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    • 专利摘要:
    Procedure to encourage the abscission of the olive and facilitate its collection through the application of n, N-dimetilesfingosina. The present invention relates to a process for promoting the abscission of olives, in particular, to facilitate their collection by applying n, N-dimethylsphingosine in the form of foliar spray before the olive harvest. The treatment of olives with n, N-dimethylsphingosine reduces the retention force of the olive to the tree and, in this way, facilitates that these can be collected economically with little manual or mechanical assistance within the appropriate time of collection and this, without causing defoliation of the olive trees. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2611810A1
    申请号:ES201631634
    申请日:2016-12-21
    公开日:2017-05-10
    发明作者:María Carmen GÓMEZ JIMÉNEZ
    申请人:Universidad de Extremadura；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:


    PROCEDURE TO PROMOTE THE ABSCISION OF THE OLIVE AND FACILITATE ITS COLLECTION THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF N, N-DIMETILES PHINGOSINE

    DESCRIPTION 5

    SECTOR OF THE TECHNIQUE

    This invention relates to a new method, in the area of agriculture, to promote abscission of the fruit by treatment with N, N-dimethylphingosine. 10 Specifically, the invention relates to a method for reducing the retention force of the olive to the tree and facilitating the harvesting of the olive manually or mechanically.

    STATE OF THE TECHNIQUE 15

    Abscission is a complex process, genetically programmed and regulated during development, through which multicellular organs such as leaves, flowers, or fruits become separated from the body of the plant (AB Bleecker and SE Patterson. The Plant Cell 9 ( 1997) 1169; JE Taylor and CA Whitelaw. New Phytologist 151 (2001) 323; JA Roberts, KA Elliot, 20 and ZH González-Carranza. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 53 (2002) 131). Abscission occurs at predetermined sites called the abscission zones (ZA), which consist of some layers of small cells that respond in different ways to neighboring cells such as hormonal or environmental signals (JA Roberts, KA Elliot, and ZH González- Carranza, Annual Review of Plant Biology 53 (2002) 131; ZH Gonzalez-Carranza, 25 AA Shahid, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, U. Ninsuwan and JA Roberts. Plant Physiology 160 (2012) 1342).
    In the abscission of the fruit, knowledge of the mechanisms involved is essential to develop control strategies and improve harvesting. Advances in genetic and molecular analyzes on fleshy fruit abscission have been limited by the lack of appropriate experimental genetic material (genotypes or mutants of abscission) and by the small amount of ZA cells available in the model species for these analysis. Also, abscission of the fleshy fruit is a highly variable process according to the species and varieties. In recent years, the combination of classic physiological, genetic and genomic studies has demonstrated the implication of multiple routes and coordinated processes in abscission (Gonzalez-Carranza, AA Shahid, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, U. Ninsuwan and JA Roberts, for these analyzes Likewise, abscission of the fleshy fruit is a highly variable process according to the species and the varieties In recent years, the combination of the classic physiological, genetic and genomic studies have demonstrated the implication of multiple routes and processes coordinated in the abscission (Gonzalez-Carranza, AA Shahid, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, U. Ninsuwan and JA Roberts. for these analyzes. Also, abscission of the fleshy fruit is a highly variable process according to the species and varieties. In recent years, the combination of classical physiological, genetic and genomic studies have demonstrated the implication of multiple routes and coordinated processes in the ab Scission (Gonzalez-Carranza, A.A. Shahid, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, U. Ninsuwan and J.A. Roberts For these analyzes. Also, abscission of the fleshy fruit is a highly variable process according to the species and varieties. In recent years, the combination of classic physiological, genetic and genomic studies has demonstrated the implication of multiple routes and coordinated processes in abscission (Gonzalez-Carranza, AA Shahid, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, U. Ninsuwan and JA Roberts, for these analyzes Likewise, abscission of the fleshy fruit is a highly variable process according to the species and the varieties In recent years, the combination of the classic physiological, genetic and genomic studies have demonstrated the implication of multiple routes and processes coordinated in the abscission (Gonzalez-Carranza, AA Shahid, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, U. Ninsuwan and JA Roberts. for these analyzes. Also, abscission of the fleshy fruit is a highly variable process according to the species and varieties. In recent years, the combination of classical physiological, genetic and genomic studies have demonstrated the implication of multiple routes and coordinated processes in the ab Scission (Gonzalez-Carranza, A.A. Shahid, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, U. Ninsuwan and J.A. Roberts For these analyzes. Also, abscission of the fleshy fruit is a highly variable process according to the species and varieties. In recent years, the combination of classic physiological, genetic and genomic studies has demonstrated the implication of multiple routes and coordinated processes in abscission (Gonzalez-Carranza, AA Shahid, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, U. Ninsuwan and JA Roberts, for these analyzes Likewise, abscission of the fleshy fruit is a highly variable process according to the species and the varieties In recent years, the combination of the classic physiological, genetic and genomic studies have demonstrated the implication of multiple routes and processes coordinated in the abscission (Gonzalez-Carranza, AA Shahid, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, U. Ninsuwan and JA Roberts. for these analyzes. Also, abscission of the fleshy fruit is a highly variable process according to the species and varieties. In recent years, the combination of classical physiological, genetic and genomic studies have demonstrated the implication of multiple routes and coordinated processes in the ab Scission (Gonzalez-Carranza, A.A. Shahid, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, U. Ninsuwan and J.A. Roberts For these analyzes. Also, abscission of the fleshy fruit is a highly variable process according to the species and varieties. In recent years, the combination of classic physiological, genetic and genomic studies has demonstrated the implication of multiple routes and coordinated processes in abscission (Gonzalez-Carranza, AA Shahid, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, U. Ninsuwan and JA Roberts, for these analyzes Likewise, abscission of the fleshy fruit is a highly variable process according to the species and the varieties In recent years, the combination of the classic physiological, genetic and genomic studies have demonstrated the implication of multiple routes and processes coordinated in the abscission (Gonzalez-Carranza, AA Shahid, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, U. Ninsuwan and JA Roberts. for these analyzes. Also, abscission of the fleshy fruit is a highly variable process according to the species and varieties. In recent years, the combination of classical physiological, genetic and genomic studies have demonstrated the implication of multiple routes and coordinated processes in the ab Scission (Gonzalez-Carranza, A.A. Shahid, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, U. Ninsuwan and J.A. Roberts For these analyzes. Also, abscission of the fleshy fruit is a highly variable process according to the species and varieties. In recent years, the combination of classic physiological, genetic and genomic studies has demonstrated the implication of multiple routes and coordinated processes in abscission (Gonzalez-Carranza, AA Shahid, L. Zhang, Y. Liu, U. Ninsuwan and JA Roberts

