• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    Use of biomass as a natural herbicide. The present invention provides the unpublished use of allelopathic biomass as a natural herbicide, being the biomass coming from forest exploitations, from wild plant species, or from invasive plant species. The present invention also provides the method of using the allelopathic biomass as a natural herbicide, which comprises its processing and incorporation into the soil to optimize the control of the germination and growth of the weeds. The use of biomass as a natural herbicide provides an alternative and/or complementary herbicide to existing ones. This natural herbicide is respectful with the environment and safe for human and animal health, and is adapted to the regulation of Organic Farming. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2719451A1
    申请号:ES201800006
    申请日:2018-01-10
    公开日:2019-07-10
    发明作者:Bonjoch Nuria Pedrol；Muras María Pardo；Puig Carolina Gonzalez
    申请人:Universidade de Vigo；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001]
    [0002] Use of biomass as a natural herbicide.
    [0003]
    [0004] Technical sector
    [0005]
    [0006] The present invention belongs to the Agriculture and Forestry sectors and addresses the current need for weed control, providing a natural herbicide alternative or complementary to those existing and their method of use.
    [0007]
    [0008] The present invention is based on the knowledge of the natural phenomenon of allelopathy, which includes the effect that one plant has on another through the release of chemical substances in its environment.
    [0009]
    [0010] The natural herbicide provided by the present invention is based on the unprecedented use of plant biomass with allelopathic properties from forest farms, wild species, or invasive species.
    [0011]
    [0012] The present invention provides the method of using allelopathic biomass which comprises its processing and incorporation into the soil to optimize germination control and weed growth.
    [0013]
    [0014] The use of biomass as a natural herbicide is environmentally friendly and safe for human and animal health, and is adapted to the Organic Farming regulations.
    [0015]
    [0016] Background of the invention
    [0017]
    [0018] Since the origin of agriculture, weed control has been key to plant production, since they compete with the crop for resources, making them one of the main factors limiting productivity. In recent years, it is estimated that losses in world food production due to weeds amount to 45%, about 95,000 million dollars annually, the equivalent of 380 million tons of wheat, more than half of world production annual. The use of pesticides has helped prevent crop losses and improve crops, which has led to the development and expansion of synthetic phytosanitary products. However, pesticides include active ingredients that, despite their beneficial effects on agricultural production, may have other less positive effects on the environment and the habitats where they are used. In 2014, a pesticide consumption of 400,000 tons was registered in the EU territory, where Spain was at the top of the list with 19.9%. Of the phytosanitary syntheses, the group of herbicides was the second best selling, with 33% of the total. (Eurostat 2017: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Pesticide sales statistics). Among the disadvantages associated with the use of synthetic herbicides, its potential toxicity is highlighted, often even at very low concentrations. Its massive use has increased soil and water pollution with the consequent deterioration of natural ecosystems, agroecosystems, and urban ecosystems. Certain active ingredients are incorporated into trophic chains and are bioaccumulative, representing a direct risk to animal and human health (WHO 2017: http://www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/public_health/pesticides/es/). Consequently, European legislation has eliminated several active products or ingredients considered harmful to the environment (EC 1107/2009, EU 540/2011, RD 1311/2012, RD 971/2014). Currently, in the midst of an arduous international controversy around the safety of glyphosate (the most widely used herbicide worldwide in agriculture, parks and gardens, and invasive control), glyphosate-based products (e.g. , Roundup) are in a period of moratorium of use granted by the EU, which is expected to be finally withdrawn in 2022 by mandate of the European Parliament (EC 2017: https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/qlyphosate in). The number of authorized herbicidal active ingredients is expected to continue to decline in the coming years. At the same time, more and more weeds are described that have developed resistance to existing active principles, losing their effectiveness. The production cost of the use of synthetic herbicides, not always acceptable to farmers, must be added. In fact, of the 95 billion dollars annually in losses of world agricultural production, some 70,000 million correspond to losses in poor countries (FAO 2017: http://www.fao.org/news/storv/es/item/29425/ icode /). For all the above, there is a growing demand for new products and methods for weed control, cheaper, healthier, and environmentally friendly.
