• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
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    • 专利摘要:
    The present invention relates to a downhole drilling system. The downhole drilling system may comprise a pulse generating circuit electrically coupled to a power source configured to provide an alternating current at a frequency and an input voltage, the pulse generating circuit including a stage circuit. an input electrically coupled to the power source, the input stage circuit being configured to regulate the alternating current in the pulse generating circuit; a transformer circuit electrically coupled to the input stage circuit, the transformer circuit including a leakage transformer configured to generate an output voltage greater than the input voltage; and an output stage circuit electrically coupled to the transformer circuit, the output stage circuit being configured to store energy for an electrical pulse; and a drill bit comprising a first electrode and a second electrode electrically coupled to the output stage circuit for receiving the electrical pulse from the pulse generating circuit.
    公开号:FR3064666A1
    申请号:FR1851671
    申请日:2018-02-27
    公开日:2018-10-05
    发明作者:Joshua A. Gilbrech
    申请人:Chevron USA Inc；Halliburton Energy Services Inc；SDG LLC；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    PULSE TRANSFORMER FOR DOWNHOLE ELECTROCASSCASS DRILLING
    TECHNICAL AREA
    This disclosure relates generally to downhole electrocompassing drilling and, more particularly, pulse transformers for downhole electrocmassing drilling.
    BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
    Electrushing drilling uses technology that uses pulsed energy to drill a wellbore in a rock formation. Pulsed energy technology repeatedly applies a high electrical potential through the electrodes of an electric drill bit, ultimately resulting in fracturing of the surrounding rock. The fractured rock is transported from the drill bit by a drilling fluid and the drill bit advances to the bottom of the well.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
    For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure and of its characteristics and advantages, reference is now made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the appended drawings, in which:
    FIGURE 1 is an elevational view of an exemplary downhole electrocompassing drilling system used in a wellbore environment;
    FIGURE 2A is a perspective view of examples of components of a downhole assembly for a downhole electrocompass drilling system;
    FIGURE 2B is a perspective view of examples of components of a downhole assembly for a downhole electrocompass drilling system;
    FIGURE 3 is a diagram of an exemplary circuit generating pulses for a downhole electrocompass drilling system;
    FIGURE 4A is a cross-sectional side view of an exemplary transformer circuit for a downhole electrocompass drilling system;
    FIGURE 4B is an exploded view of an example of a transformer circuit for a downhole electrocompass drilling system FIGURE 5 is a top view in cross section of an example of a pulsed energy tool for a system downhole electrocompassing drilling; and fa FIGURE 6 is a process diagram of an example process for drilling a wellbore.
    DETAILED DESCRIPTION
    Electro-crushing drilling can be used to form boreholes in underground rock formations to recover hydrocarbons, such as oil and gas, from these formations. Electrushing drilling uses pulsed energy technology to repeatedly fracture the rock formation by repeatedly delivering high energy electrical pulses to the rock formation. In some applications, some components of a pulsed energy system may be located at the bottom of the well. For example, a pulse generating circuit may be located in a downhole assembly (BHA) near the electric drill bit. The pulse generating circuit may include a transformer which increases a low voltage power source into a high voltage output which is used to generate electrical pulses to power the electrodes of an electric drill bit. In addition, the pulse generating circuit can be designed to withstand the harsh environment of a downhole pulsed energy system. For example, the pulse generating circuit can operate over a wide range of temperatures (for example, from about 10 to 200 degrees centigrade), and can physically withstand vibrations and mechanical shock resulting from fracturing the rock during drilling by electro-crushing at the bottom of the well.
    There are many ways to implement a pulse generating circuit in a pulsed energy system for downhole electrocompassing. Therefore, the embodiments of this disclosure and their advantages are better understood by referring to FIGURES 1 to 6, in which like numbers are used to indicate like and corresponding parts.
    FIGURE 1 is an elevational view of an example of an electric crushing drilling system used to form a wellbore in an underground formation. Although FIGURE 1 shows shore-based equipment, downhole tools incorporating the teachings of this disclosure can be used satisfactorily with equipment located on offshore platforms, drilling vessels, semi -submersible, and drilling barges (not expressly shown in FIGURE 1). Additionally, although the wellbore 116 is shown as a generally vertical wellbore, the wellbore 116 may have any orientation, such as generally horizontal, multilateral, or directional.
    The drilling system 100 comprises a drilling platform 102 which supports a derrick 5 104 having a movable block 106 used to raise and lower a drilling train 108. The drilling system 100 also comprises a pump 125, which circulates an electric crushing drilling fluid 122 through a supply pipe to a drive rod 110, which in turn routes the electric crushing drilling fluid 122 downhole through the internal channels of a drill bit borehole 108 and through one or more orifices located in the electric drill bit 114. The drilling fluid for electric breakage 122 then returns to the surface through an annular space 126 formed between the drill string 108 and the side walls of the well 116. The fractured parts of the formation are transported to the surface by the electrocassassing drilling fluid 122 in order to remove these fractured parts from the wellbore 116.
    The electric drill bit 114 is attached to the distal end of the drill string 108. The energy supplied to the electric drill bit 114 may come from the surface. For example, the generator 140 can generate electrical energy and supply this energy to power a conditioning unit 142. The conditioning unit 142 can then transmit electrical energy downhole through a cable. surface 143 and a subsurface cable (not expressly shown in FIGURE 1) contained inside the drill string 108 or attached to the side of the drill string 108. A circuit generating pulses within the BHA 128 can receive the electrical energy coming from the energy conditioning unit 142, and can generate high energy pulses to excite the drill bit by electric crushing 114. The pulse generating circuit can comprise a multi-segmented leakage transformer, as described in detail below with reference to FIGURES 3 to 6.