    In olive trees (Olea europaea L.), a crop of great economic interest in Spain, being in the first place worldwide in surface area and production of olive oil and table olives, the regulation of the abscission of the fruit constitutes an agronomic problem. Currently, there are 35 olive varieties, such as "Manzanilla Sevillana" (variety of table olives) and "Arbequina" (oil variety), whose fruits have a high retention force at the time of harvesting and therefore , the efficiency of mechanical harvesting is very low, causing an increase in the costs of harvesting the fruit, which represents, today, a critical cost to the farmer. The use of chemicals that facilitate the abscission of olives has been investigated for over forty years (HT Hartmann, A. Tombesi and J. Whisler. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 95 (1970) 635 ). The best products to facilitate the abscission of olives have been ethylene releasers (H.T. Hartmann, A. Tombesi and J. Whisler.

    The 1-amino-cyclopropane carboxylic acid (ethylene precursor) is known to be capable of inducing olive abscission (see, for example, ES Pat. No. 496303). It is also known that the addition of certain natural substances to olive trees may favor the abscission of the fruit (see, for example, ES Pat. No. 328941). However, these chemical products have their greatest disadvantage in the activation of the ripening of the fruit which is not desirable in the collection of table olive varieties, such as the "Manzanilla Sevillana".
    Currently, to facilitate the abscission of the olive and the collection of 30 varieties of table olives, a product called CLOUD (ethephon 48% [SL] P / V) has been marketed by the company SAPEC AGRO. However, this treatment continues to have negative effects on the olive grove already mentioned above, such as activation of leaf fall, activation of fruit ripening and environmental toxicity. In recent years, experiments have been carried out by spraying foliar ethephon with monopotassium phosphate verifying that this product causes abscission of the fruit with less fall of olive leaves (D. Barranco, O. Arquero, C. Navarro, and HF Rapoport. HortScience 39 ( 2004) 1313, however, the results are highly dependent on the weather conditions and the state of the crops, and therefore, they have not been reproducible (S. Castro-García, GL 5 Blanco Roldán, F. Jiménez-Jiménez, JA Gil-Ribes, L. Ferguson, K. Glozer, WH Krueger, EJ Fichtner, JK Burns, JA Miles and UA Rosa Acta Hortic. 965 (2012) 29; I. Zipori, A. Dag and Y. Tugendhaft. Hortscience 49 (2014) 55) Therefore, an active agent for the abscission of the fruit has not yet been found to facilitate mechanized harvesting of table olive varieties, in this sense, the sector is currently demanding the use of compounds 10 that promote fruit abscission for improvement r mechanized harvesting in table olives varieties, and consequently, to reduce harvest harvesting costs, without negative effects on the olive grove.