    [0019]
    [0020] In contrast to the European record of synthetic herbicide consumption, in 2016 Spain leads the EU in surface area dedicated to certified organic production, with more than 2 million hectares (16.9% of the total) (MAPAMA 2017: http: //www.mapama.qob.es/es/alimentacion/temas/la-aqricultura-ecologica/). In the field of current need and the sector of this invention, in Organic Farming the use of synthetic pesticides is strictly prohibited (CE 834/2007, CE 889/2008, CE 1235/2008) and, for the moment, the regulations European does not include a single commercial herbicide product among authorized phytosanitary products (Annex II of Regulation EC 889/2008). That is why in weed production systems weed control is considered the biggest agronomic problem, whose effectiveness depends on the use of different complementary tools, physical, biological and cultural, that make up a comprehensive strategy (Liebman and Gallandt 1997: Many little hammers: ecological management of crop-weed interactions In: Jackson LE (ed.), Ecology in Agriculture, pp. 291-343. Academic Press, San Diego, CA).
    [0021]
    [0022] In the search for new natural herbicides potentially useful and suitable for Organic Agriculture, some natural substances of plant, animal or microbiological origin authorized as phytosanitary for other uses by the Regulation (Annex II of Regulation EC 889/2008), have been studied by its potential utility for weed control. For example, vinegar (Radhakrishnan et al. 2002: Vinegar as a potential herbicide for organic agriculture. Proc. Northeast. Weed Sci. Soc. Vol. 56, p. 100), acetic acid-based compositions (eg. , patent CN105638658), padded enriched with natural phytotoxic compounds (eg, patent FR2914818A1), or bioherbicides made from pathogenic microorganisms (Pacanoski 2015: Bioherbicides. In: Price A (ed.), Herbicides, Physiology of Action, and Safety InTech, https://www.intechopen.com/books/herbicides-phvsioloqy-of-action-andsafetv/bioherbicides: and patent ES2347867T3). Other non-EU countries market some organic posemergency herbicides (which are applied to weeds that have already emerged) not explicitly authorized for use in the EU, p. eg, herbicides based on desiccant phosphates (Xekator), pelargonic acid (Finalsan), other organic acids (Supress), or mycoherbicides based on pathogenic fungi (eg, BioMal, Myco-Tech or StampOut; and v. Cordeau et al. 2016: Bioherbicides: Dead in the water A review of the existing products for integrated weed management. Crop Prot. 87: 44-49). But in the search for new natural herbicides, essential oils or aqueous extracts of different plant species are receiving increased attention (e.g., patents ES2387282B2, NZ588696A, CN1711848A, JP2007119367A). These natural products of plant origin are rich in chemical substances that play an important ecological role in the defense and communication of plants, which comprise the natural phenomenon of "allelopathy". Thus, allelopathy is defined as the direct or indirect effect, positive or negative, mediated or not by microorganisms, which exerts one plant on another through the release of chemical substances in its environment (Rice, 1984: Allelopathy, 2nd ed. Academic Press, Orlando, p. 189). These chemicals produced by plants, algae, bacteria and fungi have an influence on the growth and development of agricultural and biological systems (International Allelopathy Society, 1996. http://allelopathv-societv.osupytheas.fr/about/), and receive the name of "allelochemicals" (Fig. 1). It is believed that allelochemicals will be the source of new active ingredients with new modes of action for the synthetic plant protection industry that can be used in conventional and integrated agriculture (eg, Duke et al. 2002: Chemicals from nature for weed management. Weed Sci. 50: 138-151).
    [0023]
    [0024]
    [0025]
    [0026]
    [0027] Figure 1. Mechanisms of allelochemical release by the producing plant. Modified from Blum 2014: Plant-Plant Allelopathic Interactions II: Laboratory Bioassays for Water-Soluble Compounds with an Emphasis on Phenolic Acids, pp. 8. Springer Science & Business Media.
    [0028]
    [0029] However, in the agroecosystem the soil plays an essential role in the fate of the substances released by the plant, so that most of the isolated natural compounds that are effective in the laboratory as pre-emergence or pre-emergence herbicides (which they affect germination or early weed growth), in the field they have little or no effectiveness, due to their instability and rapid degradation by microorganisms or other interactions with the soil (Kobayasi 2004: Factors affecting phytotoxic activity of allelochemicals in soil. Weed Biol. Manage. 4: 1-7). These methods, therefore, do not achieve a sufficiently lasting effect when it comes to controlling the gradual germination that occurs in a real weed seed bank or the growth of weeds that have managed to germinate. That is why there is still a need for new herbicides that are both environmentally friendly and with a guarantee of effectiveness in the field.
    [0030]
    [0031] Organic farmers control the proliferation of weeds mainly by mechanical (plowing, grading, weeding) and cultural methods (crop rotation, interculture, false planting, mulching, green manures, fallow) (Bárberi 2002: Weed management in organic agriculture: Are we addressing the right issues Weed Res. 42: 177-193). Among the cultural methods, the use of green manures for its multiple agroecosystemic services stands out. When we talk about 'green manures' we refer to the use of fast-growing crops that are cut and buried in the same place where they have been planted, preferably during flowering. This classic practice is aimed at improving the physical properties of the soil and enriching it with mineral nutrients and physiologically active substances, as well as activating the soil's microbial population (Elfstrand et al.
