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    • 专利摘要:
    Method of configuration of a multilayer spectral separation filter for photovoltaic and thermal solar applications, filter and power generation associated with said method. The invention relates to a method for configuring a selective multi-layer filter (1) for spectral separation of solar radiation, suitable for being arranged in photovoltaic panels for use in power generation plants, where the multilayer filter (1) comprises a plurality of layers (2) of different refractive indexes and thicknesses, characterized in that it comprises the realization of a series of steps to configure said multilayer filter (1) in a way that maximizes the photovoltaic and thermal efficiency. Another object of the invention relates to a multilayer filter (1) configured through said method. Another object of the invention relates to a power generation plant for use of solar energy comprising the use of at least one multilayer filter (1) configured through said method. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2718705A1
    申请号:ES201830001
    申请日:2018-01-03
    公开日:2019-07-03
    发明作者:Jiménez Sebastián Caparrós
    申请人:Caparros Jimenez Sebastian；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001]
    [0002] METHOD OF CONFIGURATION OF A SPECTRAL MULTI-PAPER SEPARATION FILTER FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC AND THERMAL SOLAR APPLICATIONS, FILTER AND GENERATION CENTER ASSOCIATED WITH SUCH METHOD
    [0003]
    [0004] FIELD OF THE INVENTION
    [0005]
    [0006] The present invention relates to a method of configuring a multilayer filter of spectral separation of solar radiation to transmit said radiation to a photovoltaic cell (or PV, of the English term "photovoltaic") in the ranges in which it is more efficient than a thermal receiver, such as a concentrating solar power plant (or CSP, of “Concentration Solar Power”), and to reflect said thermal receiver the ranges of solar radiation in which it is more efficient than the photovoltaic cell. The main sector in which the invention is framed is, therefore, the selective treatment of solar radiation to be used in systems for generating electrical and thermal energy in an industrializable way.
    [0007]
    [0008] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
    [0009]
    [0010] Within the field belonging to solar power generation technologies, two main groups can be distinguished: solar thermal concentration technology and photovoltaic solar generation technology. The principle of operation of both is substantially different, each having its own advantages and disadvantages. Solar thermal energy is based on the use of optical means, usually mirrors, to generate concentrated light that is used to heat a heat-carrying fluid. Said superheated fluid is used as an input in a traditional turbine cycle, to heat another fluid that is the one entering the said cycle. On the other hand, photovoltaic solar energy is characterized by the use of semiconductors, mainly based on polycrystalline silicon, which generate direct electricity after solar radiation affects them, by photoelectric effect.
    [0011]
    [0012] The solar thermal energy has the great advantage that, because it is based on fluids that act as a heating medium, these can be stored in tanks and introduced into the cycle of a turbine at the time of the day that most interests, or even overnight. This means that solar thermal energy has the competitive advantage that it is an energy that can be stored for later use. As a major drawback, said energy is significantly more complex to handle than photovoltaic solar and other conventional sources, being therefore more expensive to produce electricity by this means than by other sources.
    [0013]
    [0014] The photovoltaic solar energy is, however, considerably simpler and its costs are lower than those of the solar thermal system, being comparable to that of conventional sources. The great disadvantage that it presents is that, since it is a direct production of electricity, storage is not viable unless batteries are used, which requires high equipment and maintenance costs. Therefore, photovoltaic energy does not allow, in practice, large-scale storage in commercial plants, which implies that the delivery of energy to the network is not synchronized with the actual demand that may exist in said network.
    [0015]
    [0016] Within the area of solar thermal systems, the two technologies that currently dominate the market are parabolic trough and tower. In the parabolic cylinder, a conduit or tube with the fluid to be heated circulates through the focus region of one or more parabolic mirrors, which concentrate the solar radiation in said conduit. In tower technology, a solar field of mirrors concentrates the radiation in a concentration region located in the tower, where the receiver is installed through which the heat transfer fluid circulates.
    [0017]
    [0018] Parabolic trough technology is the most mature and has been the dominant throughout the historical development of solar thermal energy. However, recently, solar thermal towers are being imposed, since they have among others the advantage that the concentration of light is more effective than in the parabolic cylinder, and therefore higher temperatures can be achieved and the efficiency of thermodynamic cycles increased. In addition the circulation of heat transfer fluids is limited to the central area of the plant where the tower is located, while in the parabolic cylinder, being a linear system, the tubes extend absolutely throughout the plant, which greatly increases their complexity. Therefore, currently the solar thermal towers have lower generation costs than those of the parabolic cylinder and are, without a doubt, the future bet within this type of technologies.
    [0019]
    [0020] In relation to photovoltaic technology, the clearly dominant technology is that of mono or polycrystalline silicon. These are simple systems with large economies of scale, therefore very cheap, and that can compete in cost with conventional generation sources.
    [0021]
    [0022] Likewise, it is known to use selective light filters for certain solar applications, such as those described in patent applications JP 2009218383 and US 20150083194, in which thermo-solar tower systems are disclosed in which heliostats would be composed of modules photovoltaic Said photovoltaic modules include dielectric mirrors of the “hot-mirror” type or infrared reflective layers (in English, “infrarred reflective films”) that are used as part of the elements intended to redirect sunlight towards the central receiver of the tower.
    [0023]
    [0024] These systems, however, do not currently have a real commercial application because hot-mirrors or infrarred reflective films, although they are elements that are likely to be included in reflective or collector surfaces, present a series of disadvantages and disadvantages that prevent their use to a great extent. scale. The following explains in detail why these elements are not valid in the aforementioned commercial applications:
    [0025]
    [0026] • Infrarred reflective films comprise a deposition of materials on a polymeric layer that subsequently adheres to the glass of the photovoltaic modules. This product configuration is not valid in commercial applications, since when the film is exposed to the external conditions of the environment, it suffers a lot of degradation due to the abrasion of the environmental conditions of the area. In addition, these films do not guarantee specular reflection that would cause the reflection to find the receiver of the tower.