    The procedure object of this patent application comes to solve this problem 15 through the use of N, N-dimethylphingosine. N, N-dimethylsphingosine, also known as N, N-dimethyl-D-erythro-sphingosine, has the molecular formula C20H41NO2 and molecular weight 327.55 g / mol (CAS #: 119567-63-4). N, N-dimethylsphingosine has been shown to be a potent sphingosine kinase inhibitor in animals (LC Edsall, JR Van Brocklyn, O. Cuvillier, et al. Biochemistry-US, 37 (1998) 12892; BM Buehrer and RM Bell. J Biol. Chem., 20 267 (1992) 3154) and in plants (S. Coursol, LM Fan, H. Le Stunff, et al. Nature, 423 (2003) 651; S. Coursol, H. Le Stunff, DV Lynch, et al. Plant Physiol., 137 (2005). 724). The chemical structure of N, N-dimethylphingosine is shown in Figure 1.

    DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 25

    The present invention relates to a method for promoting the abscission of the olive, in particular, to facilitate its collection by the application of N, N-dimethylphingosine in the form of foliar spray before olive harvesting. The treatment of the olive trees with the N, N-dimethylphingosine reduces the retention force of the olive to the tree and in this way, it facilitates that these can be economically collected with little manual or mechanical assistance within the appropriate time of collection and without cause olive defoliation.
    Harvesting is the most expensive operation in the olive grove, exceeding 50% of total cultivation expenses. In the last decades the harvesting has been mechanized, although for table olive varieties and very early harvesting oil varieties, the demolition efficiency is very low due to the high retention force of the fruit and therefore, the collection is forced manual making the collection costs more expensive. In this sense, the production of table olives worldwide is becoming unsustainable due to the stagnation in economic profitability and the increase in manual collection costs. With the need to mechanize the harvesting of table olives due to the existing problems of manual collection costs, the sector demands the use of chemical compounds that cause abscission of the fruit, not affecting the olive tree as much as possible. .

    The main technical problem to which this invention is directed, takes into account that at the moment there is no definitive solution to facilitate the olive harvest in table olive varieties and in oil varieties that are collected very early, 15 whether The harvesting is manual as if it is carried out mechanically, and consequently, to reduce the high costs of olive harvesting.

    The present invention is directed to solve the need of the olive sector of an agent that favors the abscission of the olive, especially, in varieties of table olives 20 ("Manzanilla Sevillana") and in varieties of oil that are collected very early ( “Arbequina) without causing damage to the olive tree, such as defoliation and acceleration of fruit ripening, in order to reduce the costs of olive harvesting. It has been found, surprisingly, that N, N-dimethylphingosine at a certain concentration has a favorable action on the abscission of the olive applied days before harvesting without causing damage to the olive tree. The invention provides a solution to the existing need through the use of N, N-dimethylphingosine. Therefore, the present invention aims to present a new procedure to favor the abscission of the olive, as well as a new product that activates the abscission of the fruit, especially for varieties of table olives and varieties of very early harvest oil. In addition, a product has been found for olive abscission that does not have the disadvantages specified above.

