• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a method for detecting an impact event in a fiber composite structure, which is made of a fiber composite material that has a fiber material and a matrix material, wherein the method comprises the steps following: - detection of a structural vibration of the fiber composite structure by means of at least one sensor, where the fiber composite structure has not been previously excited by an actuator of a structure monitoring system, - detection of a vibration characteristic induced by the impact event on the structural vibration detected by analyzing the structural vibrations detected with respect to frequencies and/or amplitudes by means of an evaluation unit, and - detection of an impact event in the structure composed of fibers (100) as a function of the recognition of the vibration characteristic induced by the impact event. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2804911A2
    申请号:ES201931106
    申请日:2019-12-12
    公开日:2021-02-09
    发明作者:Janko Kreikemeier；Raffael Bogenfeld；Tobias Wille
    申请人:Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft und Raumfahrt eV；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0004] The invention relates to a method for the detection of an impact event in a fiber composite structure, which is made of a fiber composite material having a fiber material and a matrix material. The invention also relates to a device for the detection of an impact event in a structure composed of fibers for this. The invention also relates to a vehicle with a device of this type for the detection of an impact event.
    [0006] Due to weight-specific strength and stiffness, fiber composites are an indispensable part of lightweight construction. In this connection, fiber composites generally have two essential main components, namely, on the one hand, a fiber material and, on the other hand, a matrix material that embeds the fiber material. The fiber material essentially imparts its self-supporting properties in the direction of the reinforcing fibers to a fiber composite component made of such a fiber composite material. By curing the matrix material into the fiber material, the reinforcing fibers are forced in the predetermined loading direction and therefore form an integral unit together with the matrix material.
    [0008] Due to the great potential of fiber composites for lightweight construction, materials of this type are also used as exterior cladding elements for vehicles and thus often form parts of the exterior cladding of road vehicles or even aircraft. Thus, it is known to manufacture the wings of aircraft, such as commercial aircraft, of fiber composite materials, in order to thus also save weight together with improved stability.
    [0010] In operation, fiber-composite structures (also called fiber-composite components), which are arranged at exposed points on the vehicle as cladding elements, can be damaged by the impact of blunt objects, which can significantly impair the properties of the fibers. the components that support the load. If the fibers Reinforcing fiber composite structure are damaged or even cut by such impact events, thus this leads to a reduction in stability and stiffness and can precisely cause serious accidents, especially in commercial aircraft. In this regard, damage due to an impact event also cannot be visibly located inside the laminate and may remain undetected for a long time.
    [0012] Therefore, in exposed positions, such as the leading edges of the wings, it is known to cover these places with an additional steel sheet, in order to reduce the deterioration of the fiber composite structure by impact events of this kind. Unfortunately, an essential advantage in the use of fiber composites, namely weight saving, is thereby wasted. The additional effort that arises in manufacturing fiber composite structures over conventional isotropic materials is therefore difficult to justify.
    [0014] In addition, there are examination and monitoring systems to be able to detect deterioration in fiber composite structures. In this regard, there are two different concepts for the determination of similar damage, namely, on the one hand, external examination systems ( non-destructive testing ( NDT)), where here most of the time it is possible to analyze the component with the help of ultrasound analysis or computed tomography and then correspondingly verify the deterioration. This is most often done in the framework of scheduled inspections in the laboratory or workshop. In addition, the so-called Structural Health Monitoring Systems (SHM) are known, which monitor the status of a structure from a network of sensors and actuators. For this, generally a plurality of sensor systems are used which determine the most diverse properties of the fiber-composite structures and then deduce a corresponding deterioration of the structure by means of the deviations as well.
    [0016] From document WO 2013/086626 A1 a method and a system for the detection and localization of damage in large structures composed of fibers is known. To do this, carbon nanotubes are added, which are conductors of electricity, where a damage detection is then carried out by feeding the structure composed of fibers with current and measuring the electrical properties.
    [0017] Document WO 2011/049801 A1 also discloses a method and a device for detecting damage, in which here the structure composed of fibers also has carbon nanotubes which are electrically conductive. However, here a damage detection is carried out via an electrical resistance measurement.