    [0027]
    [0028] • Hot-mirrors comprise a deposition of dielectric materials to reflect infrared light and allow visible light to pass through. They are usually designed by selecting a cut-off wavelength, usually 700-750 nm, and introducing periodic material designs to achieve very high reflectances from that cut-off wavelength. A hot-mirror is not an optimal material specification for a photovoltaic-solar thermal application, for the following reasons:
    [0029] o Infrared light starts from 700-750 nm. The typical transmission curve of a hot-mirror is shown in Figure 1 of this document . However, a silicon photovoltaic cell has its maximum efficiency peaks just in that range in which the hotmirror would begin to reflect light, as can be seen in Figure 2, which represents the quantum efficiency of commercial silicon cells, therefore a very important useful radiation would be subtracted from the photovoltaic cell that drastically reduces its performance.
    [0030]
    [0031] o As mentioned, a hot-mirror pursues a maximum reflectance of the spectrum from about 700-750 nm, which is achieved by making periodic designs based on oxid thicknesses of the fourth wavelength of the range to be reflected, It involves a high number of layers. A high number of layers greatly increases the price, the difficulty and the time of deposition and makes its use unfeasible in these applications in which the cost and the number of layers is a fundamental limiting factor.
    [0032]
    [0033] o In solar applications that make use of the solar spectrum, there are infrared zones in which no radiation is received since there are peaks of water vapor absorption. A hot-mirror would be indiscriminately reflecting in those wavelength ranges, which makes no sense since no radiation is received, therefore it would be reflecting 100% of nothing. Those areas of infrared reflectance that do not receive radiation add an unnecessary cost to the system and it is further proof that they are not solutions designed for solar applications.
    [0034]
    [0035] o A hot-mirror transmits the entire visible zone, including the blue zone, being transparent to the human eye. An optimal photovoltaic-thermosolar application should have a material that reflects blue since at these wavelengths the quantum efficiency of silicon cells decreases and it is more efficient to reflect radiation to the thermal receiver.
    [0036]
    [0037] Related to these needs, patent applications are known as the application WO 2015117134 A1 in which parabolic trough collector systems with spectral separation systems are proposed in which it is suffered again Again, there is a lack of detail in the design claim of the selective filters, and obvious issues regarding the spectral separation of light are generically specified.
    [0038]
    [0039] In general, the traditional criterion for designing filters has been based primarily on introducing quarter thicknesses of the wavelength to be reflected. Basically, the usual method is to select the wavelength that you want to reflect and calculate the thickness of the materials according to the following expressions:
    [0040]
    [0041] t * = ¿(Eq. a)
    [0042]
    [0043] tl = ^ - l (Eq. b)
    [0044]
    [0045] T being the thicknesses, A0 the wavelength that you want to have a maximum reflectance peak and n the refractive indices. The reflectance width is marked by the contrast of indices and the intensity of the reflection is controlled by adding the pair with the same thicknesses n times until the desired peak is achieved. To broaden the range of reflection, it would be necessary to take another pair of thicknesses and repeat it again n times.
    [0046]
    [0047] This criterion of design of interferential filters are those that are used in traditional optics and are those that, even without specifically detailing in the patents related to solar plants, it is deduced that they use, when naming concepts such as hot-mirrors or heat-reflective films , since these components are based on these designs and also have identical transmission curves to those that can be achieved with periodic designs.
    [0048]
    [0049] Therefore, mainly due to the fact that the state of the art of interference filters based on traditional optics is not adjusted to solar applications and is based on periodic designs, very inefficient and very expensive solutions are obtained and have some difficulty in manufacturing . Therefore, it is not surprising that none of the systems claimed in the aforementioned patents have found commercial application.
    [0050]
    [0051] As an alternative to the solutions detailed above, selective sunlight filters deposited on a glass as a substrate are also known, such as those described in patent application ES 2636800 A1. In this type of filters, which they comprise periodically alternating layers of high and low refractive index, the incident light undergoes selective reflection to let a majority of wavelengths pass through a photovoltaic cell, and reflect a majority of wavelengths towards a thermal receiver. However, these filters are far from being an optimal solution for their commercial application, since there are wavelengths that are reflected towards the thermal receiver where the semiconductors of the photovoltaic cells are still highly efficient, not being, therefore, the most efficient solution in a global way for a selective filter that is located in a hybrid solar field formed by photovoltaic modules (PV) and by a central receiver solar thermal power plant (CPS). This set of wavelengths that are not taken advantage of in these periodic filters, is blocked by the difficulty in configuring a suitable, more efficient filter.
    [0052]
    [0053] For all the above, there is still a need to provide a selective light filter that is simple to configure and manufacture, with a low number of layers, which allows to adjust the wavelength selection of the incident sunlight with high efficiency, exceeding the known solutions of the state of the art; and that, as an added value, it is not very complex and low cost. The fact of achieving a highly efficient, simple solar filter with a low number of layers would reduce the complexity of manufacturing and repairing filters in solar plants, since less time would be required for the deposition of the layers and, in addition, to Less material, simpler and cheaper would be replacement or repair.
    [0054]
    [0055] The present invention proposes a solution to this technical problem posed through a method of configuring a selective multilayer light filter that allows to overcome the difficulties detailed above, through the configuration of a highly efficient aperiodic multilayer filter in a range of lengths desired wave with a low number of layers.