    [0032] 2007: Soil enzyme activities, microbial community composition and function after 47 years of continuous green manuring. Appl. Soil Ecol. 35: 610-621). In addition to the favorable effects achieved with the green subscriber on soil quality, the use of crops capable of releasing allelochemicals to the environment can be a useful tool in weed control (eg, De Albuquerque et al. 2011: Allelopathy, an alternative tool to improve cropping systems. A review. Agron. Sust. Develop. 31: 379-395). Certain winter cereals and legumes are the crops that have received the most attention from scientists for their herbicidal properties. However, this agronomic practice as part of the comprehensive weed control strategy, although useful, occupies time and space on the farm's crop sheet, compromising resources and a productive period from which a crop is not obtained.
    [0033]
    [0034] Faced with the use of allelopathic crops incorporated into the soil as a green fertilizer for weed control, the present invention proposes a new use of biomass with herbicidal potential from allelopathic species available in the agroecosystem without the need to cultivate them, thus optimizing agricultural yield and facilitating the recycling of nutrients. In this way, the current need for weed control agriculture is met through the use of abundant and accessible agroforestry resources (biomass from forest holdings, wild plant species, or invasive plant species) without taking up time or space in the crop sheet, and following an unprecedented procedure characterized by efficiency and sustainability.
    [0035]
    [0036] Explanation of the invention.
    [0037]
    [0038] The present invention belongs to the Agriculture and Forestry sectors and addresses the current need for weed control, providing a natural herbicide alternative or complementary to those existing and their method of use.
    [0039]
    [0040] In the context of the present invention "natural herbicide" refers to a weed control agent of biological and natural origin.
    [0041]
    [0042] In the present invention "undergrowth" (without "weed", "adventitious species" or "weed species") refers to any plant that grows spontaneously in an unwanted place, especially in crop fields, greenhouses, gardens, areas green or revegeted places where they impede or negatively affect the proper growth of the crops or the desired flora.
    [0043]
    [0044] The present invention is based on the knowledge of the natural phenomenon of allelopathy, which comprises the effect that one plant exerts on another through the release of chemical substances in its environment. In this process the chemical substances produced by the allelopathic plant are called allelochemicals.
    [0045]
    [0046] In the context of the present invention "biomass" refers to organic matter produced by photosynthesis that has not been cultivated in the soil itself where it is going to exert its herbicidal activity.
    [0047]
    [0048] In the context of the present invention "allelopathic biomass" refers to biomass rich in allelochemicals that can be released into the soil once incorporated into it and control the germination and / or growth of weeds.
    [0049] The natural herbicide provided by the present invention is based on an unpublished use of allelopathic biomass from forest farms, wild plant species, or invasive plant species.
    [0050] The present invention also provides the method of using allelopathic biomass which comprises its processing and incorporation into the soil to optimize germination control and weed growth.
    [0051] The authors of the present invention have discovered, after years of research, that the incorporation into the soil of allelopathic biomass allows the release of a complex mixture of allelochemicals gradually and continuously that exerts weed control more effective and durable than that of Natural herbicides based on aqueous extracts or essential oils.
    [0052] To date, there are no references to the use of allelopathic biomass incorporated into the soil as a natural herbicide.
    [0053] The authors of the present invention propose the use of allelopathic biomass as a natural herbicide, whereby weed control is carried out through efficient use of agroforestry resources and the recycling of nutrients in the agroecosystem is facilitated.
    [0054] Faced with the need to produce allelopathic crops planted specifically for incorporation into the soil as green fertilizers for weed control, the protocol for the use of allelopathic biomass available in the agroecosystem avoids the consumption of resources, time and space on the crop leaf, with which optimizes agricultural performance.
    [0055] The procedure for the use of biomass as a natural herbicide includes the guidelines for the use of allelopathic biomass: the useful parts, the guidelines for the collection of plant material, the conservation of its allelopathic properties, and the dosage and mode of application in the field for optimize its herbicidal effect.
    [0056] In the present invention, allelopathic biomass consists of all parts of metabolically active aerial biomass: stems and fine branches, leaves and phylodes, inflorescences, flowers and green fruits. Biomass may also contain up to 10% of senescent or dead biomass, which includes dry parts, bark and litter.