    [0019] From WO 2010/102208 A1, a method and device for structural integrity monitoring is known, wherein here the fiber-composite structure is excited with the help of an actuator and the resulting vibrations of the actuator are detected and analyzed , wherein in the case of a modification of the vibration behavior, a deterioration of the structure is then inferred.
    [0021] From document WO 2008/051953 A2 a method of non-destructive tests ( Non-Destructive-Testing, NDT) is known in which anomalies in the fiber composite structure (for example, deteriorations) are recognized when introducing two signals of electromagnetic waves and measure the reflection.
    [0023] From WO 2006/009669 A1 a method is known for monitoring fiber-composite laminates, in which here the ultrasonic waves are irradiated into the component and the reflected or resonated ultrasonic waves are then recorded by a sensor. On the basis of certain characteristic deviations in the ultrasonic signals, a deterioration of the fiber composite structure can be inferior.
    [0025] From WO 2006/004733 A1 a method for monitoring the structural integrity of fiber-composite components is known, wherein the surface of the fiber-composite components is printed with an electrically conductive printing material and then a resistance measurement of this electrically conductive printing layer. If the component has deteriorated, then at least the front surface is also damaged, which is reflected in a modification of the resistance measurement of the additionally present printing layer.
    [0027] Investigating structures with conventional NDT methods has the disadvantage that it can only be carried out using relatively inflexible stationary measurement systems. For a real structure this means that damage can only be done detect during an inspection in a workshop. Depending on the design, even the entire structure may not be accessible to measuring instruments. Therefore, state monitoring capability is only possible with limitations. Furthermore, the research process is time consuming as the structure must be analyzed successively.
    [0029] SHM systems are not subject to these limitations. Firmly integrated into the structure, they are capable of monitoring the condition at any time. However, this results in another disadvantage. Such a system must already be introduced into the structure during production or expensively applied later. This can lead to thermal load capacity limitations and geometric constraints, as well as additional weight.
    [0031] Therefore, the objective of the present invention is to specify an improved method and an improved device with which the deterioration of the fiber composite structures can be verified during use or in operation, without the need to adapt the composite structures of fibers or the components composed of fibers correspondingly for reception. It is also an objective of the present invention to specify a method and a device for the recognition of deterioration in structures composed of fibers, in which the detection system used can also be subsequently introduced into the structure.
    [0033] The object is achieved according to the invention with the method according to claim 1, the device according to claim 10 and a vehicle according to claim 11.
    [0035] According to claim 1, a method is proposed for detecting an impact event in a fiber composite structure, wherein the fiber composite structure (fiber composite component) is made of a fiber composite material. In this regard, the fiber composite material has at least one fiber material and one matrix material, wherein the fiber material is embedded in the matrix material and the matrix material is cured. The fiber-composite structure can optionally contain still other elements.
    [0037] According to the invention, a structural vibration of the fiber composite structure is now continuously detected by means of at least one sensor, wherein in this respect the fiber composite structure has not been previously driven by an actuator of a system structure supervision. Rather, only the natural structural vibration of the fiber composite structure is detected by the sensor, where the tected structural vibration is not precisely based on the excitation by an actuator of a structure monitoring system (SHM) . In this regard, the structural vibration of the fiber composite structure is continuously detected over time and continuously evaluated with the aid of an evaluation unit.
    [0039] The structural vibration of the fiber composite structure detected in a time segment is then examined by means of an evaluation unit to detect a vibration characteristic induced by the impact event in the detected structural vibration by analyzing the detected structural vibration with respect to to frequencies and / or amplitudes. If such a vibration characteristic induced by the impact event has been recognized, then it is inferred about an impact event in the fiber composite structure.
    [0041] In this regard, the inventors have recognized that each impact event on a functioning fiber composite structure generates a characteristic structural vibration which can be detected with the aid of sensors and detected accordingly by analyzing the detected structural vibration. If the detected structural vibration, which has been detected with the help of sensors, has the characteristic of vibration induced by the corresponding impact event for impact events and if such characteristic can be recognized in the structural vibration, it can be lower over the existence of an impact event. In this regard, the evaluation unit may be configured so that it detects a corresponding impact event based on the recognized vibration characteristic, induced by the impact event and is stored accordingly in a database or a warning is issued. correspondent.