    [0056]
    [0057] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    [0058]
    [0059] An object of the present invention refers, although without limitation, to the development of a method of configuring a selective multilayer filter for spectral separation of solar radiation, suitable for arrangement in photovoltaic panels for use in power generation plants by solar energy utilization, where the multilayer filter comprises a plurality of layers of different refractive indices and thicknesses. Advantageously, said method comprises performing the following steps to configure said multilayer filter in terms of a desired transmittance and reflectance over a range of wavelengths:
    [0060]
    [0061] a) a first initial filter is defined with a number of layers and refractive indices of known layers, with a thickness of each random layer;
    [0062]
    [0063] b) the transmittance and reflectance response of said initial filter in the desired wavelength range is calculated based on the optical admittance of the initial filter and the optical admittance of the medium;
    [0064]
    [0065] c) the photovoltaic efficiency of said initial filter is calculated based on the transmittance and reflectance found in step b) in the desired wavelength range; where:
    [0066]
    [0067] - photovoltaic efficiency is calculated by multiplying the performance ratio or standard performance ratio of a photovoltaic plant by the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell according to its spectral response; Y
    [0068] - the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell is defined in terms of the cell's current density, global radiation, the open circuit voltage of the cell and the filling factor;
    [0069]
    [0070] d) the thermal efficiency of said initial filter is calculated based on the transmittance and reflectance found in step b) in the desired wavelength range; where:
    [0071]
    [0072] - Thermal efficiency is calculated by multiplying the average annual efficiency of a concentration solar thermal power plant by the ratio between direct radiation versus direct radiation added to diffuse radiation, by the integrated reflectance of the initial filter for the wavelength range wanted; Y
    [0073] - the average annual efficiency of a concentration solar thermal power plant is calculated by multiplying the factors: efficiency of the solar field, efficiency of the turbine power cycle and the loss of efficiency of the plant due to equipment self-consumption;
    [0074] e) a merit function is calculated and recorded, calculated as the sum of the photovoltaic and thermal efficiencies found in stages c) and d);
    [0075]
    [0076] f) a set of initial filters is defined with the same number of layers as the first initial filter but with different thicknesses for the layers of each of said filters with respect to the first initial filter, and steps b) to e) are repeated for each of said filters;
    [0077]
    [0078] g) the optimum multilayer filter, belonging to the set of filters of stage f) plus the first initial filter is chosen, where said optimal multilayer filter comprises the combination of thicknesses that maximizes the merit function for a given number of layers, from all merit functions calculated in step e).
    [0079]
    [0080] This is achieved by providing a tool to configure an aperiodic multilayer filter that is highly efficient in the desired wavelength range. It is especially possible to be able to configure a solar filter that reflects the least efficient wavelengths at the photovoltaic level, and that transmits the most efficient wavelengths, having maximized efficiency, and, even more, according to the type of semiconductor that is used for the Photovoltaic conversion, the filter can be redesigned. Additionally, it can be redesigned under other technical criteria, always maximizing efficiency.
    [0081]
    [0082] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the method of configuring a selective multilayer filter for spectral separation of solar radiation, further comprises an additional stage where a set of secondary filters is defined, each of those filters with a different number of layers among them as well as different from the number of layers of the first initial filter, with known refractive indices and with a thickness of each random layer; steps b) to g) are repeated to obtain an optimal multilayer filter of the secondary filter set for each given number of layers.
    [0083]
    [0084] This is achieved by providing a set of optimal solutions for filters for each given number of filter layers.
    [0085]
    [0086] Preferably, the method of the invention also includes an additional step where:
    [0087] - a desired critical merit function is established;
    [0088] - a desired critical number of layers is established;
    [0089] - a final optimum filter is selected from among all the registered optimal filters of such so that said final optimum filter is the one that most closely matches the established criteria of said critical merit function and said critical number of layers.
    [0090]
    [0091] It is thus possible to be able to choose an optimal filter that has a certain number of layers, for example, a low number of layers, to simplify manufacturing. This also achieves the ability to choose minimum criteria for total filter efficiency, or to reach a compromise between the number of layers and total efficiency. Optionally, these criteria can be modified and establish new criteria, according to the needs of the specific filter.
    [0092]
    [0093] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, in step b) of the method of the invention the transmittance and reflectance response of said initial filter in the desired wavelength range is calculated through the calculation of at least the following parameters:
    [0094] - the characteristic matrix of a multilayer system;
    [0095] - the phase term as a function of the wavelength, the thickness of the layer and the angle of incidence;
    [0096] - the complex refractive index of a multilayer system;
    [0097] - the optical admittance of a substrate in which a multilayer deposition is performed to construct the multilayer filter.
    [0098]
    [0099] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, in step c) of the method of the invention, the current density is calculated from the wavelength, the quantum efficiency of the cell, the charge of the electron, the Planck constant and The speed of light.
    [0100]
    [0101] Another object of the invention relates to a selective multilayer filter for spectral separation of solar radiation, capable of maximizing the efficiency of a photovoltaic and energy system of solar thermal concentration, configured through a configuration method according to any of the previous embodiments. . Preferably, said multilayer filter comprises layers in aperiodic structure. More preferably, said multilayer filter is dichroic.
    [0102]
    [0103] With this, it is possible to greatly expand the range of configurations of the selective light filters with respect to the state of the art, since its configuration is not restricted to a periodic design. It is achieved, therefore, with an aperiodic filter, to cause reflections of different wavelengths in each layer, which increase the possible combinations resulting in the reflections, not being restricted to Fabry-Pérot type reflections or those reflections resulting from the sum of reflections of a periodic structure of known layers.
    [0104]
    [0105] The invention also makes it possible to provide an ad-hoc filter according to the specific needs that are required to select certain wavelength ranges and transmit or reflect in a subset of those wavelengths, also offering a range of solutions for the same conditions.
    [0106]
    [0107] More preferably, the multilayer filter comprises transparent oxides of high and low refractive index. Even more preferably, the multilayer filter comprises titanium oxide and silicon oxide or any compound derived therefrom. Even more preferably, the layers of silicon oxide and titanium oxide have thicknesses between 5 and 500 nm.
    [0108]
    [0109] In a preferred embodiment of the multilayer filter, it is configured so that the wavelength ranges with minimal reflection in said aperiodic structure correspond to wavelength ranges with maximum absorption in the terrestrial solar spectrum. It is thus possible to provide a filter designed for use in solar plants that comprise photovoltaic cells and that comprise a thermal receiver.
    [0110]
    [0111] In a preferred embodiment of the multilayer filter, the filter comprises a glass substrate. Preferably, the deposition of the layers on the glass substrate is carried out by sputtering or sputtering.