    The pulse generating circuit inside the BHA 128 can be used to repeatedly apply a high electrical potential, for example at least 50 kilovolts (kV) or between approximately 50 kV and 200 kV, through the electrodes of the electric drill bit 114. Each application of electric potential is called a pulse. When the electric potential across the electrodes of the electric drill bit 114 increases sufficiently during a pulse to generate a sufficiently high electric field, an electric arc is formed through a rock formation at the bottom of the borehole 116. The arc temporarily forms an electrical coupling between the electrodes of the electric drill bit 114, which allows an electric current to pass through the arc inside part of the rock formation at the bottom of the well 116 The arc dramatically increases the temperature and pressure of the part of the rock formation through which the arc passes and of the formation and surrounding materials. The temperature and pressure are high enough to break the rock into small pieces or cuttings. This charged rock is removed, usually by the electrocassassing drilling fluid 122, which moves the fractured rock away from the electrodes and up the hole. The terms “top of well” and “bottom of well” can be used to describe the location of the various components of the drilling system 100 relative to the bottom or the end of the wellbore 116 shown in FIGURE L For example , a first component described above the well relative to a second component may be further from the end of the well bore 116 than the second component. Similarly, a first component described at the bottom of the well relative to a second component may be located closer to the end of the wellbore 116 than the second component.
    When an electric crushing drill bit 114 repeatedly fractures the rock formation and an electric crushing drilling fluid 122 moves the fractured rock to the top of a well, a borehole 116, which penetrates various underground rock formations 118, is created . The borehole 116 can be any hole drilled in an underground formation or a series of underground formations for the purpose of exploring or extracting natural resources such as, for example, hydrocarbons, or for injecting fluids such as, for example, water, wastewater, brine, or water mixed with other fluids. Additionally, borehole 116 can be any hole drilled in an underground formation or a series of underground formations for the purpose of generating geothermal energy.
    Although it is described in this document that the drilling system 100 uses an electro-crushing drill bit 114, the drilling system 100 can also use an electro-hydraulic drill bit. An electrohydraulic drill bit may have one or more electrodes and electrode spacing configurations similar to those of the electrocompassing drill bit 114. But, instead of generating an arc inside the rock, a drill bit electrohydraulic applies a large electrical potential through the one or more electrodes and the ground ring to form an arc through the wellbore near the bottom of the wellbore 116. The high temperature of the arc vaporizes the part of the fluid immediately surrounding the arc, which in turn generates a high energy shock wave in the remaining fluid. The one or more electrodes of the electrohydraulic drill bit can be oriented so that the shock wave generated by the arc is transmitted to the bottom of the borehole 116. When the shock wave strikes and bounces on the rock at bottom of the borehole 116, the rock fractures. Consequently, the drilling system 100 can use a technology using pulsed energy with an electro-hydraulic drill bit to drill a borehole 116 in an underground formation 118 as with the electrocompassing drill bit 114.
    FIGURE 2A is a perspective view of examples of components of the downhole assembly for a downhole electrocompassing drilling system 100. The BHA 128 may include a pulsed energy tool 230. The BHA 128 may also include an electric drill bit 114. For the purpose of this disclosure, the electric drill bit 114 may be integrated within the BHA 128, or may be a separate component which is coupled to the BHA 128.
    The pulsed energy tool 230 can supply pulsed electrical energy to the drill bit by electrocompassing 114. The pulsed energy tool 230 receives electrical energy from an energy source via a cable 220. For example, the pulsed energy tool 230 can receive electrical energy via the cable 220 coming from an energy source located on the surface as described above with reference to FIGURE 1, or coming from an energy source located at the bottom of a well, such as a generator powered by a mud turbine. The pulsed energy tool 230 can also receive electrical energy through a combination of an energy source located at the surface and an energy source located at the bottom of the well. The pulsed energy tool 230 converts the electrical energy received from the energy source into high energy electrical pulses which are applied through the electrodes 208 and the earth ring 250 of the drill bit by electrocompassing 114. The tool pulsed energy 230 can also apply high energy electrical pulses through electrode 210 and ground ring 250 in a similar manner to that described in this document for electrode 208 and ground ring 250. For generate high energy electrical pulses, the pulsed energy tool 230 may include a circuit generating pulses as described below with reference to FIGURE 3.
    Referring to FIGURE 1 and FIGURE 2A, the drilling fluid for electric crushing 122 can exit the drilling string 108 through the openings 209 surrounding each electrode 208 and each electrode 210. The flow of drilling fluid for electric crushing 122 out of the openings 209 allows the electrodes 208 and 210 to be isolated by the drilling fluid for electrocompassing. The electro-crushing drill bit 114 may include a solid insulator (not expressly shown in FIGURES 1 or 2A) surrounding the electrodes 208 and 210 and one or more orifices (not expressly shown in FIGURES 1 or 2A) on the face of the drill bit electric crushing drilling 114 through which the electric crushing drilling fluid 122 exits the drilling string 108. These orifices may be simple holes, or they may be nozzles or other shaped elements. Since fine particles are generally not generated during electric drilling, as opposed to mechanical drilling, the drilling fluid for electric crushing 122 does not need to exit the drill bit at a pressure as high as that of the fluid drilling during mechanical drilling. Therefore, nozzles and other items used to increase the pressure of the drilling fluid may not be necessary. However, nozzles or other elements for increasing the pressure of the drilling fluid for electric crushing 122 or for directing the drilling fluid for electric crushing may be included for certain uses.
    The electro-crushing drilling fluid 122 is generally circulated through the drilling system 100 at a rate sufficient to remove the fractured rock in the vicinity of the electrocrushing drill bit 114. In addition, the electro-crushing drilling fluid 122 can be under sufficient pressure at a location in wellbore 116, particularly a location near a hydrocarbon, gas, water, or other deposit, to prevent a blowout.
    In addition, the electric drill bit 114 may include a mass crown 250, shown in part in FIGURE 2A. The ground ring 250 can act as an electrode. Although it is illustrated in the form of a contiguous ring in FIGURE 2A, the ground ring 250 can be discrete non-contiguous electrodes and / or implemented in different forms. The electrodes 208 and 210 can be separated by at least 0.4 inch (i.e., at least approximately 10 millimeters) from the ground ring 250 at their closest spacing, by at least 1 inch (i.e., at least approximately 25 millimeters) at their closest spacing, at least 1.5 inches (i.e., at least approximately 38 millimeters) at their closest spacing close, or at least 2 inches (i.e., at least approximately 51 millimeters) to their closest spacing. If the drilling system 100 encounters spray bubbles in the electrocushing drilling fluid 122 in the vicinity of the electrocushing drill bit 114, the spray bubbles can have deleterious effects. For example, vaporization bubbles near the electrodes 208 or 210 can impede the formation of the arc in the rock. The electro-crushing drilling fluid 122 can be circulated at a rate also sufficient to eliminate the vaporization bubbles in the vicinity of the electrocrushing drill bit 114. Although not all the electrocushing drilling bits 114 have a crown mass
    250, if present, may contain passages 260 to allow the flow of electrocassassing drilling fluid 122 with any fractured rock or bubble away from the electrodes 208 and 210 and at the top of the well.