    The application of this product allows the collection of the fruit is carried out at the appropriate time, so that the fruit is in optimal conditions for consumption as a table olive, being able to make the collection stepwise, as the mills admit it. This product is completely harmless and its application is very easy, it can be done in the form of rain with any of the devices used in the spraying of 5 insecticide products.
    The main advantages of the present invention are:
    - Significantly reduced collection costs, especially in table olive varieties and oil varieties that are harvested very early.
    - Reduction of damage to the olive tree (defoliation). 10
    - Allows harvesting at the optimum time.
    - Vibration time reduction.
    - Increase in the percentages of demolition of olives.
    - Increase the profitability of the exploitation.
     fifteen
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CONTENT OF THE FIGURES
    Figure 1 represents the chemical structure of N, N-dimethylsphingosine
    Figure 2 shows the branches of the “Manzanilla Sevillana” variety where:
    a) Branches treated with water (control) for 3 days.
    b) Branches treated with water (control) for 6 days. twenty
    c) Branches treated with 200 ppm of N, N-dimethylsphingosine for 3 days.
    d) Branches treated with 200 ppm of N, N-dimethylphingosine for 6 days.
    Figure 3 shows the branches of the variety "Arbequina" where:
    a) Branches treated with water (control) for 3 days.
    b) Branches treated with water (control) for 6 days. 25
    c) Branches treated with 200 ppm of N, N-dimethylsphingosine for 3 days.
    d) Branches treated with 200 ppm of N, N-dimethylphingosine for 6 days.
    The process according to the invention is characterized in that olives bearing olives are treated before harvesting with N, N-dimethylphingosine. The use of N, N-dimethylphingosine according to the invention allows such fruits to be detached with little manual or mechanical assistance due to the decrease in the retention force of the fruit and therefore, can be economically harvested without causing the olive tree to fall. . 5

    The N, N-dimethylsphingosine can be applied by atomizing the trees with an aqueous solution containing N, N-dimethylphingosine according to the invention at the concentration 200 ppm (parts per million). Aqueous solutions of N, N-dimethylphingosine with 200 ppm concentration are prepared using solvents such as ethanol or DMSO at 25 mg / mL. The N, N-10 dimethylphingosine is homogenized in one of the solvents mentioned and such concentrate can be diluted before use with water to prepare an aqueous solution of 200 ppm of N, N-dimethylphingosine. The treatment of olive trees with solutions of N, N-dimethylphingosine is carried out 3 to 6 days before harvesting and causes a decrease in the retention force of the fruit, facilitating the release of the olive. It is advantageous to spray or spray the leaves and fruits of the olive trees at a rate of about 5-10 L / tree. After 3-6 days from the treatment, the tree branches are shaken, manually or mechanically, to cause the fruits to fall.

    It follows that the invention has all the necessary characteristics and properties 20, so that the fruit falls naturally in the time set in advance. Describing sufficiently the nature and scope of the present invention, as well as the way of being able to put it into practice, it is stated that the terms in which this report is written are true and faithful reflection of the object described, and should be taken broadly and never limiting form. 25

    EXAMPLE OF EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION

    Example 1.
    "PROCEDURE TO PROMOTE THE ABSCISION OF THE OLIVE AND FACILITATE ITS 30 COLLECTION THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF N, N-DIMETILESFINGOSINE" in olive trees of the "Manzanilla Sevillana" variety.
    To determine the action of N, N-dimethylphingosine on the abscission of olives, the following field test was performed:
    The field test was carried out on trees of 20-25 years of the olive variety "Manzanilla Sevillana" cultivated under drip irrigation and irrigation with suitable fertilizers in solution in an Olivenza farm (Badajoz). The treatment was carried out on a total of 20 olive trees 5 of the “Manzanilla Sevillana” variety, selected for uniformity of size and fruit load.
    To prepare the treatment of the 200 ppm aqueous solution of N, N-dimethylphingosine, 400 mg of N, N-dimethylphingosine (Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in 40 mL of absolute ethanol and subsequently, the solution was diluted with water to 2000 volume 10 mL.

    Olive trees are sprayed in the form of an aqueous solution (2000 mL per branch) once at 6 days before the olive harvest. It is advantageous to spray or spray the aqueous solution of the leaves and fruits of the trees. In each olive tree, two 15 uniform branches were selected: a control branch (application of 2000 mL of water) and a treated branch (application of 2000 mL of 200 ppm of N, N-dimethylphingosine) in a total of 20 olive trees of the variety "Seville Camomile".

    In order to get a measurable idea of the process of abscission of the fruit at 3 and 6 days 20 of the treatment, the fruit retention force (FRF), in kg force (kgf), was measured by a dynamometer (Correx, Switzerland) . To do this, FRF measurements were made at 50 fruits for each branch of the 20 trees selected at 3 days and 6 days after treatment. Therefore, the control fruits were treated with water at 6 days, and collected from the branches of the same trees treated with N, N-dimethylphingosine at 3 and 6 days of treatment. 25 Figure 2 shows the branches of the “Manzanilla Sevillana” variety, where a) are the branches treated with water (control) for 3 days; b) the branches treated with water (control) for 6 days of treatment; c) the branches treated with 200ppm of N, N-dimethylphingosine for 3 days and d) the branches treated with 200 ppm of N, N-dimethylphingosine for 6 days of treatment. 30

    The following table shows the average value of the FRF measured in the fruits of the control branches (water treatment) and the treated branches (treatment with 200 ppm N, N-dimethylsphingosine) of the “Manzanilla Sevillana” variety at 3 and 6 days of treatment (100 fruits / tree). The application of N, N-dimethylphingosine decreased the FRF of the olives of the "Manzanilla Sevillana" variety and did not cause olive tree defoliation.