    [0112]
    [0113] In a preferred embodiment of the multilayer filter, the filter comprises a number of layers between 3 and 20. Preferably, the filter comprises a number of layers between 3 and 10. More preferably, the filter comprises a number of layers between 5 and 7.
    [0114]
    [0115] Another object of the invention relates to a power generation plant by solar energy utilization comprising the use of at least one multilayer filter configured through a configuration method according to the previous embodiments, where the at least one multilayer filter is configured to let the solar radiation of visible wavelengths pass into a corresponding photovoltaic cell, and reflect the solar radiation of shorter and longer wavelengths relative to the visible radiation to a central receiver.
    [0116] In this way, the present invention provides a solution that overcomes the problems of the state of the art, allowing to configure a multilayer filter specifically designed to have a high efficiency and a low number of layers, which greatly simplifies the manufacturing process and opens a door to the industrial manufacturing and commercialization of said selective filters of solar light for its implantation in photovoltaic and thermal hybrid solar plants.
    [0117]
    [0118] DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
    [0119]
    [0120] Figure 1 shows the transmission curve of a standard hot-mirror .
    [0121]
    [0122] Figure 2 shows the typical quantum efficiency of silicon photovoltaic cells.
    [0123]
    [0124] Figure 3 shows a diagram of a longitudinal section of an aperiodic filter and a scheme of its optical operation, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
    [0125]
    [0126] Figure 4 shows both the transmittance curve and the reflectance curve of a selective light filter with a 7-layer aperiodic structure that maximizes photovoltaic efficiency and solar thermal concentration (PV-CSP), configured by the method of the invention, according to a preferred embodiment thereof.
    [0127]
    [0128] Figure 5 schematically shows a power generation plant using solar energy comprising a photovoltaic cell and a thermal central receiver, as described in the present invention.
    [0129]
    [0130] NUMERICAL REFERENCES USED IN THE FIGURES
    [0131]
    [0132] In order to help a better understanding of the technical characteristics of the invention, the Figures are accompanied by a series of numerical references where, for illustrative and non-limiting purposes, the following is represented:
    [0133]
    [0134]
    [0135]
    [0136]
    [0137] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    [0138]
    [0139] A detailed description of the method and filter of the invention referred to a preferred embodiment thereof, based on Figures 3-5 of this document, is set forth below. Said embodiment is provided for illustrative, but not limiting, purposes of the claimed invention.
    [0140]
    [0141] An object of the invention relates to a method of configuring a selective multilayer filter (1) of sunlight (Figure 3), preferably comprising transparent oxides (in a wavelength range of interest), high and low index of refraction, alternated, in aperiodic configuration in terms of its thickness in the layer structure (2), and deposited directly on a glass substrate (3). The method of the invention thus focuses on configuring a filter (1) that comprises a low number of layers (2) and that is optimal for:
    [0142]
    [0143] - transmitting sunlight as it passes to a photovoltaic cell (4) (PV), located adjacent to the filter (1), at the wavelengths in which the photovoltaic cell (4) is more efficient in terms of absorption of solar energy to transform it into electrical energy;
    [0144]
    [0145] - reflect the sunlight that reaches the filter (1) at the wavelengths in which the photovoltaic cell (4) is less efficient in terms of absorbing solar energy to transform it into electricity; and, at the same time, collect the sunlight reflected in a thermal receiver (5), such as a concentration solar thermal power plant (CSP) (5).
    [0146]
    [0147] In the method of configuring the multilayer filter (1) of the invention, the theory is used known electromagnetic and general knowledge of solid state physics, applied to multilayer systems such as the filter (1), to PV cells (4) PV adjacent to said multilayer systems, as well as to solar plants of photovoltaic cells (4) and plants CPS solar thermal concentration (5).
    [0148]
    [0149] The method of the invention comprises four fundamental steps: definition of an initial filter; filter response calculation; optimization of the thicknesses of the layers (2) for a given number of layers (2) and optimization of the number of layers (2). Each stage is described in detail below.
    [0150]
    [0151] 1.- Definition of an initial filter.
    [0152]
    [0153] The method requires some basic data, prior to the optimization of the multilayer filter (1). First, an initial filter is defined, j. It is assumed that said initial filter, j, is made by layer-to-layer deposition (2) on a known substrate (3), for which it is necessary to choose a number L of layers (2) of known random thickness:
    [0154] t ij = {t ¡j } = {t 1j , t 2j ........ t Lj } (Eq.1.1)
    [0155] Where i = 1, ..., L and t j is the initial random thickness of the layer (2) i of the initial filter j. Each layer (2) has a known complex refractive index N i in a given wavelength range:
    [0156] N í = {N ¡ } = {N 1, N 2 ,. , N l } (Eq.1.2)
    [0157]
    [0158] 2.- Calculation of the initial filter response.
    [0159]
    [0160] Secondly, the initial filter response, j, must be calculated when solar radiation arrives. For this, a range of wavelengths, X , is defined in which the multilayer filter (1) is to be optimized.
    [0161]
    [0162] Next, the response of the initial filter, j, light selective, defined by the following equations is calculated:
    [0163]
    [0164]
    [0165]
    [0166]
    [0167] where:
    [0168]
    [0169] - the Eq. 2.4 is the characteristic matrix of a multilayer system that defines the optical response of the initial filter j, where L refers to the layer number (2);
    [0170] - SL is the phase term of the layer L, A is the wavelength, tL is the thickness of the layer L of the initial filter j and dL the angle of incidence of the radiation with respect to the multilayer system;
    [0171] - Nl is the complex refractive index, where nL is the refractive index and k_ is the extinction coefficient; both previously known.
    [0172] - ps is the optical admittance of the substrate (3) in which the deposition of the layers (2) is performed, which is known.
    [0173] - E a is the intensity of the electric field.
    [0174] - H a is the intensity of the magnetic field.