    FIGURE 2B is another perspective view of examples of components of a downhole assembly for a downhole electrocompassing drilling system 100. The BHA
    128 and the pulsed energy tool 230 may include the same elements and functionalities as those mentioned above in FIGURE 2A. For example, the drilling fluid for electric crushing 122 can exit the drilling string 108 via an opening 213 surrounding the electrode 212. The flow of drilling fluid for electric crushing 122 out of opening 213 allows the electrode 212 to be isolated by the drilling fluid for electric crushing. Although an electrode 212 is shown in FIGURE 2B, the electric drill bit 115 may include multiple electrodes 212. The drill bit electric 115 may include a solid insulator 210 surrounding the electrode 212 and one or more orifices (not expressly shown in FIGS. 2B) on the face of the electric drill bit 115 through which the drilling fluid for electric break 122 leaves the drill string 108. Nozzles or other elements for increasing the pressure of the drilling for electric crushing 122 or for directing drilling fluid for electric crushing may be included for certain uses. In addition, the shape of the solid insulation 210 can be selected to improve the flow of the electrocompassing drilling fluid 122 around the components of the electrocompassing drill bit 115.
    The electric drill bit 115 may include a drill bit body 255, an electrode 212, a ground ring 250, and a solid insulator 210. The electrode 212 may be placed approximately in the center of the electric drill bit 115. The distance between the electrode 212 and the ground ring 250 can generally be symmetrical or can be asymmetrical so that the electric field surrounding the drill bit by electrocassassing has a symmetrical or asymmetrical shape. The distance between the electrode 212 and the ground ring 250 allows the drilling fluid for electric crushing 122 to flow between the electrode 212 and the ground ring 250 to eliminate the vaporization bubbles from the drilling area.
    The electrode 212 can have any suitable diameter based on the drilling operation. For example, the electrode 212 may have a diameter between approximately two and ten inches (that is, between approximately 51 and 254 millimeters). The diameter of the electrode can be based on the diameter of the 115 electric drill bit.
    The earth ring 250 can act as an electrode and provide a location on the drill bit by electric crushing where an arc can start and / or end. The ground ring 250 also provides one or more fluid flow ports 260 so that the flow of the drilling fluids for electric crushing through the fluid flow ports 260 carries the fractured rock and the vaporization butles away from the drilling area.
    FIGURE 3 is a diagram of an exemplary circuit generating pulses for a downhole electro-crushing drilling system. The pulse generating circuit 300 includes an energy source input 302, an input stage circuit 304, a transformer circuit 306, and an output stage circuit 308.
    As described above with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B, the pulse generating circuit 300 receives electrical energy from an energy source located on the surface (for example, the generator 140 described with reference to the FIGURE 1) and / or an energy source located at the bottom of the well, such as a generator powered by a mud turbine or an alternator. For example, the input terminals 310 and 311 of the power source input 302 can receive an alternating input current from a low voltage power source (for example, a peak voltage between approximately 1 kV and 15kV) via a cable, such as the cable 220 described above with respect to FIGURES 2A and 2B. The input stage circuit 304 receives energy from the energy source input 302 and regulates the energy supplied to the transformer circuit 306. The transformer circuit 306 in turn transforms the input to low voltage at high voltage output which is used to create electrical pulses capable of applying at least 50 kV or between approximately 50 kV and 200 kV with a rise time of approximately 5 to 25 microseconds through the electrodes 208 or 210 and the earth ring 250 of the electric drill bit 114 illustrated in FIGURE 2A or the electrode 212 and the earth ring 250 of the electric drill bit 115 illustrated in FIGURE 2B. As described above with reference to FIGURES 1 and 2, the high energy electrical pulses at the electrodes 208, 210, and 212 are used to drill the wellbore 116 in the underground formation 118.
    The input stage circuit 304 is electrically energized by the power source input 302. The input stage circuit 304 includes a capacitor 312 and a switching circuit
    314 electrically coupled to the power source input 302. An alternating current is applied to the input terminals 310 and 311 of the power source input 302 which charges the plates of the capacitor 312 so that the capacitor 312 stores energy from the power source input 302. The switching circuit 314 regulates the flow of current to the transformer circuit 306. The switching circuit 314 includes any device for opening and closing the path electrical between capacitor 312 and transformer circuit 306. For example, switching circuit 314 may include a mechanical switch, a solid state switch, a magnetic switch, a gas switch, or any other type or combination of switches (for example, an assembly of switches arranged in parallel or in series) suitable for opening and closing the electrical path between the capacitor 312 and the induction coil 316. When the circu it switch 314 is closed, an electric current flows from the capacitor 312 and / or the input terminals 310 and 311 to the transformer circuit 306. Consequently, the switch circuit 314 controls the timing of the energy pulses supplied. at the input side of the transformer circuit 306. The current supplied to the input side of the transformer circuit 306 can be between approximately 4 kA and 40 kA. The input stage circuit 304 may include one or more additional components (for example, a capacitor, a resistor, and / or an induction coil) in addition to those shown in FIGURE 3 to condition or regulate the energy from the energy source input 302 before it is supplied to the transformer circuit 306.
    The transformer circuit 306 includes primary windings 316 and secondary windings 318 configured as a voltage boost transformer. For example, the primary windings 316, windings electrically coupled to the input stage circuit 304 on the input or primary side, can be wound around the same core as the secondary windings 318, windings electrically coupled to the output stage 308 on the output or secondary side, to form an electrical transformer. The current from the input stage circuit 304 passing through the primary windings 316 creates electromagnetism which induces a current through the secondary windings 318 on the secondary side of the transformer circuit 306. As described in detail below with respect to in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the transformer circuit 306 can be a multisegmented leakage transformer which increases the voltage on the secondary side of the pulse generating circuit 300. For example, the transformer circuit 306 can transform a low voltage (for example, d '' approximately 1 kV to 15 kV) from the power source input 302 at a high voltage of at least 50 kV or located between approximately 50 kV and 200 kV, which is capable of creating high electrical pulses energy to perform drilling by electrocompassing and / or electrohydraulic. The open-core multi-segmented design of transformer circuit 306 allows the pulse generating circuit 300 to be integrated within a well bottom assembly (for example, the BHA 128 described above with respect to FIGURES 1 and 2) and generate high energy pulses for drilling by electrocompassing and / or electro-hydraulic with the drill bit (for example, drill bits 114 and 115 described above with respect to FIGURES 2A and 2B ).