    Table 1. Force of retention of the fruit and% defoliation in olive trees of the variety “Manzanilla Sevillana” at 3 and 6 days after treatment with 200 ppm of N, N-dimethylphingosine and with water (control). The results are mean ± SD (n = 1000).
     5

    After 3-6 days from the treatment, the tree branches are shaken, manually or mechanically, to cause the fruit to fall and the olive is collected.

     10
    Example 2
    “PROCEDURE TO PROMOTE THE ABSCISION OF THE OLIVE AND FACILITATE ITS COLLECTION THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF N, N-DIMETILES PHINGOSINE“ in olive trees of the “Arbequina” variety.
     fifteen
    The field test was carried out on 20-25 year old trees of the "Arbequina" olive variety grown under drip irrigation and irrigation with suitable fertilizers in solution on an Olivenza (Badajoz) farm. The treatment was carried out on a total of 20 olive trees of the “Arbequina” variety, selected for uniformity of size and fruit load.
    For the preparation of the treatment of the 200 ppm aqueous solution of N, N-20 dimethylphingosine, 400 mg of N, N-dimethylphingosine (Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in 40 mL of absolute ethanol and subsequently, the solution was diluted with water to a volume of 2000 mL.

    The olive trees are sprayed in the form of an aqueous solution (2000 mL per branch) once at 6 25 days before the olive harvest. It is advantageous to spray or spray the aqueous solution of the leaves and fruits of the trees. In each olive tree, two uniform branches were selected: a control branch (application of 2000 mL of water) and a treated branch (application of 2000 mL of 200 ppm of N, N-dimethylphingosine) in a total of 20 olive trees of the variety “ Arbequina. "

    In order to get a measurable idea of the process of abscission of the fruit at 3 and 6 days of treatment, the fruit retention force (FRF), in kg force (kgf), was measured using a dynamometer (Correx, Switzerland) . To do this, FRF measurements were made at 50 fruits for each branch of the 20 trees selected at 3 days and 6 days after treatment. Therefore, the control fruits were treated with water at 6 days, and collected from the branches of the same trees treated with N, N-dimethylphingosine at 3 and 6 days of treatment. Figure 3 shows the branches of the “Arbequina” variety, where a) are the branches treated with water (control) for 3 days; b) the branches treated with water (control) for 6 days of treatment; c) the branches treated with 200ppm of N, N-dimethylphingosine for 3 days and d) the branches treated with 200 ppm of N, N-dimethylphingosine for 6 days of treatment.

    The following table shows the average value of the FRF measured in the fruits of the 15 control branches (water treatment) and the treated branches (treatment with 200 ppm N, N-dimethylphingosine) of the variety “Arbequina” at 3 and 6 days of treatment (100 fruits / tree). The application of N, N-dimethylphingosine decreased the FRF of the olives of the "Arbequina" variety and did not cause olive tree defoliation.
     twenty
    Table 2. Force of retention of the fruit and% defoliation in olive trees of the variety "Arbequina" at 3 and 6 days after treatment with 200 ppm of N, N-dimethylphingosine and with water (control). The results are mean ± SD (n = 1000).

     25
    After 3-6 days from the treatment, the tree branches are shaken, manually or mechanically, to cause the fruit to fall and the olive is collected.
    权利要求:
    Claims (4)
    [1]


    1. PROCEDURE TO PROMOTE THE ABSCISION OF THE OLIVE AND FACILITATE 5 ITS COLLECTION THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF N, N-DIMETILES PHINGOSINE, characterized in that the olive trees are treated, 3 to 6 days before the olives are harvested, by spraying or spraying foliar with an aqueous solution of N, N-dimethylphingosine, which causes a decrease in the retention force of the olive to the tree, subsequently proceeding to manual or mechanical agitation of the tree. 10
    [2]
    2. A process according to claim 1, characterized in that the concentration of N, N-dimethylphingosine in the solution is 200 parts per million.
    [3]
    3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the olive trees are the olive trees of the "Manzanilla Sevillana" variety.
    [4]
    4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the olive trees are the olive trees of the variety "Arbequina".
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