    [0175]
    [0176] Solving the Eq. 2.4 through all known parameters, the resolution coefficients p11 P12 'P21> P 22 of the characteristic matrix are reached:
    [0177]
    [0178]
    [0179]
    [0180] Since the optical admittance of the multilayer is defined by:
    [0181]
    [0182]
    [0183]
    [0184] Next, you can calculate the complex coefficient of reflection, according to the following equations,
    [0185]
    [0186]
    [0187]
    [0188] Where pA is the optical admittance of the medium (air in this case) and is defined by Eq.2.8 and 2.9, depending on the polarization of the light be so p.
    [0189] Finally, the total transmittance and reflectance of the multilayer or initial filter j is calculated based on the wavelength:
    [0190]
    [0191]
    [0192]
    [0193] Thus, for the initial filter j of known parameters, its spectral response is characterized for a given wavelength. This calculation can thus be applied to a range of interest of discretized wavelengths. Specifically, for all wavelengths of the solar spectrum, the initial filter response j can be calculated.
    [0194]
    [0195] Once the initial filter spectral response j is characterized for all wavelengths, the total efficiency of the initial filter j, E ftotai j, can be calculated in terms of a merit function with a photovoltaic efficiency (PV) component, Ef PV , and another thermal efficiency component (CSP), EfCSP:
    [0196]
    [0197]
    [0198]
    [0199]
    [0200] To calculate the photovoltaic efficiency, Ef PV, of the initial filter j, the following expressions are used:
    [0201]
    [0202]
    [0203]
    [0204]
    [0205] Where:
    [0206]
    [0207] - PR is the typical performance ratio of photovoltaic (PV) plants or performance ratio, which typically has a value around 0.8; where efficiency losses are taken into account by cosine factor (de-town hall with respect to the normal of the sun); lost by shading; spectral losses; losses due to irradiation; temperature losses; losses for "mismatch"; wiring losses; losses from the operation of the investor; losses of efficiency of the investor to operate outside the nominal point; losses of the inverter due to receiving power outside its work limit; inverter losses due to voltage within its operating range; inverter losses due to receiving voltage outside its operating limit; losses on consumption of equipment during the night; losses due to self-consumption of auxiliary equipment; AC losses and losses from the transformer station:
    [0208]
    [0209]
    [0210]
    [0211]
    [0212] - Efcel is the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell according to its spectral response that, in simple models, is usually defined by the following expression:
    [0213]
    [0214]
    [0215]
    [0216]
    [0217] J sc being the current density of the photovoltaic cell, GNI the global radiation (direct radiation plus diffuse radiation), V oc the open circuit voltage of the cell and FF the filling factor or filling characteristic factor. J sc , the current density of the photovoltaic cell, depends on the spectrum, and is defined in turn by the following expressions in simple models:
    [0218]
    [0219]
    [0220]
    [0221] X being the wavelength, GNI global radiation, EQE the quantum efficiency of the photovoltaic cell, q the charge of the electron, h the Planck constant and c the speed of light, and Transmission filter is the integrated transmission of the filter for the solar spectrum that you want to optimize.
    [0222]
    [0223] Integrating Jsc in the whole solar spectrum with the help of the Eq. 2.16 and 2.17 and calculating the typical PR of a photovoltaic plant as in Eq. 2.14, the photovoltaic efficiency of the initial filter ja through Eq is finished. 2.13: E fPVj .
    [0224]
    [0225] Similarly, to calculate the thermal efficiency of the initial filter j, E f CSPj, the following expression is used:
    [0226]
    [0227] where:
    [0228] - EfAv is the annual average efficiency of a CSP solar thermal power plant, usually between 15-20% depending on the type of plant; and that is typically calculated through the following expression (Eq. 2.19) in which the factors that multiply for the calculation are the efficiency of the solar field; The efficiency of the turbine power cycle and the loss of plant efficiency due to equipment self-consumption:
    [0229]
    [0230]
    [0231]
    [0232]
    [0233] The efficiency of the solar field would be calculated according to the following expression:
    [0234]
    [0235]
    [0236]
    [0237] Where the multiplicative factors of Eq. 2.20 represent the following concepts: efficiency by cosine factor (de-town hall with respect to the normal of the sun); shadows between adjacent collectors; energy losses due to atmospheric attenuation; blockages (reflected energy that does not reach the thermal receiver by affecting adjacent collectors); Overflow losses (reflected light that is not blocked does not impact the thermal receiver because the sensors are misaligned or working outside their allowable tolerance range); loss of light-thermal energy conversion in the receiver and, finally, energy that is not introduced into the receiver because it does not accept more thermal load and the collectors are completely untapped.
    [0238]
    [0239] - DNI / GNI is the ratio of direct radiation vs. Global radiation
    [0240]
    [0241] - Tiltro reflectance is the integrated reflectance of the multilayer filter for the solar spectrum to be optimized, which is typically calculated through the following expression:
    [0242]
    [0243]
    [0244]
    [0245]
    [0246] In this way, for the initial filter j, an Eftotal merit function of according to Eq. 2.12 and with the help of the set of expressions Eq. 2.1-2.11 and Eq. 2.13 2.20. This merit function calculated for the initial filter j is recorded at this stage.
    [0247]
    [0248] 3.- Optimization of the thicknesses of the layers (2) for a given number of layers (2).
    [0249]
    [0250] In the next step, a set of initial filters j = 2, ..., J is defined with the same number L of layers (2) as the first initial filter, j = 1, but with different random thicknesses for the L layers (two):
    [0251]
    [0252] t ij = {t ij } = {t 1j, t 2j ........ t Lj } (Eq.3.1)
    [0253]
    [0254] Thus, each { j is a different set of random thicknesses for a given number L of layers (2), where there are J sets of random thicknesses, one for each initial filter j: {tn}, {te}, .. ., { J
    [0255]
    [0256] For each of these initial filters j, with their thicknesses j all the calculations of the previous step are repeated; that is to say, the calculation of the response of the initial filter is performed through the equations Eq. 2.1-2.20, recording all the resulting merit functions, obtaining a set of J merit functions: {Eftotal¡ } with j = 1, ..., J.
    [0257]
    [0258] Next, the optimal filter (1) j = M, belonging to the previous filter set, is chosen such that said optimal filter (1) M comprises the combination of thicknesses {tiM} that maximizes the Eftotal merit function M for a given L number of layers (2), among all the merit functions calculated in the previous stage.