    [0057] The method of using allelopathic biomass is characterized in that it must be freshly harvested, or preserved dehydrated by air drying in the dark and at room temperature below 40 ° C.
    [0058] The procedure for the use of allelopathic biomass is characterized in that it must be chopped with a brush cutter, chopper or bi-crusher immediately before being used as a herbicide. The procedure for the use of chopped allelopathic biomass is characterized in that it must be spread over the plot by manual or mechanical volley by means of a fertilizer or distributor trailer.
    [0059] The procedure for the use of chopped allelopathic biomass is characterized in that it must be incorporated into the soil immediately after being spread, taking advantage of the preparatory tillage operations of the crop sowing bed (surface plow, grading, milling or tracing) so that it is buried in the superficial 10-20 cm. The sowing or planting of the crop will be done from 0 to 15 days after the application of the allelopathic biomass.
    [0060] The procedure includes the use of allelopathic biomass at doses not exceeding the dry matter production values of crops classically used for green manure (3-15 Mg / ha) or those recommended for fresh manure (10-40 Mg / ha). In the case of nitrogen rich biomass, especially that from legumes, the dose of 170 kg of nitrogen per hectare should not be exceeded.
    [0061]
    [0062] Preferred Embodiment of the Invention
    [0063]
    [0064] The present invention is exemplified by an embodiment using the abundant allelopathic biomass of the shrub legume species of the Atlantic scrubland Ulex europaeus L. (tojo) and Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link (broom). However, it should be understood that this example is for illustrative purposes and should not be used to limit the scope of the invention.
    [0065]
    [0066] Garlic and broom plant material has traditionally been used as a protein source of food in animals in their native distribution areas. Today they are also appreciated for the rehabilitation of degraded soils for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (Pérez-Fernández et al. 2016: Benefits of the symbiotic association of shrubby legumes for the rehabilitation of degraded soils under Mediterranean climatic conditions, Land Degrad. Dev. 27: 395-405). At present, substrate based on tojo compost is sold for gardening and horticulture (Lourido Fertilizers 2012: http://abonoslourido.com/es/), suitable for Organic Farming. Due to the ornamental use of broom and gorse worldwide, both species have become invasive critics outside their native European ranges (eg, Richardson and Hill 1998: The biology of Australian weeds 34. Ulex europaeus L. Plant Prot. O. 13: 46-58; Sheppard et al. 2002: Factors affecting invasion and persistence of broom Cytisus scoparius in Australia ”, J. Appl. Ecol. 39: 721-734), and have already received attention as sources of low-cost biomass for bioenergy (Pérez et al. 2014: Energy potential of native shrub species in northern Spain, Renew. Energy 62: 79-83).
    [0067]
    [0068] In the plans of prevention of forest fires, in the tasks of eradication of invasive plants, as well as in the maintenance of grasslands and thickets taken advantage of by the extensive cattle raising, works of opening of firewalls and cleaning of mountains that generate scrub biomass are included, that the present invention of using biomass as a natural herbicide proposes as a preferred embodiment.
    [0069]
    [0070] This preferred embodiment, according to the method of using allelopathic biomass as a natural herbicide described in the previous section "Explanation of the invention", essentially comprises the following steps:
    [0071]
    [0072] • Freshly harvested biomass of garlic and / or broom in bloom is available, characterized by leaves, branches, flowers and green vegetables.
    [0073]
    [0074] • The biomass is chopped with a bi-crusher and spread over the agricultural plot at a dose corresponding to 13 Mg / ha in dry matter.
    [0075]
    [0076] • Chopped and scattered biomass is incorporated into the soil by shallow plow and a disc harrow, being buried in the surface 10-15 cm.
    [0077]
    [0078] • The crop is immediately sown, p. eg, corn (Zea mays L.).
    [0079]
    [0080] The use and procedure of using tojo biomass as a natural herbicide reduces the germination of broadleaf weeds (e.g., Amaranthus retroflexus and Portulaca oleracea) up to 30% with respect to control plots, and inhibits the growth of leaf weeds wide and narrow leaf (eg, Digitaria sanguinalis) between 15 and 30% (eg A. retroflexus and Portulaca olerácea), resulting in harmless corn cultivation. The use and method of use of broom biomass reduces the density of broadleaf weeds (e.g., A. retroflexus, Convolvulus arvensis and P. olerácea) by 40 to 80%, and narrowleaf (p eg, D. sanguinalis) up to 37% with respect to control plots. In addition, broom biomass has a fertilizing effect and increases the yield of corn cultivation by 20% compared to control plots. The mixture of tojo and broom biomass in different proportions provides herbicidal and fertilizing effects within the ranges described, the more intense the higher the proportion of broom.