    The output stage circuit 308 stores the energy coming from the transformer circuit 306 to be applied to the electrodes of a drill bit by electric crushing and / or electrohydraulic. The capacitor 320 is coupled to the transformer circuit 306 so that it stores the energy coming from the increased voltage generated on the secondary side or output from the transformer circuit 306. The electrode 208 and the ground ring 250 are coupled across opposite terminals of capacitor 320 of output stage circuit 308. Therefore, when the electrical potential through capacitor 320 increases, the electrical potential through electrode 208 and ground ring 250 also increases. The electrode 208 and the ground ring 250 are part of the electrocasselling drill bit 114 described above with reference to FIGURES 1 and 2A. When the electric potential through, for example, the electrode 208 and the earth ring 250 of a drill bit by electrocompassing becomes sufficiently high, an electric arc is formed through a rock formation which is close to the electrode 208 and ground ring 250. The arc provides a temporary electrical short circuit between electrode 208 and ground ring 250, and therefore allows an electric current to pass through the arc within part of the rock formation at the bottom of the wellbore. As described above with reference to FIGURE 1, the arc increases the temperature of the part of the rock formation through which the arc passes and of the formation and surrounding materials. The temperature is high enough to vaporize water or other fluids that could be affected by or be near the arc and can also vaporize some of the rock itself. The vaporization process creates a high pressure gas which expands and, in turn, fractures the surrounding rock.
    Although FIGURE 3 is a schematic diagram of a particular pulse-generating circuit topology, electro-crushing and / or electro-hydraulic drilling systems and pulsed energy tools can use any suitable pulse-generating circuit topology and apply high energy pulses to the electrode 208 and to the ground ring
    250. These pulse-generating circuit topologies can use a voltage boost transformer to generate a high voltage which is used to create the high energy electrical pulses necessary for drilling by electrocompassing and / or electrohydraulics. Elements can be added or removed with respect to the diagram illustrated in FIGURE 3 without departing from the present invention. For example, additional elements can be added to the input stage circuit 304 to condition the energy from the energy source input 302 before it is supplied to the transformer circuit 306. Although a electrode 208 and a ground ring 250 are shown in FIGURE 3, the pulse generating circuit 300 can supply high energy electrical pulses to other electrode, such as 208 or 210 and the ground ring 250 of the drill bit drilling by electric crushing 114 or the electrode 212 and the earth ring 250 of the drill bit by electric crushing 115 described respectively above with reference to FIGURES 2A and 2B. The individual circuit elements in the pulse generating circuit 300 can be selected based on the operating characteristics, such as voltage, current and / or frequency, of the power source input 302, and / or desired performance of the drill bit and / or the pulse generating circuit. For example, when the power source input 302 operates at a frequency of 5 kilohertz (kHz), at a combined primary current between approximately 4kA and 40 kA, and at a voltage between approximately 1 kV and 15 kV, a capacitor 312 can have a value between 4 microfarad (uF) and 2 millifarad (mF), and the capacitor 320 can have a value between 70 nanofarad and (nF) and 150 nF. The design and configuration of the transformer circuit 306 is discussed in detail below with reference to FIGURES 4 and 4A.
    FIGURE 4A is a cross-sectional side view of an exemplary transformer circuit for a downhole and / or electro-hydraulic well drilling system, and FIGURE 4B is an exploded view thereof. The transformer circuit 306 is a voltage increase transformer which includes primary windings 316 and secondary windings 318 around a core 406 within a housing 410. The primary windings 316 are composed of multiple configured wire segments concentrically with the secondary windings 318 to form a leakage transformer which operates as described below. Insulating material 412 can be placed between the primary windings 316 and the secondary windings 318 to electrically insulate the windings and prevent electrical short circuits between the wires of the windings. The insulating material 412 can comprise any electrically insulating material, in particular those mentioned below with reference to FIGURE 5.
    The multi-segmented primary windings 316 are formed of individual wire segments wound around a core 406. The wire segments of the primary windings 316 can be placed side by side along the length of the core 406. The segmented wires of the windings multi-segmented primaries 316 are coupled to a common power source, such as the power source input 302 of FIGURE 3 via an input circuit, such as the input stage circuit 304 of FIGURE 3. As described above with reference to FIGURE 3, alternating current from the power source input passes through the primary windings 316, so that the current creates variable electromagnetism ( i.e., magnetic flux) in and around the secondary windings 318. The primary windings 316 include an electrically conductive material, such as copper, in a solid or hollow form having a circular or rectangular cross section. Although it is shown that the primary windings 316 are configured as a solenoid in FIGURES 4A and 4B, the primary windings 316 can be configured in another arrangement around 406.
    The secondary windings 318 of the transformer circuit 306 are also wound around the core 406 to form a transformer circuit 306 with the primary windings 316. The primary windings 316 are wound around the secondary windings 318 and of the core 406, so that the windings 316 and 318 are concentric with each other. The electromagnetism created by the passage of current through the primary windings 316 induces current and voltage in the secondary windings 318 due to electromagnetic induction. The current and voltage created in the secondary windings 318 feed other elements, such as the output stage circuit 308 of the pulse generating circuit 300 described above with respect to FIGURE 3. The secondary windings 318 include material electroconductive, such as copper, in solid or hollow form having a circular or rectangular cross section. Although the secondary windings 318 are shown located inside the primary windings 316 in FIGURE 4A, the secondary windings 318 can be wound around the primary windings 316 and the core 406, so that the windings 316 and 318 are concentric with each other. The secondary windings 318 can be configured in an arrangement around 406 different from the solenoid configuration illustrated in FIGURE 4A.