    [0259]
    [0260] The multilayer filter (1) configuration method is therefore able to quantify the merit function until the optimal filter (1) is found for a defined number L of layers (2).
    [0261]
    [0262] 4.- Optimization of the number of layers (2).
    [0263]
    [0264] The method of the invention may include a last step in which an optimal filter (1) is calculated for several quantities of different layers; that is, by varying the parameter L, to then choose one of said optimal filters (1).
    [0265] For this, a secondary set s = {L i , L s } of initial filters is defined, each of those filters with a number L s of layers (2) different from each other, as well as different from the number L of layers (2 ) of the first initial filter j, with known refractive indices and with a thickness of each random layer (2):
    [0266]
    [0267] s = {s} = {L i , ..., L s } (Eq. 4.1)
    [0268] t ij = {t ij } = {t 1j, t 2j , ^ . , t Ls j } (Eq.4.2)
    [0269] N ¡ = {N i } = {N i, N 2 , ..., N ls } (Eq.4.3)
    [0270]
    [0271] Where i = 1, ..., L s is the layer (2) in question, and t ij is the random initial thickness of the layer (2) i of the initial filter j now belonging to the set s . Each layer (2) also has a known complex refractive index N i in a given wavelength range.
    [0272]
    [0273] The calculations of steps 2 and 3 are repeated for each of these initial filters j of the secondary set s = {L 1 , ..., L s } to obtain an optimal filter (1) of the secondary filter set for each number L s of layers (2) given and these results are recorded.
    [0274]
    [0275] Finally, a final filter is chosen from the entire set of optimal filters (1), which meets other technical criteria, such as, for example, the amount of material available for manufacturing, the possible accuracy in the thickness of the layers to time to deposit them or the desired minimum efficiency. Thus, not all optimal filters (1) must be equally efficient for different number of layers L s . For example, an optimal filter (1) with L s = 20 layers can have a high efficiency, and an optimal filter (1) with L s = 5 layers, can have an efficiency only a small percentage below the previous one. In this case, you can choose the optimal filter (1) with fewer layers as the final filter, due to its simplicity when manufacturing it. Alternatively, other criteria for selecting a final filter can be established, depending on the technical needs.
    [0276]
    [0277] The configuration method of an optimal multilayer filter (1) that maximizes the merit function defined in Eq. 2.12 described, therefore, deals with the resolution of a complex mathematical problem that includes optical fields, semiconductors, solar PV and CSP solar energy. With the method of the invention there is provided a way to find highly efficient, technically and economically feasible solutions to configure a selective filter (1) of sunlight. Addressing this problem through conventional designs, applying the fourth wavelength theory of the state of the art, does not allow us to reach a solution as accurate and efficient as with the method that It has been described in the previous paragraphs.
    [0278]
    [0279] According to the method of the invention, the selective light filter (1) will typically have an aperiodic design (since a periodic one does not have to be more efficient), formed by a pair of transparent oxides of high-low refractive index , which solves the shortcomings of the state of the art and presents a series of advantages:
    [0280]
    [0281] • Being an aperiodic design, the number of layers (2) necessary for optimization is greatly simplified, which results in a very low simplicity and manufacturing cost. Figure 4 shows the reflectance and transmittance curve for a filter configuration (1) of only 7 layers, which improves efficiency, simplifies manufacturing and, in addition, reduces costs, as less deposition is needed on the substrate (3) and less material.
    [0282]
    [0283] • It is a much more efficient design than heat-films or hot mirrors since it spectrally selects which range or ranges of wavelengths it is interesting to transmit or reflect in order to maximize the joint efficiency of the system. The wavelength ranges of hot mirrors or heat reflective films are not adjusted to maximize the efficiency of the photovoltaic and solar thermal system (PV + CSP).
    [0284]
    [0285] • The aperiodic design makes it possible to discern the areas of the solar spectrum in which the photovoltaic cell (4) receives radiation, and may not reflect the radiation in infrared areas that do not receive solar radiation from the water vapor absorption peaks.
    [0286]
    [0287] • It allows to have greater spectral sensitivity with less number of layers (2) when transmitting or reflecting light, which once again has a better efficiency / cost ratio. As seen in Figure 4, the reflectance / transmittance of these filters (1) differs from that of a heat film or hotmirror. In the first place, the transmittance is very high, up to approximately 1000 nm, since up to that wavelength, the energy that would be obtained through a photovoltaic transformation is more efficient than the solar thermal. In addition, a very pronounced reflection peak is observed between 400-500 nm, which gives it a very distinctive bluish tone with respect to a heat-film, and which also maximizes the total efficiency of the system since in these ranges the photovoltaic cell ( 4) It is not very efficient.
    [0288] Another object of the invention relates to a multilayer filter (1) configured by the method described above. Preferably, the layers (2) comprising the filter (1) are a pair of transparent oxides of high / low refractive index and can be deposited directly on a glass of a photovoltaic module, more preferably on its inner face so that it is protected from outside conditions.
    [0289]
    [0290] The characteristics of a selective multilayer solar radiation filter (1), capable of maximizing the integrated efficiency of a PV-CSP plant according to a preferred embodiment of the invention are described generically:
    [0291]
    [0292] In a preferred embodiment of the selective light filter (1) of the invention, said filter (1) is dichroic. With said dichroic filter (1) a differentiated treatment of sunlight according to the wavelength is achieved, so that a fraction of the spectrum is selectively reflected, while the other is transmitted through it; that is, it is an optical filter (1) used to reflect or transmit light selectively according to its wavelength. The cut-off wavelength is chosen at will depending on the needs.
    [0293]
    [0294] In general, the dichroic filter (1) comprises a stack of layers (2) of two transparent materials (in the visible or in a range of wavelengths) of different refractive index. The low index layer / high index layer set may have a periodic or aperiodic sequence, depending on the characteristics of the desired reflection and transmission spectra.