    [0081]
    [0082] The present invention of using biomass as a natural herbicide and the preferred embodiment described have industrial applications. The following applications illustrate the invention and should not be considered as limiting the scope thereof:
    [0083]
    [0084] - The present invention provides a new natural method for weed control in crop fields and greenhouses for agricultural production.
    [0085]
    [0086] - The present invention provides a method for the control of weeds applicable in other fields of plant production that include gardening, nursery, maintenance of urban and peri-urban green spaces, slope vegetation, wastelands, rubble, and roadsides and mediums of roads and tracks .
    [0087]
    [0088] - The present invention provides a method for weed control that meets the requirements established by the legislation that regulates Organic Agriculture (CE 834/2007, CE 889/2008, CE 1235/2008).
    [0089]
    [0090] - For the maximum and rational use of natural resources and for being a biological weed control procedure that can be combined with the rational use of synthetic herbicides, the present invention satisfies the requirements of Integrated Plant Production (RD 1201/2002).
    [0091]
    [0092] - Due to the organic and mineral composition of the natural biomass-based herbicide, the use of the present invention increases soil fertility by reducing the need for external inputs.
    [0093]
    [0094] - The present invention provides sustainable use of agroforestry remains and by-products of allelopathic species.
    [0095]
    [0096] - The present invention provides an unwanted or useless allelopathic plant biomass sink.
    [0097]
    [0098] - The present invention provides a destination for biomass from the management of species of invasive allelopathic plants.
    [0099]
    [0100] - The present invention constitutes a new agricultural practice that contributes to carbon sequestration and the conservation of soil fertility.
    权利要求:
    Claims (13)
    [1]
    1. The use of biomass as a natural herbicide characterized in that it comprises allelopathic biomass from forest farms.
    [2]
    2. The use of biomass as a natural herbicide characterized in that it comprises allelopathic biomass from wild plant species.
    [3]
    3. The use of biomass as a natural herbicide characterized in that it comprises allelopathic biomass from invasive plant species.
    [4]
    4. The use of biomass as a natural herbicide according to claims 1 - 3 characterized in that it comprises all parts of the metabolically active aerial biomass: stems and fine branches, leaves and phylodes, inflorescences, flowers and green fruits.
    [5]
    5. The method of using biomass as a natural herbicide according to claims 1-4, characterized in that it is carried out according to the following steps:
    to. Availability of freshly collected allelopathic biomass, or conserved by air drying in darkness and ambient temperature below 40 ° C;
    b. Chopped allelopathic biomass immediately before use as a herbicide;
    c. Spread of chopped allelopathic biomass on the ground by manual or mechanical volley;
    d. Incorporation of allelopathic biomass to the soil in the superficial 10-20 cm immediately after being spread;
    and. Dosage equal to or less than the dry matter production values of crops classically used for green manure (3-15 Mg / ha) or that recommended for fresh manure (10-40 Mg / ha).
    [6]
    6. The use of allelopathic biomass as a natural herbicide according to claims 1-4 and the method of use according to claim 5 for weed control in crop fields and greenhouses for agricultural production.
    [7]
    7. The use of allelopathic biomass as a natural herbicide according to claims 1-4 and the method of use according to claim 5 for application in other fields of plant production: gardening, nursery, maintenance of urban and disturbance green spaces, vegetation of slopes, wastelands, debris, and medium and medium roads and tracks.
    [8]
    8. The use of allelopathic biomass as a natural herbicide according to claims 1-4 and the method of use according to claim 5 characterized in that they meet the requirements established by the legislation regulating Organic Farming.
    [9]
    9. The use of allelopathic biomass as a natural herbicide according to claims 1-4 and the method of use according to claim 5 characterized in that they meet the requirements of Integrated Plant Production.
    [10]
    10. The use of allelopathic biomass as a natural herbicide according to claims 1-4 and the method of use according to claim 5 characterized in that they increase soil fertility.
    [11]
    11. The use of allelopathic biomass as a natural herbicide according to claims 1-4 and the method of use according to claim 5 characterized in that they provide sustainable use of agroforestry remains and by-products of allelopathic species.
    [12]
    12. The use of allelopathic biomass as a natural herbicide according to claims 1-4 and the method of use according to claim 5 characterized in that they provide an unwanted or useless allelopathic biomass sink.
    [13]
    13. The use of allelopathic biomass as a natural herbicide according to claims 1-4 and the method of use according to claim 5 characterized in that they provide a destination for biomass from the management of species of invasive allelopathic plants.
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