    The primary windings 316 and the secondary windings 318 are configured to form an augmentation transformer which transforms the low input voltage into a higher output voltage. The output voltage of the transformer circuit 306 depends in part on the winding ratio between the primary windings 316 and the secondary windings 318. The secondary windings 318 include a higher number of windings compared to the total number of windings in the primary windings 316. For example, secondary windings 318 may include between approximately 8 to more than 12 times more windings than primary windings 316. The higher ratio of secondary windings 318 compared to primary windings 316 transforms the voltage d low input from the power source on the primary side of the transformer circuit 306 to a higher output voltage on the secondary side of the transformer circuit 306. The increase in the output voltage on the secondary side compared to the voltage input on the primary side is approximately proportional to the ratio between the primary windings 316 and the secondary windings 318. Consequently, the ratio between the secondary windings 318 and the primary windings 316 allows the transformer circuit 306 to transform the low voltage (for example, from approximately 1 kV to 15 kV) coming from the input of energy source with an output voltage of at least 50 kV or between approximately 50 kV and 200 kV. The higher output voltage can be discharged in approximately 5 to 25 microseconds to create the high energy pulses used for electrocompass drilling. To allow a higher ratio of turns, the primary windings 316 may be formed of more wire segments having fewer turns, or the secondary windings 318 may be located concentrically within the primary windings 316, so that more secondary windings can be placed in a smaller one using a minimum of electrically conductive material.
    The individual wires of the primary windings 316 form a multisegmented primary winding. Current from the power source input passes through each wire segment of the primary windings 316. Each wire segment has an electrical impedance which opposes the flow of current through the wire and varies with the material. , length, strength, capacity and / or other attributes of the wire. The wire segments of the primary windings 316 are connected in parallel to a common power source input (e.g., the power source input 302 of FIGURE 3) via an input circuit , like the input stage circuit 304 of FIGURE 3. By placing the wires in parallel, the combined impedance for the primary windings 316 is reduced, so that more current (for example, between approximately 4 kA and 40 kA) can be supplied to primary windings 316 compared to a transformer having unsegmented primary windings due to the reduced opposition to current flow through the wires. The increased current in the primary windings 316 achieves higher operating power in addition to creating increased electromagnetism which provides higher output voltage to transformer circuit 306. In addition, the reduced impedance of the primary windings 316 reduces the amount of heat generated by the operation of the transformer circuit 306, thereby reducing operational energy loss and improving the energy transfer efficiency of the circuit compared to a transformer circuit having unsegmented primary windings. Therefore, the multi-segmented primary windings 316 increase the operating power range and improve the efficiency of the transformer circuit 306.
    The transformer circuit 306 is designed as a leakage transformer to reduce the diameter of the pulse generating circuit 300. In a closed core transformer, the core material is formed in the form of a ring to concentrate the electromagnetism between the windings. In contrast, a leaky transformer, such as transformer circuit 306 having a core 406, has an elongated shape having a narrow cross section (for example, a cylinder having a diameter between approximately 2 and 24 inches or 5 and 61 centimeters) , so that the transformer circuit 306 enters a set of well bottoms (for example, I BHA 128 described above with respect to FIGURES 1 and 2) of a drill bit (for example, drill bits 114 and 115 described above with respect to FIGS. 2A and 2B) used to drill a wellbore in an underground formation. As a result, the open-core design allows the transformer circuit 306 to have a smaller diameter which makes it easier to place at the bottom of the well.
    An open core design can decrease the electromagnetic coupling between the primary windings 316 and the secondary windings 318 compared to a closed core design. Therefore, the placement of the primary windings 316 and the secondary windings 318 is selected to enhance the electromagnetic coupling between the windings. The primary windings 316 are wound around the secondary windings 318 in a concentric manner. As explained above, the electromagnetism created by the flow of current through the primary windings 316 induces current and voltage in the secondary windings 318 due to electromagnetic induction. Part of the electromagnetism created on the primary side is lost due to the materials close to the windings 316 and 318 and the spacing between the windings 316 and 318. To reduce this loss, the windings 316 and 318 can be placed very close together. on the other (for example, about 3 to 20 millimeters) to increase the electromagnetic coupling between the windings. Electromagnetic coupling can be expressed as a coupling coefficient, a fractional number between 0 and 1, a low coupling coefficient representing a low electromagnetic coupling and a high coupling coefficient representing a high electromagnetic coupling. The higher the coupling coefficient, the higher the current and the voltage induced in the secondary windings 318. Placing the windings 316 and 318 inside the transformer circuit 306 can give a coupling coefficient between approximately 0.4 and 0.8. Increasing the electromagnetic coupling between the primary windings 316 and the secondary windings 318 can reduce the electromagnetic loss between the windings and thus improve the operating efficiency of the transformer circuit 306. The close proximity between the windings 316 and 318 can also help to maintain a diameter for the transformer circuit 306 which enters inside a set of well bottoms (for example, the BHA 128 described above with respect to FIGURES 1 and 2).
    The transformer circuit 306 can be an open core air core transformer which does not include any added magnetic material. That is, the space between the windings 316 and 318 can be filled with air "ïïï of other non-ferromagnetic material so that the transformer circuit 306 has an air core design. The air core design of the 306 transformer circuit helps avoid the saturation common to a magnetic core material and the variability caused by the effect of extreme downhole conditions on the performance of the core material.