    [0043] Consequently, thanks to the method according to the invention in question, it is possible to recognize impact events in fiber-composite structures during the operation of the fiber-composite structure, that is, while the manufactured fiber-composite structure is used or used according to as intended, without the structure itself having to be driven by an actuator or otherwise manipulated by additional measures (eg by power supply). Rather, in the present invention it is sufficient only to detect, with the help of the corresponding sensors (for example, gauges extensiometric or piezoelectric sensors), a structural vibration and then examine the detected structural vibration with respect to a certain vibration characteristic, in order to infer about a similar impact event in the presence of a vibration characteristic indicative of an impact event.
    [0045] In this regard, in the sense of the present invention, an impact event is understood to mean the action of one or more objects on the structure made of fibers with a determined force, in particular a destructive force. In this regard, such an impact event can be destructive or non-destructive. In this regard, an impact event is understood to mean in particular those events that act on the fiber-composite structure, in which the objects acting on the fiber-composite structure generate a deterioration of the fiber-composite structure.
    [0047] In this regard, the detection of an impact event comprises in particular the instant of the impact event, the type of the impact event and / or impact damage of the fiber composite structure. In particular, with the help of the invention it is possible to detect a deterioration of the fiber composite structure as an impact event as a function of the recognition of a vibration characteristic induced by the impact event, whereby during use as due to In the fiber composite structure, corresponding deteriorations of the fiber composite structure can be detected based on an action with a force on the fiber composite structure.
    [0049] According to one embodiment, the detected structural vibration is transformed in the frequency domain (for example, by means of a fast Fourier transform) to obtain the amplitude spectrum with respect to the frequencies, where a certain vibration characteristic is recognized in the structural vibration detected by the analysis of the amplitude spectrum by means of the evaluation unit. Thus, in the amplitude spectrum in the event of an impact event, a special characteristic of the amplitudes can be detected, which can be automatically recognized by an evaluation unit, so that the events can be reliably detected in the process. impact on the fiber composite structure.
    [0050] In this case it can be provided that for the recognition of the vibration characteristic induced by the impact event by means of the evaluation unit, the amplitude spectrum is examined to see if at certain frequencies and / or frequency ranges, the amplitudes respective values are above a certain threshold value. It has been shown that impact events, particularly those impact events that cause a deterioration of the fiber composite structure, show a characteristic amplitude spectrum at certain frequencies and / or frequency ranges, where the amplitudes are in this range. case partially above a certain threshold value.
    [0052] According to an advantageous embodiment, it is possible to detect, based on the detected structural vibration, not only whether there is an impact event, but also on what type of impact event the structural vibration is based. It is therefore advantageous that a damage characteristic is recognized by means of the evaluation unit as a function of the recognized specific vibration characteristic. Therefore, it can be inferred not only that there is an impact event with deterioration of the fiber composite structure, but also if the reinforcing fibers in the upper covering layer have deteriorated or if (other) structural deteriorations of the fibers have appeared. the composite structure of fibers within the laminate (eg a delamination of individual fiber layers).
    [0054] The damage characteristic can be derived, for example, from the affected frequency domain. Thus it is known that the deteriorations of the reinforcing fibers lead to a characteristic amplitude development in a first frequency domain, while delamination as the second type of damage has a corresponding characteristic amplitude development in a second frequency domain. divergent frequency.
    [0056] According to another embodiment, for the recognition of the vibration characteristic induced by the impact event, the detected structural vibration is compared with at least one predetermined structural vibration, which characterizes an impact event of the fiber-composite structure, through the evaluation unit. In this regard, predetermined structural vibrations of this type can be determined, for example, above by means of a laboratory test or by numerical methods.
    [0058] Thus it is conceivable that the predetermined structural vibration detected in the laboratory is represented in the form of an amplitude spectrum in the frequency domain and compared in this way with the detected structural vibration, which is also present as an amplitude spectrum in the frequency domain, in order to identify concordances in the amplitude spectrum, which characterize the impact event, in the detected structural vibrations of the structure composed of fibers.
    [0060] According to another embodiment, the structural vibration is detected by means of at least one strain gauge and / or by means of at least one piezoelectric sensing element as sensor. With the aid of a strain gauge, which is scanned at high frequency, a strain-time curve can be detected in this connection as a structural vibration, while with the aid of a piezoelectric sensor a force-time curve can be detected as a structural vibration.