    [0295]
    [0296] Even more preferably, the dichroic filter (1) of the invention is manufactured by sputtering techniques and its design will be defined by the following formula or expression:
    [0297]
    [0298] Substrate / (a 1 A) / (b 1 B) / (a 2 A) / (b 2 B) /.../ (a n A) / (b n B) (Eq. 5.1)
    [0299]
    [0300] Where the slash "/" represents an interface between layers (2), where A is the high index material and the low B refractive index, and where a i and b i are the specific thicknesses of the layers (2). In the case of periodic designs, a 1 = a 2 = .... = a n and b 1 = b 2 = .... = b n , while in the case of aperiodic designs, the thicknesses will have different values, the latter being optimal for solar applications, because they generate not only interferential reflections caused by a periodic design, but also allow different reflections to be obtained in each layer and increase the number of combinations This complexity may seem a priori a disadvantage, although it is precisely what allows to configure the filter (1) according to the desired requirements, through a powerful calculation tool.
    [0301]
    [0302] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the filter (1) is configured to pass the solar radiation of visible wavelengths into the corresponding photovoltaic cell (4), and reflect the solar radiation of wavelengths in the blue region and from 950-1000 nm to the central receiver (5).
    [0303]
    [0304] A spectral plot of the wavelengths reflected by the filter (1) of the invention is that shown in Figure 4, according to a preferred embodiment thereof.
    [0305]
    [0306] More preferably, the dichroic filter (1) comprises layers of transparent oxides (in a wavelength range as visible) of high / low refractive index laminated on the photovoltaic cell (4). Said layers of transparent oxides are deposited on glass substrates by sputtering that is ideally laminated on the photovoltaic cells (3). Even more preferably, said oxides are silicon oxide as a low refractive index element and titanium oxide as a high refractive index element.
    [0307]
    [0308] Even more preferably the thicknesses of both silicon oxide and titanium oxide will be between 5 and 500 nm.
    [0309]
    [0310] The operation of the reflection and transmission of sunlight on a multilayer filter (1) like that of the invention, resembles that of Figure 3, where a possible longitudinal section of an aperiodic filter (1) is shown under the transparent cover of a photovoltaic cell (4). In a multilayer structure of this type, the incident light beam (100) undergoes reflection and refraction processes in all the interleaves (2 ') that exist between the different layers (2) and between the last layer (2) and the air interior and the first layer (2) and the substrate (3) that configures the transparent cover, so that the reflected parts (102) in the different interleaves (2 ') leave the filter (1) forming a reflected beam (101) in which, since each reflected part (102) travels different optical paths, it has generated optical interference processes that cancel out certain wavelength ranges in the resulting reflected beam (101). Precisely that range of unreflected wavelengths will be the part of the light transmitted (104) to the photovoltaic cell (4).
    [0311] Preferably the number of layers (2) is from 1 to 20. More preferably the number of layers (2) is from 3 to 10 and, even more preferably, from 5 to 7.
    [0312]
    [0313] Another object of the invention (Figure 5) refers to the inclusion of this type of filters (1) in hybrid solar plants formed by modules or photovoltaic cells (4), which absorb part of the sunlight by injecting it into the network in the same way that a conventional photovoltaic plant; and, on the other hand, they reflect infrared and other rays within the visible spectrum to a central receiver solar thermal power plant (5) (PV-CSP solar plant), which adds a new dimension to the technology and solves the problems arising from the state of the current technique.
    [0314]
    [0315] Therefore, as described, these filters (1) are designed with complex genetic algorithms that select the optimal combination of thicknesses for the layers (2) from among millions of possible combinations to maximize the sum of the efficiency in the transformation of the solar radiation in the photovoltaic range (the range of wavelengths where the silicon semiconductor typically absorbs photons to convert them into electrical energy) and the efficiency in the transformation of solar radiation into the solar thermal concentration range (PV + CSP). None of the optimal solutions are based on a periodic design, which greatly limits the configuration options of the multilayer filter (1). In this way, the invention proposes a solution that overcomes the technical problems posed by providing an aperiodic ad-hoc filter (1) to reflect and selectively transmit sunlight. Additionally, many layers (2) are not necessary to find optimal solutions at the global PV + CSP performance level, which gives the product viability for solar applications at industrial level due to the high efficiency achieved through the configuration obtained by the method of the invention This type of solution is based on very powerful computing systems to optimize the described merit function, which moves away from the traditional theory and design methods of interferential filters, overcoming the difficulties of the state of the art.
    权利要求:
    Claims (15)
    [1]
    1.- Method of configuration of a filter (1) selective multilayer of spectral separation of solar radiation, suitable for disposal in photovoltaic panels for use in power generation plants by solar energy use, where the filter (1) multilayer comprises a plurality of layers (2) of different refractive indices and thicknesses,
    wherein said method is characterized in that it comprises performing the following steps to configure said multilayer filter (1) in terms of a desired transmittance and reflectance over a range of wavelengths:
    a) a first initial filter is defined with a number of layers (2) and refractive indices of known layers (2), with a thickness of each random layer (2);
    b) the transmittance and reflectance response of said initial filter in the desired wavelength range is calculated based on the optical admittance of the initial filter and the optical admittance of the medium;
    c) the photovoltaic efficiency of said initial filter is calculated based on the transmittance and reflectance found in step b) in the desired wavelength range; where:
    - photovoltaic efficiency is calculated by multiplying the standard performance ratio of a photovoltaic plant by the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell according to its spectral response; Y
    - the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell is defined in terms of the cell's current density, global radiation, the open circuit voltage of the cell and the filling factor;
    d) the thermal efficiency of said initial filter is calculated based on the transmittance and reflectance found in step b) in the desired wavelength range; where:
    - Thermal efficiency is calculated by multiplying the average annual efficiency of a concentration solar thermal power plant by the ratio between direct radiation versus direct radiation added to diffuse radiation, by the integrated reflectance of the initial filter for the desired wavelength range; and
    - the average annual efficiency of a concentration solar thermal power plant is calculated by multiplying the factors: efficiency of the solar field, efficiency of the turbine power cycle and the loss of efficiency of the plant due to equipment self-consumption;
    e) a merit function is calculated and recorded, calculated as the sum of the photovoltaic and thermal efficiencies found in stages c) and d);
    f) a set of initial filters is defined with the same number of layers (2) as the first initial filter but with different thicknesses for the layers (2) of each of said filters with respect to the first initial filter, and the steps b) ae) for each of said filters;
    g) the optimum multilayer filter (1) is chosen, belonging to the set of filters of stage f) plus the first initial filter, where said optimal multilayer filter (1) comprises the combination of thicknesses that maximizes the merit function for a number given layers (2), among all the merit functions calculated in step e).