    The core 406 of the transformer circuit 306 is located at or near the center of the concentric windings 316 and 318. The primary windings 316 are wrapped around the secondary windings 318, and the two windings are wrapped around the core 406. Due to its placement outside (and not between the windings) of the concentric windings, the core 406 is not part of the magnetic circuit formed between the primary windings 316 and the secondary windings 318. The core 406 still affects the electromagnetic coupling between the windings 316 and 318 because of its proximity and its placement in relation to the windings. For example, the core 406 can concentrate a magnetic fringe flux (i.e. the fringe electromagnetism which is outside the magnetic circuit formed between the primary windings 316 and the secondary windings 318) along the internal diameter of transformer circuit 306. Concentration of magnetic fringe flux near the center of transformer circuit 306 can reduce the amount of magnetic fringe flux that is lost when flux is intercepted and dissipates through other downhole components wells. Reducing the flux in other downhole components can improve the electromagnetic coupling between the windings 316 and 318, and therefore the operating efficiency of the transformer circuit 306. As for the space between the primary windings 316 and the windings 318 described above, the core 406 can be filled with air or other non-ferromagnetic material. However, the core 406 may also include additional magnetic core material to help attract the magnetic fringe flux along the internal diameter of the transformer circuit 306. The risks of saturation for a magnetic material inside the core 406 are eliminated because the core 406 undergoes less electromagnetic flux than the magnetic circus between the primary windings 316 and the secondary windings 318, and the electromagnetic flux is not stored in the open core configuration. The additional core added to core 406 can be selected so as to have a lower variability in response to extreme conditions of downhole operation. For example, a preferred additional core material includes a cobalt-iron alloy, such as supermendur, which may include approximately forty-eight percent cobalt, approximately forty-eight percent iron, and approximately two percent vanadium. weight. The supermenduric material maintains its relatively high permeability over a wide range of temperatures (for example, approximately 10 to 200 degrees centigrade), and therefore withstands the high temperatures of a downhole environment. The additional core material may also include a ferrite material, a strip-laminated magnetic material having a Curie temperature of 200 degrees centigrade or more, Metglas®, which includes a thin ribbon of amorphous metal alloy which can be magnetized and demagnetized, or another material with high magnetic permeability that maintains its magnetic permeability over a well bottom temperature range (for example, approximately 10 to 200 degrees centigrade) such as Silectron ™ (for example, a steel material silicon composed of approximately 3% silicon steel and 97% iron) and Supermalloy ™ (for example, composed approximately 80% nickel-iron and approximately 20% iron alloy ).
    The various design features of the 306 transformer circuit allow the circuit to operate at a high power level while still physically adapting to the narrow limits of a wellbore. For example, multi-segmented primary windings 316 help reduce the impedance on the input side of transformer circuit 306, so that more input current can flow through the circuit. The multi-segmented primary windings 316 simultaneously reduce the loss of operational energy, which improves the operating efficiency of the circuit. A higher ratio between the secondary windings 318 and the primary windings 316 increases the low input voltage to a higher output voltage which is used to generate high energy pulses for drilling by electric crushing or electrohydraulic. The transformer circuit 306 can be configured with a narrow diameter due to its open core design with concentric primary and secondary windings. The air core design of the 306 transformer circuit eliminates the risk of saturation common to a magnetic core material and the variability caused by the effect of extreme downhole conditions on the performance of the core material. Additional magnetic core material can be added to core 406, outside the magnetic circuit of the transformer, to concentrate the magnetic fringe flux away from other downhole components, thereby reducing the loss of magnetic fringe flux and the efficiency of operation of transformer circuit 306.
    The transformer circuit 306 can be physically sized to fit into a downhole tool. The physical size of the transformer circuit 306 may depend on the size of the core 406, the number and size of the primary windings 316 and the secondary windings 318, the spacing between the primary windings 316 and the secondary windings 318, the dimensions of housing 410, and of the arrangement and / or spacing of primary windings 316 and secondary windings 318 within housing 410. The length (along the X axis in FIGURE 4A) of the transformer circuit 306 may vary inversely with the width (along the Y axis of FIGURE 4A) of the transformer circuit 306. When the transformer circuit 306 is made narrower to enter wells having smaller diameters, the length of the circuit generating pulses 300 may increase to accommodate the materials and components making up the circuit. Conversely, the length of the pulse generating circuit 300 can be decreased by increasing the width of the pulse generating circuit 300. The length of the transformer circuit 306 can be between approximately 3 and 25 feet (between approximately 1 and 8 meters ) and the diameter of the circuit can be between approximately 4 and 20 inches (between approximately 10 and 51 centimeters).
    The pulse generating circuit 300 may be encapsulated in insulating material for protection against the harsh downhole environment and to facilitate dissipation of the heat generated by the circuit. FIGURE 5 is a top view in cross-section of an example of a pulsed energy tool for an electrically crushed and / or electro-hydraulic downhole drilling system. The pulsed energy tool 230 comprises the circuit generating pulses 300, the circuit shown in FIGURE 3. The circuit generating pulses 300 may have a shape and dimensions allowing it to enter inside the circular cross section of the pulsed energy tool 230, which, as described above with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B, can form part of the BHA 128. The circuit generating pulses 300 can be enclosed inside an encapsulant 510 which includes thermally conductive material to protect the pulse generating circuit 300 from the wide range of temperatures (for example, approximately 10 to 200 degrees centigrade) inside the wellbore. For example, encapsulant 510 may include APTEK® 2100-A / B, which is an electrically insulating two-component urethane-based urethane system for impregnating and encapsulating electronic components, and has a thermal conductivity of approximately 170mW / mK. Encapsulant 510 may include one or more other thermally conductive materials having a dielectric strength greater than approximately 350 volt / mil (for example, greater than approximately 13,780 volts / millimeter) and a temperature capacity greater than approximately 120 degrees centigrade, such as 1ΌΕ -6636 and DOW CORNING® OE6550, and Kapton® polyimide film. Encapsulant 510 touches an outer wall of one or more fluid channels 234. As described above with reference to FIGURE 1, the drilling fluid 122 passes through internal channels (e.g., the channels of fluid 234) of the drill string 108 when the drill fluid is pumped down through a drill string. Encapsulant 510 can transfer the heat generated by the pulse-generating circuit 300 to the drilling fluid which passes through the fluid channels 234. Encapsulant 510 can also isolate the pulse-generating circuit 300 from the heat generated by others downhole components. Therefore, encapsulant 510 can prevent the pulse generating circuit 300 from overheating to a temperature that degrades the relative core permeability of the cores of the inductor cores in the pulse generating circuit 500.
    Figure 6 illustrates a process diagram of an example process for drilling a wellbore.
    The process 600 can start and in step 610 a drill bit by electric crushing or electrohydraulic can be placed at the bottom of the well in a wellbore. For example, the drill bit 114 can be placed at the bottom of the well in the well bore 116 as shown in FIGURE 1.
