plasma physics. But there's more. * In the rest of this text, 'temperature', 'heat', 'cold', 'cooling' etc. refers to 'electron temperature' and not to temperature in the usual sense.
    Atmospheric electricity.
    There is a virtually constant potential difference between the earth and the ionosphere of approximately 4ΘΘ KV. The theory is:
    The ionosphere is positively charged from space, so loses negative charge. This results in an electric current through the atmosphere of 18ΘΘ A. So every second 1.8 KC of negative charge goes from the earth to the ionosphere at an altitude of 70 Km. The negative potential of the earth is kept constant by a thunderstorm. But thunderstorms take place in the lower 10 Km of the atmosphere, so the question is: which process brings the negative charge from the ionosphere, against the electric field, to the storm clouds In the absence of this process, the earth should increase more than 1 MV in voltage every hour. This illustrates that there are still some gaps in this theory.
    My explanation is as follows;
    A low electron temperature prevails on the outside of the atmosphere. Cosmic radiation - in accordance with Tesla's "primary cosmic rays" ("The Eternal Source of Energy of the Universe, Origin and Intensity of Cosmic Rays", 1932) and possibly Phi waves (KJ van Vlaenderen, "General Classic Electrodynamics", 2015) - heats the matter at subatomic level. The density in the atmosphere is insufficient to absorb significant energy from this radiation, but in the earth the electron temperature is determined by this. The electric current that flows through the atmosphere is an electron-thermal current, so the earth does not lose any charge.
    The thunderstorm process takes place in the lower 10 km and forms a closed cycle of charge (electrons).
    It also provides an explanation for phenomena that we see during a thunderstorm and for which there is still no good explanation. Such as the "stepped leader" (this data is mainly derived from the work of M.A. Uman).
    A negative CG discharge is preceded by a stepped leader. The general consensus is that it is triggered by a small discharge at the bottom of the thundercloud between the predominantly negatively charged bottom of that cloud and a small positively charged area therein ("p-region"). This discharge 'shoots through' and forms the start of the stepped leader. The tip of this leader has a tension of around 50 MV and shows a very typical behavior. This tip namely discharges in 1 ps over an average distance of 50 meters (step), after which apparently nothing happens for an average of 30 ps and then a new step is taken. This is repeated until a plasma channel has been formed to the ground, after which the so-called "return stroke", the most visible and audible discharge, takes place. It is assumed that the charge of this leader is fed from the thundercloud, but with that in mind the step-by-step process is very difficult to explain and furthermore that the thundercloud only needs 5 seconds to recover to the situation before the discharge.
    My explanation for this phenomenon is as follows;
    Cosmic radiation (see above) determines the electron temperature in the earth. This electron temperature leaks away through the atmosphere and thus determines the electron temperature in the atmosphere.
    The trigger is the first discharge in the thundercloud in accordance with the generally accepted model, but then something completely different happens.
    An electrical discharge can be seen as what happens in an "expansion nozzle" in cooling systems, a sudden increase in available volume results in a temperature reduction. This temperature reduction in turn attracts energy from the environment, this results in ionization and the ionized air is ordered by the electric I and magnetic field (pinch effect).
    This movement of energy and ions needs some time, after which the new tip of the leader again has sufficient charge for the next step.
    A simple way to visualize this process is as; follows:
    At the place from which the discharge takes place, the electrons contain a lot of energy, but the movement of the individual electrons is chaotic. In the discharge, this movement is limited to the longitudinal direction of the discharge and the pressure (= electric potential) to the outside is therefore lost. The environment is busy and therefore forces itself into the discharge.
    Cooling is the extraction of energy and the cooled medium will then attract exactly as much energy as was originally extracted. Electron temperature is very close to electrical voltage, the only difference is the ordering of the electron movement. This makes the following process possible: - the cooled electrons attract energy from the environment, - the electric and magnetic fields convert this energy into electric potential, - the incoming energy thereby leaves the electron temperature unchanged but increases the electric current, - this electric current amplifies the magnetic field.
    This process would sustain itself if it were not for the center of gravity of the magnetic field to move in the direction of the electric current in the discharge.
    The main difference with the generally accepted theory is that the charge (and energy) in the leader does not come from the thundercloud but from the air from the environment.
    This also explains that the leader initially has such a large diameter (1 - 10 m). The pinch effect would always force a discharge into a much narrower channel, but what we see is triggered by a discharge, but takes place in the environment around that discharge.
    The return stroke then discharges the plasma channel formed by the leader.
    The active antenna.
    Understanding the above processes provides us with a tool for extracting electrical energy from our atmosphere. So we are not going to attract the limited electric charge, but we are going to imitate the natural process of lightning in order to gain access to the electrical temperature of the atmosphere. This temperature is kept constant from the cosmos and in all probability represents a very large, new and, above all, clean source of energy.