    [0062] Furthermore, the object is also achieved according to the invention with the device according to claim 9, wherein the device is configured to carry out the method described above. For this, the device has at least one sensor which is connected to a signaling technology evaluation unit. In this regard, the sensor detects the structural vibrations of the fiber composite structure and forwards them to the evaluation unit, which then recognizes a vibration characteristic induced by the impact event by analyzing the detected structural vibration and then identifies a impact event based on it.
    [0064] In this case it is conceivable here that a plurality of sensors are used in the form of a sensor array, which are in connection with the evaluation unit. Sensors of this type can be, for example, strain gauges.
    [0066] Furthermore, the object is also achieved according to the invention with the vehicle according to claim 10, wherein the vehicle has a device for detecting an impact event, as described above.
    [0068] In this case, it is particularly advantageous if the external cladding elements, such as, for example, the fuselage hulls or the hulls of the aircraft wings, are provided with the corresponding sensors that detect a structural vibration, where with the With the help of the evaluation unit, the corresponding impact events can be identified based on the structural vibrations detected.
    [0069] The invention is explained in more detail by way of example by means of the attached figures. They show:
    [0071] Figure 1 - a schematic representation of the device according to the invention;
    [0072] Figure 2 - representation by way of example of two characteristic structural vibrations;
    [0073] Figure 3 - schematic representation of an application example in a commercial airplane.
    [0075] FIG. 1 shows according to the invention the device 10 which, in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, has three strain gauges 11c, which are connected by signaling technique with an evaluation unit 12. In this regard, each one of the sensors 11a to 11c provides a deformation-time curve 13 whose temporal resolution depends on the sampling frequency of the evaluation unit 12. The three strain gauges 11a to 11c are arranged in this respect in a structure composed of fibers 100 a Supervise.
    [0077] This strain-time curve is transformed into the frequency domain only with the help of the evaluation unit, so that the amplitude spectrum can be recognized. From the amplitude spectrum, an attempt is made to recognize if features are present that indicate an impact event.
    [0079] Two such frequency spectra are shown by way of example in Figure 2. In the previous example, the deformation-time curve 13 has been transformed in the frequency domain by means of a fast Fourier transform, so that now the amplitudes are visible along the participating frequencies. It can be recognized in the spectrum above a), that in the frequency domain at 22 kHz and 25 kHz, the amplitudes present a characteristic deviation 20, which makes it possible to infer about an impact event. Compared with a frequency spectrum or amplitude spectrum (not yet shown) of a structural vibration without impact event it can be recognized that these two amplitude maxima 20a and 20b indicate deterioration as an impact event. Therefore, it can be verified not only if an impact event has taken place, but also if there has been a deterioration of the fiber composite structure due to the impact event.
    [0080] In fact, in tests on composite fiber structures it has been shown that impact damage on composite fiber structures, resulting in small fiber breakage, results in such an amplitude spectrum.
    [0082] In the lower frequency spectrum b) it can be recognized that the maximum amplitude is much more pronounced around 25 kHz than in the upper spectrum, which is related to the size of the deterioration. At the bottom, a larger area of the fiber-composite structure has deteriorated, which is shown in the respective characteristic amplitude curves at approx. 20 kHz and 25 kHz.
    [0084] The processes of deterioration of the structures composed of fibers have as a consequence a vibrational excitation of the structure. The corresponding vibrations have an effect on stresses and deformations or, in the case of impact damage, on the contact force curve. In this regard, signals of deformation or contact force can be detected at a high measurement frequency. Through the transform in the frequency domain, the associated spectrum of participating frequencies can be determined. The participating vibrations can be composed of two parts. In addition to deterioration-induced vibrations, external action caused by deterioration, such as impact damage, excites the eigenmodes of the structure with a wide frequency band. By identifying the modes (most often of higher frequency), which are induced by the deterioration processes, a damage identification and a unique assignment of the damage phenomena can be carried out at a correspondingly excited frequency. in the amplitude spectrum.