    In step 620, electrical energy is supplied to the pulse generating circuit coupled to a first electrode and a second electrode of the drill bit. The first electrode can be the electrode 208, 210, or 212 and the second electrode can be the ground ring 250 described above with respect to FIGURES 2A and 2B. For example, as described above with reference to FIGURE 3, the pulse generating circuit 300 can be implemented inside the pulsed energy tool 230 of FIGURES 2A and 2B. And as described above with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B, the pulsed energy tool 230 can receive electrical energy from an energy source located on the surface, coming from an energy source located at the bottom from a well, or from a combination of an energy source located on the surface and an energy source located at the bottom of the well. Energy can be supplied downhole to the circuit generating pulses 300 using a cable, like the cable 220 described above with respect to FIGURES 2A and 2B. Energy can be supplied to the pulse generating circuit 300 within the pulsed energy tool 230 at the energy source input 302.
    In step 630, the pulse generating circuit converts electrical energy from the energy source into high energy electrical pulses to use the electric drill bit. For example, as described above with reference to FIGURE 3, the pulse generating circuit 300 may include an input stage circuit 304, a transformer circuit 306, and an output stage circuit 308. The pulse generating circuit 300 increases the low voltage input to a high voltage output which is used to create high energy pulses for the drilling system. For example, the pulse generating circuit may use a higher ratio between the secondary windings and the primary windings in the transformer circuit to convert a low voltage power source input (for example, from approximately 1 kV to 15 kV) in high energy electrical pulses capable of applying at least 50 kV or between approximately 50 kV and 200 kV through the electrodes of the drill bit.
    In step 640, an electric arc can be formed between the two electrodes of the drill bit. For example, an electric arc can be formed between the electrode 208 or 210 and the earth ring 250 of the drill bit by electrocompassing 114 illustrated in FIGURE 2A or the electrode 212 and the earth ring 250 of the drill bit by electric crushing 115 illustrated in FIGURE 2B.
    And in step 650, a capacitor in an output stage circuit can discharge through the electrical arc. For example, when the voltage across capacitor 320 of the output stage circuit 308 increases during step 630, the voltage across the first electrode and the second electrode also increases. As described above with reference to FIGURES 1 and 2, when the voltage across the two electrodes (for example, electrode 208 and ground ring 250 shown in FIGURE 3) becomes sufficiently high, an arc may occur form through a rock formation that is in contact with or near the electrodes. The arc can provide a temporary electrical short circuit between the electrode 208 and the ground ring 250, and can therefore discharge, at a high level of current, the voltage accumulated in the capacitor 320 illustrated in FIGURE 3.
    In step 660, the rock formation at one end of the wellbore can be fractured with the electric arc. For example, as described above with reference to FIGURES 1 and 2, the arc dramatically increases the temperature of the part of the rock formation through which the arc passes and of the formation and surrounding materials. The temperature is high enough to vaporize water or other fluids that can be hit by or be near the arc and can also vaporize some of the rock itself. The vaporization process creates a high pressure gas which expands and, in turn, fractures the surrounding rock.
    In step 670, the fractured rock can be removed from the end of the wellbore. For example, as described above with reference to FIGURE 1, the electro-crushing drilling fluid 122 can move the fractured rock away from the electrodes and up the well from the drill bit. As described above with respect to FIGS. 2A and 2B, the electrocushing drilling fluid 122 and the fractured rock can pass away from the electrodes through the passages 260 located in the drill bit. Then, process 700 can be completed.
    Process 700 may be subject to modifications, additions or omissions without departing from the scope of the disclosure. For example, the order of the steps may be different from that which has been described and certain steps may be performed at the same time. In addition, each individual step may include additional steps without departing from the scope of this disclosure. The embodiments disclosed in this document include:
    A. A downhole drilling system comprising a circuit generating pulses electrically coupled to a power source configured to supply alternating current at an input frequency and voltage, the circuit generating pulses comprising a circuit input stage electrically coupled to the power source, the input stage circuit being configured to regulate the alternating current in the circuit generating pulses; a transformer circuit electrically coupled to the input stage circuit, the transformer circuit comprising a leakage transformer configured to generate an output voltage greater than the input voltage; and an output stage circuit electrically coupled to the transformer circuit, the output stage circuit being configured to store energy for an electrical pulse; and a drill bit comprising a first electrode and a second electrode electrically coupled to the output stage circuit for receiving the electrical pulse from the pulse generating circuit.
    B. A method comprising supplying an alternating current and an input voltage from an energy source at a frequency to a circuit generating pulses electrically coupled to a drill bit located at the bottom of a well in a borehole; generating an electric pulse with the circuit generating pulses, the electric pulse being stored in an output capacitor and generated at frequency by a leakage transformer, the formation of an electric arc between a first electrode and a second drill bit electrode, the first electrode and the second electrode being electrically coupled to the output capacitor; discharge of the output capacitor by the electric arc; fracturing a rock formation at one end of the wellbore with the electric arc; and removing the fractured rock from the end of the wellbore.
    Each embodiment A and B can have one or more of the following additional elements in any combination: Element 1: wherein the input stage circuit includes a capacitor; and a switch coupled to the capacitor, the switch being configured to open and close an electrical path between the capacitor and the transformer circuit, the alternating current from the power source passing to the transformer circuit when the electrical path is closed. Element 2: wherein the transformer circuit further comprises a plurality of primary windings electrically coupled to the input stage circuit; and a plurality of secondary windings concentric with the primary windings and electromagnetically coupled to the primary windings, the primary and secondary windings forming the leakage transformer. Element 3: wherein the leakage transformer is further configured as an air core transformer containing no ferromagnetic material. Element 4: wherein the primary windings are composed of a plurality of segmented wires coupled to the input stage circuit. Element 5: in which the primary and secondary windings are wound around a core. Element 6: in which the core concentrates a magnetic fringe flux from the primary and secondary windings. Element 7: in which the frequency is less than 100 MHz. Element 8: in which the electrical pulse from the pulse generating circuit applies a voltage of at least 50 kV across the two electrodes. Element 9: in which the drill bit is integrated into a downhole assembly. Item 10: wherein the drill bit is one of an electro-crushing drill bit and an electro-hydraulic drill bit. Element 11: in which one of the two electrodes is a ground ring. Element 12: wherein the pulse generating circuit includes an input stage circuit electrically coupled to the power source, the input stage circuit being configured to regulate the alternating current in the pulse generating circuit; a transformer circuit electrically coupled to the input stage circuit, the transformer circuit comprising the leakage transformer configured to generate an output voltage greater than the input voltage with the step-up transformer; and an output stage circuit electrically coupled to the transformer circuit, the output stage circuit being configured to store energy from the output voltage.