    For this we use two electrodes at a considerable distance from each other (see fig. 1), such that one can be charged to a voltage of several million volts before a discharge to the other, neutral electrode.
    One electrode (S), the 'transmitter' has a relatively small self-capacity and the other (R), the 'receiver' a much larger one.
    A high-frequency high voltage is applied to the electrode S. In accordance with the thunderstorm process, we focus on the negative phases of the high voltage. Since electrons are much more mobile than ions, the effect they create is much stronger.
    The electrode S is then charged to a very high negative potential. This creates an electric field that repels the negative charge present in the air.
    As soon as the voltage is sufficiently high, a discharge occurs in which a negative charge flows from electrode S to R. Both the current in the discharge and the moving charge in the air create a magnetic field. The total force that these streams of moving load exert on each other is represented by the Lorentz force:
    (3)
    The first term indicates the repelling electrical force, the second term the attracting magnetic force.
    It is clear that the magnetic force can prevail over the electric once the speed (v) is high enough, or the magnetic field (B) is strong enough.
    This phenomenon is known as the pinch effect and causes the static electricity from the air to be sucked into the discharge.
    But more is happening. Due to the expansion during the discharge a strong cooling of the electrons takes place, the higher the voltage, the greater this effect.
    This cold attracts energy from the environment, this electrical kinetic energy increases the voltage of the electrons present, ionizes more air and adds electrons to the discharge and to electrode R.
    As a result, more charge arrives at electrode R than escaped from electrode S and, moreover, under a higher voltage.
    By giving the electrode R a much greater self-capacity without sharp corners and edges, the voltage there does not rise high enough to be discharged again and the used charge plus the atmospheric energy can be made available therefrom. For this purpose, a suitable electrical connection to this electrode must of course be made. If the electrical charge is not taken off, the voltage on R will rise until it discharges again on S. It is therefore important that the charge is taken off. One of the possibilities to do this is to have R discharge through an induction on the earth and in this way cause a wave in the earth's charge that can be picked up and used elsewhere. E.e.a. in accordance with Nikola Tesla's patents in this field (inter alia US 645,576 and US 649,621).
    The reason for a high frequency is that such a signal carries further and, moreover, that such voltages by means of. a Tesla coil can easily be generated.
    Instead of using a very high voltage, it is also possible to use a high frequency on which a sawtooth waveform of a much lower frequency is modulated. Figure 2 gives an impression of what the signal should be on the primary side of a (solid state) Tesla coil to get the desired high voltage on the secondary side.
    Experiments show that the same effect also occurs with voltages around 1ΘΘ KV if a frequency of around 4ΘΘ KHz is used with a modulated saw tooth of around 50 Hz. The amplitude slowly increases so that the increase in temperature is minimal and then falls back to 0 in a short time, which means that the cooling effect is large.
    The higher the frequency of the carrier, the better, due to the greater range.
    Some quantitative considerations.
    To get an electrode under a certain voltage, a certain amount of energy is needed, which depends on the self-capacity of that electrode. For example, if (S) we take a sphere with a radius of 20 cm, the self-capacity (C = 4ns0r) is 22 pF. To charge up to -1 MV
    necessary, and we must add Q = C-V = 22 pc to negative charge. This charge is repelled by negative charge in the environment (atmosphere) but at the same time attracted by positive charge in the environment.
    In the case of alternating voltage, these effects cancel each other out for the first time, but as soon as the positive phase starts, positive charge has accumulated around the bulb and the repellent effect will dominate. It then costs extra energy to charge the bulb and there is also a delay in the process; a Tesla coil resonates at a lower frequency in air than in the vacuum and the higher the voltage, the greater that frequency difference.
    Alternately attracting and repelling charge creates a longitudinal wave of ionized air in the vicinity of the coil.
    The discharge takes place between these moving ions, which involves a very rapid movement of electrons and, consequently, a strong magnetic field.
    What exactly happens resembles a circuit of two capacitors and a coil. - calculation example -
    A small capacitor of, for example, 10 nF is charged to 1ΘΘΘ V and we let it discharge via an induction on a capacitor of 1ΘΘ nF. Initially, current flows until the voltage on both capacitors is the same. That is the case if 10 / lle of the load has defected and therefore 1 / lle is left. The voltage on both capacitors is then 1000 V / 11 = 90.9 V. The original energy was CW2 = 5 mJ, but now the energy in the capacitors is:
    Eklein + Egroot = 41.32 μJ + 413.2 pJ = 454.5 pJ. The remaining energy (4.5 mJ) is in the magnetic field of the induction and this causes the same amount of charge to be moved to the larger capacitor. The end result is that there is 20 µl of the original charge in the large capacitor and the small capacitor is inversely charged with 9 µl of the original charge. The total energy is now again:
    E minor + Egroot = 3.35 m J + 1.65 m J = 5 m J - end of calculation example -
    What happens in the air is much more chaotic than what happens in this example circuit. A discharge through the air creates a magnetic field but has virtually no induction. This means that the current stops as soon as the voltage is the same on both sides and leaves behind a strong magnetic field that transfers the static charge present in the air to the receiving electrode. The receiving electrode therefore receives much more charge than in the above calculation example, of course provided that it is available.