    [2]
    2. - Method of configuring a selective multilayer filter (1) for spectral separation of solar radiation, according to the preceding claim, which further comprises an additional stage wherein:
    - a set of secondary filters is defined, each of those filters with a number of layers (2) different from each other as well as different from the number of layers (2) of the first initial filter, with known refractive indices and with a thickness of each layer (2) random;
    - steps b) to g) are repeated to obtain an optimal multilayer filter (1) of the secondary filter set for each given number of layers (2).
    [3]
    3. - Method of configuring a selective multilayer filter (1) for spectral separation of solar radiation, according to the preceding claim, which also includes an additional stage where:
    - a desired critical merit function is established;
    - a desired critical number of layers (2) is established;
    - a final optimum filter (1) is selected from among all the optimal filters (1) registered in such a way that said final optimum filter (1) is the one that most closely matches the established criteria of said critical merit function and said number layer critic (2).
    [4]
    4. - Method of configuring a selective multilayer filter (1) for spectral separation of solar radiation, according to any of the preceding claims, wherein in step b) the transmittance and reflectance response of said initial filter in the range is calculated of desired wavelengths through the calculation of at least the following parameters:
    - the characteristic matrix of a multilayer system;
    - the phase term as a function of the wavelength, the thickness of the layer (2) and the angle of incidence;
    - the complex refractive index of a multilayer system;
    - the optical admittance of a substrate (3) in which a multilayer deposition is performed to construct the multilayer filter (1).
    [5]
    5. - Method of configuring a selective multilayer filter (1) for spectral separation of solar radiation, according to any of the preceding claims, wherein: in step c), the current density is calculated from the wavelength and of the quantum efficiency of the cell.
    [6]
    6. - Multi-layer selective filter (1) for spectral separation of solar radiation, capable of maximizing the efficiency of a photovoltaic and solar thermal concentration system, configured through a configuration method according to any of claims 1-5, comprising layers (2) in aperiodic structure.
    [7]
    7. - Multilayer filter (1) according to the preceding claim comprising transparent oxides of high and low refractive index.
    [8]
    8. - Multilayer filter (1) according to the preceding claim comprising titanium oxide and silicon oxide or any compound derived therefrom.
    [9]
    9. - Multilayer filter (1) according to the preceding claim, wherein the layers of silicon oxide and titanium oxide have thicknesses between 5 and 500 nm.
    [10]
    10. - Multilayer filter (1) according to any of the preceding claims 6-9, configured so that the wavelength ranges with minimum reflection in said aperiodic structure correspond to wavelength ranges with maximum absorption
    in the solar solar spectrum.
    [11]
    11. - Multilayer filter (1) according to any of the preceding claims 6-10 comprising a glass substrate (3).
    [12]
    12. - Multilayer filter (1) according to the preceding claim, wherein the deposition of the layers (2) in the glass substrate (3) is performed by sputtering or sputtering.
    [13]
    13. - Multilayer filter (1) according to any of the preceding claims 6-12, comprising a number of layers between 3 and 20.
    [14]
    14. - Multilayer filter (1) according to the preceding claim, comprising a number of layers between 3 and 10, or between 5 and 7.
    [15]
    15. - Power generation plant by solar energy utilization comprising the use of at least one multilayer filter (1) configured through a method
    configuration according to any of claims 1-5, wherein the at least one filter
    (1) multilayer is configured to let the solar radiation of visible wavelengths pass to a corresponding photovoltaic cell (4), and to reflect the solar radiation of shorter and longer wavelengths relative to the visible radiation to a central receiver (5 ).
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    MA51516A|2021-04-07|
    CN111566817A|2020-08-21|
    BR112020013491A2|2020-12-01|
    US20210074873A1|2021-03-11|
    CL2020001773A1|2020-11-06|
    WO2019135014A1|2019-07-11|
    EP3736859A4|2021-09-29|
    ZA202003997B|2021-09-29|
    ES2718705B2|2020-10-02|
    EP3736859A1|2020-11-11|
    AU2018399127A1|2020-07-09|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    ES2636800A1|2017-01-24|2017-10-09|Ghenova Ingenieria S.L.U|Power generation plant using solar energy |
    JP2009218383A|2008-03-11|2009-09-24|Panasonic Corp|Solar energy utilization device|
    JP2013136999A|2011-12-28|2013-07-11|Nitto Denko Corp|Solar light and heat hybrid power generation system|
    AU2015210625A1|2014-02-03|2016-08-04|Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of Arizona State University|System and method for manipulating solar energy|
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    ES201830001A|ES2718705B2|2018-01-03|2018-01-03|CONFIGURATION METHOD OF A SPECTRAL SEPARATION MULTILAYER FILTER FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC AND THERMAL SOLAR APPLICATIONS, FILTER AND GENERATION CENTER ASSOCIATED WITH SUCH METHOD|ES201830001A| ES2718705B2|2018-01-03|2018-01-03|CONFIGURATION METHOD OF A SPECTRAL SEPARATION MULTILAYER FILTER FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC AND THERMAL SOLAR APPLICATIONS, FILTER AND GENERATION CENTER ASSOCIATED WITH SUCH METHOD|
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    AU2018399127A| AU2018399127A1|2018-01-03|2018-11-28|Method for configuring a multilayer spectral-separation filter for photovoltaic and thermal uses, and filter and generation plant associated with said method|
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