    The embodiments described in this disclosure are intended for use in electrocompassing and / or electrohydraulic drilling, and the reference to either form of drilling in the above disclosure is not intended to limit the applicability of the embodiment to this particular form of drilling. Although the present disclosure has been described with several embodiments, various changes and modifications may be suggested by one skilled in the art. This disclosure is intended to encompass these various changes and modifications within the scope of the appended claims.
    权利要求:
    Claims (13)
    [1" id="c-fr-0001]
    THE CLAIMS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
    1. Downhole drilling system (100), comprising:
    a pulse generating circuit (300) electrically coupled to an energy source (140) configured to supply alternating current at an input frequency and voltage, the pulse generating circuit comprising:
    an input stage circuit (304) electrically coupled to the power source, the input stage circuit being configured to regulate alternating current in the pulse generating circuit;
    a transformer circuit (306) electrically coupled to the input stage circuit, the transformer circuit comprising a leakage transformer configured to generate an output voltage greater than the input voltage; and an output stage circuit (308) electrically coupled to the transformer circuit, the output stage circuit being configured to store energy for an electrical pulse; and a drill bit (114, 115) comprising a first electrode (208, 210, 212) and a second electrode (250) electrically coupled to the output stage circuit for receiving the electrical pulse from the pulse generating circuit.
    [2" id="c-fr-0002]
    2. Downhole drilling system (100) according to claim 1, in which the input stage circuit (304) comprises:
    a capacitor (312); and a switch (314) coupled to the capacitor, the switch being configured to open and close an electrical path between the capacitor and the transformer circuit (306), the alternating current from the power source (140) passing to the circuit transformer when the electrical path is closed.
    [3" id="c-fr-0003]
    3. Downhole drilling system (100) according to claims 1 or 2, in which the transformer circuit (306) further comprises:
    a plurality of primary windings (316) electrically coupled to the input stage circuit (304), the primary windings are optionally composed of a plurality of segmented wires coupled to the input stage circuit; and a plurality of secondary windings (318) concentric with the primary windings and electromagnetically coupled to the primary windings, the primary and secondary windings forming the leakage transformer which is optionally an air core transformer containing no ferromagnetic material .
    [4" id="c-fr-0004]
    4. Downhole drilling system (100) according to claim 3, in which:
    the primary and secondary windings (316, 318) are wound around a core (406); and the core concentrates a magnetic fringe flux from the primary and secondary windings.
    [5" id="c-fr-0005]
    5. Downhole drilling system (100) according to claims 1 or 2, wherein the frequency is less than 100 MHz.
    [6" id="c-fr-0006]
    6. Downhole drilling system (100) according to claims 1 or 2, wherein the electrical pulse from the pulse generating circuit (300) applies a voltage of at least 50 kV through the two electrodes (208 , 210, 212; 250).
    [7" id="c-fr-0007]
    7. Method (600) of downhole drilling comprising:
    providing (620) alternating current and input voltage from an energy source (140) at a frequency to a pulse generating circuit (300) electrically coupled to a drill bit (114 , 115) located at the bottom of a well in a wellbore (116); the circuit generating pulses comprising:
    an input stage circuit (304) electrically coupled to the power source, the input stage circuit being configured to regulate alternating current in the pulse generating circuit;
    a transformer circuit (306) electrically coupled to the input stage circuit, the transformer circuit comprising the leakage transformer configured to generate an output voltage greater than the input voltage with the step-up transformer; and an output stage circuit (308) electrically coupled to the transformer circuit, the output stage circuit being configured to store energy from the output voltage;
    the method also comprising:
    generating (630) an electric pulse with the circuit generating pulses, the electric pulse being stored in an output capacitor (312) and generated at frequency by a leakage transformer, forming (640) a an electric arc between a first electrode (208, 210, 212) and a second electrode (250) of the drill bit, the first electrode and the second electrode being electrically coupled to the output capacitor;
    the discharge (650) of the output capacitor by the electric arc;
    fracturing (660) of a rock formation at one end of the wellbore with the electric arc; and removing (670) the fractured rock from the end of the wellbore.
    [8" id="c-fr-0008]
    8. Method (600) according to claim 7, in which the input stage circuit (304) comprises:
    a capacitor (312); and a switch (314) coupled to the capacitor, the switch being configured to open and close an electrical path between the capacitor and the transformer circuit (306), the alternating current from the power source (140) passing to the circuit transformer when the electrical path is closed.
    [9" id="c-fr-0009]
    9. Method (600) according to claim 7, in which the transformer circuit (306) comprises:
    a plurality of primary windings (316) electrically coupled to the input stage circuit (304), the primary windings are optionally composed of a plurality of segmented wires coupled to the input stage circuit; and a plurality of secondary windings (318) concentric with the primary windings and electromagnetically coupled to the primary windings, the primary and secondary windings forming the leakage transformer.
    [10" id="c-fr-0010]
    10. The method (600) according to claim 9, in which:
    5 the primary and secondary windings (316, 318) are wound around a core (406); and the core concentrates a magnetic fringe flux from the primary and secondary windings.
    [11" id="c-fr-0011]
    11. Method (600) according to claim 7, in which the frequency is less than
    10 100 MHz.
    [12" id="c-fr-0012]
    The method (600) of claim 7, wherein the electrical pulse from the pulse generating circuit (300) applies a voltage of at least 50 kV through the first electrode (208, 210, 212) and the second
    [13" id="c-fr-0013]
    15 electrode (250).
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    BE603516A|
    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    BR112019017876A2|2020-05-12|
    US20180313158A1|2018-11-01|
    FR3064666B1|2021-03-12|
    WO2018186828A1|2018-10-11|
    US10718163B2|2020-07-21|
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    法律状态:
    2019-01-22| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 2 |
    2020-02-19| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 3 |
    2020-05-15| PLSC| Publication of the preliminary search report|Effective date: 20200515 |
    2021-02-26| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 4 |
    2022-02-16| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 5 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    PCT/US2017/025751|WO2018186828A1|2017-04-03|2017-04-03|Pulse transformer for downhole electrocrushing drilling|
    IBWOUS2017025751|2017-04-03|
    US201815750406A| true| 2018-02-05|2018-02-05|
    US15750406|2018-02-05|
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