    [0086] An example of application of a device of this type is shown schematically in figure 3, where a commercial aircraft 30 has been provided with a sensor network 31 for the outer cover. In this connection, the sensor network 31 is connected by signaling technique with a corresponding evaluation unit 32 in order to thus detect the sensor signals by the evaluation unit 32.
    [0088] Throughout the period of operation of the structure, an accumulation of local damages can be carried out, so that after a certain time the place and the number of impact events can be identified. To do this, by locating the respective sensor of the sensor network 31, as well as the impact event detected, draw the location of the impact event in reference to the envelope of the plane. This allows you to define in which regions detailed monitoring or repair is required.
    [0090] List of reference signs:
    [0092] 10 - Device
    [0093] 11 - Sensors
    [0094] 12 - Evaluation unit
    [0095] 13 - Deformation curve - time
    [0096] 20 - Amplitude characteristic
    [0097] 30 - Plane
    [0098] 31 - Sensor network
    [0099] 32 - Evaluation unit
    [0100] 100 - Structure composed of fibers
    权利要求:
    Claims (1)
    [0001]
    Procedure for the detection of an impact event in a structure composed of fibers (100), which is made of a composite material of fibers that has a fiber material and a matrix material, where the procedure comprises the following steps:
    - detection of a structural vibration of the fiber composite structure by means of at least one sensor (11), where the fiber composite structure has not been previously excited by an actuator of a structure monitoring system,
    - detection of a vibration characteristic induced by the impact event on the structural vibration detected by analyzing the detected structural vibrations with respect to frequencies and / or amplitudes by means of an evaluation unit (12, 32), and
    - detection of an impact event in the structure composed of fibers (100) as a function of the recognition of the vibration characteristic induced by the impact event.
    Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the detection of an impact event comprises the instant of the impact event, a type of the impact event and / or a deterioration by impact of the fiber composite structure.
    Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the detected structural vibration is transformed into the frequency domain to obtain the amplitude spectrum with respect to the frequencies, where a characteristic of vibration induced by the impact event on the vibration Detected structure is detected by analysis of the amplitude spectrum by means of the evaluation unit (12, 32).
    Method according to claim 3, characterized in that for the recognition of the vibration characteristic induced by the impact event by means of the evaluation unit, the amplitude spectrum is examined to see if at certain frequencies and / or frequency ranges, the respective amplitudes are above a certain threshold value.
    Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that by means of the evaluation unit (12, 32) a damage characteristic is detected as a function of the detected vibration characteristic, induced by the impact event.
    Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that for the recognition of the characteristic of vibration induced by the impact event, the detected structural vibration is compared with at least one predetermined structural vibration, which characterizes an impact event of the fiber composite structure, by means of the evaluation unit (12, 32).
    7. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that the at least one predetermined structural vibration, which characterizes a certain impact event, has been previously terminated by means of a laboratory test.
    8. Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the structural vibration is detected by means of at least one strain gauge, at least one acceleration sensor, at least one optical sensor and / or by means of at least one element. piezoelectric as sensor (11).
    Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a force-time curve or an elongation-time curve (13) is detected as structural vibration by the at least one sensor (11).
    10. Device (10) for the detection of an impact event in a structure composed of fibers, which is made of a composite material of fibers that has a fiber material and a matrix material, wherein the apparatus (10) It is configured to carry out the method according to any of the preceding claims and has at least one sensor (11) for the detection of a structural vibration of the structure composed of fibers and an evaluation unit for the recognition of a vibration characteristic induced by the impact event and for the detection of the impact event.
    11. Vehicle with at least one fiber composite structure, wherein the vehicle has a device (10) for detecting an impact event in one of the fiber composite structures according to claim 8.
    Vehicle according to claim 11, characterized in that the fiber composite structure is at least partially the outer shell of the vehicle.
    Vehicle according to claim 11 or 12, characterized in that the vehicle is a road vehicle, a boat or an aircraft.
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    同族专利:
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    GB201918198D0|2020-01-22|
    DE102018131948A1|2020-06-18|
    FR3090106A1|2020-06-19|
    GB2581019A|2020-08-05|
    ES2804911R1|2021-02-10|
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    法律状态:
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    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    DE102018131948.7A|DE102018131948A1|2018-12-12|2018-12-12|Method and device for detecting an impact event and a vehicle therefor|
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