    This is available because of the electrical temperature effect, as described above.
    权利要求:
    Claims (2)
    [1]
    An antenna that actively attracts atmospheric charge characterized by: a) two electrodes, one of which has a much greater self-capacity than the other; b) that the smaller electrode is supplied with suitable high-frequency high voltage, whereby a discharge takes place to the larger electrode; c) that the electrons in that discharge lose much of their temperature and thereby attract energy from the environment; d) that the energy attracted ionizes atoms in the vicinity of the discharge; e) that the discharge attracts charge from its environment, inter alia by means of the pinch effect; f) that on the larger electrode the charge of the smaller electrode plus the attracted atmospheric charge and energy becomes available.
    [2]
    An antenna according to claim 1 characterized by: the high voltage used mentioned under claim 1 / characteristic b is a) an alternating voltage of 20 KHz or more with a minimum amplitude of 1 MV, or b) an alternating voltage with a carrier wave of 2ΘΘ KHz or more i on which a sawtooth with a frequency of 1Θ-1ΘΘ Hz is modulated by means of amplitude modulation, such that the amplitude increases slowly from (near) 0 to a minimum of 30 KV and then falls abruptly back to (near) 0.
    类似技术:
    公开号 | 公开日 | 专利标题
    Hecimovic et al.2014|The characteristic shape of emission profiles of plasma spokes in HiPIMS: the role of secondary electrons
    Zeng et al.2017|Design and experimental testing of a gas cluster ion accelerator
    Kuzenov et al.2015|Numerical simulation of pulsed plasma thruster with a preionization helicon discharge
    Zhang et al.2008|Observation of an ultracold plasma instability
    Lancuba et al.2016|Electrostatic trapping and in situ detection of Rydberg atoms above chip-based transmission lines
    Iwashita et al.2013|Transport control of dust particles via the electrical asymmetry effect: experiment, simulation and modelling
    NL1041935B1|2018-01-16|Active Antenna for Atmospheric Electricity.
    Zhang et al.2019|Effect of cathode and anode materials on the high-energy electron beam in the nanosecond-pulse breakdown in gas-filled diodes
    Katz2014|What perytons are not, and might be
    Hartmann et al.2020|Ionization waves in the PK-4 direct current neon discharge
    Moore et al.2012|1D PIC-DSMC simulations of breakdown in microscale gaps
    Nefyodtsev2014|Features of spherical particle dynamics near a plane electrode of vacuum gap in an increasing electric field
    WO2002080216A1|2002-10-10|Method and system for energy conversion using a screened-free-electron source
    WO2012154877A1|2012-11-15|Collection of atmospheric ions
    Vysikaylo2013|Detailed elaboration and general model of the electron treatment of surfaces of charged plasmoids: From atomic nuclei to white dwarves, neutron stars, and galactic cores part III: Behavior, variation, and synergetism of positively charged cumulative-dissipative plasma structures | under external actions
    Kim et al.2016|Photoelectric-charging-enhanced MEMS electret energy harvester with vacuum packaging
    Tkachev et al.1993|Coulomb explosion of a laser plasma
    NL1040809B1|2016-03-07|Method to extract electrical energy from the environment.
    Iudin et al.2018|Collective dynamics of charged hydrometeors in thunderclouds and lightning initiation
    Kim et al.2018|Optimal waveforms for capacitively coupled ionization in nanosecond plasma discharges
    Tonuj et al.2020|Suppression of a spontaneous dust density wave by modulation of ion streaming
    Kropotkin2016|Formation of the small-scale structure of auroral electron precipitations
    Singh2018|Dispersion equation for electrostatic ion cyclotron instability under the effect of ionization in a dusty plasma
    Lepekhin et al.2014|A volume pulsed corona formed during nanosecond pulsed periodic discharge of negative polarity in narrow gaps with airflow at atmospheric pressure
    RU2014113850A|2015-10-20|METHOD FOR ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION IN ELECTRIC-DIELECTRIC DEVICE
    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    NL1041935B1|2018-01-16|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    NL1041784|2016-03-25|
    [返回顶部]