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    • 专利摘要:
    Reactor for biofouling growth, configured to reproduce different environments in controlled laboratory conditions, comprising: - a reservoir (10, 20, 30) open at its upper part; - at least one inlet opening located in the tank (10, 20, 30), such that during the performance of the test a feed pipe (11. 21. 31) is introduced into the inlet opening: - a heat exchanger (12, 22) located in the supply pipe (11, 21, 31), outside the tank (10, 20, 30); - at least one outlet opening located in the tank (10, 20, 30); - an overflow pipe (13a, 23a, 33a), positioned such that one of its ends passes through the outlet opening, and its remaining end is connected to an overflow (13b, 23b, 33b); - at least one emptying opening located in the tank (10, 20, 30), such that during the performance of the test a drain pipe (14, 24, 34) is introduced into the emptying opening; - a sample holder structure (16, 26, 36) located inside the tank (10, 20, 30); - a paddle stirrer (17, 27, 37); - an adjustable lighting system (18, 28). (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2601930A1
    申请号:ES201600942
    申请日:2016-11-03
    公开日:2017-02-16
    发明作者:Alfredo TRUEBA RUIZ；Sergio Garcia Gomez；Félix M. OTERO GONZALEZ；Luis M. VEGA ANTOLÍN；Ernesto MADARIAGA DOMÍNGUEZ
    申请人:Universidad de Cantabria；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    DESCRIPTION

    Reactor for bioincrustation growth under controlled conditions.

    Field of the invention 5

    The present invention belongs to the field of shipbuilding, offshore, manufacturing of paints and coatings and, more specifically, to the field of industrial equipment and artificial structures in contact with fluids, particularly with seawater, for the growth of bioincrustation in controlled conditions. 10

    Background of the invention

    Bioincrustation (in English, biofouling) consists of the accumulation and gradual embedding of microorganisms on a submerged artificial surface or in contact with seawater. This accumulation forms a biofilm, or organic film, composed of microorganisms in a polymer matrix created by them.

    The generated biofilms can contain a variety of microorganisms, including algae, fungi and aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. In addition to these 20 microorganisms, they usually contain extracellular polymers that protect them from predation. as well as toxins. Biofouling can be classified into two types: micro and macrofouling, the difference lies in the size of organisms deposited on the surface.
     25
    Generally biofouling contributes to corrosion and deterioration of the surfaces where it has been deposited, and decreases the efficiency of the associated moving parts, being a source of problems in both refrigeration systems and artificial structures.
     30
    In refrigeration systems, the created biofilm can cause the system to operate outside its design parameters, as a consequence of 1l) the decrease in the cross-sectional area through which the working fluid flows. 2) the decrease of the heat transfer properties of the system. 3) the increase in frictional resistance in the exchanger tubes, and 4) the decrease in the performance of the pumping system. In these equipments the formation of the biological film and the corrosion of the surface of the material can occur simultaneously or one of them as a consequence of the other. The macrofouling in the industrial refrigeration systems is mainly located in the suction and discharge pipes of the water: and within the macrofouling, 40 organisms such as Mytulus edulis, Pollicipies cornucopia and Balanos balanoide, which adhere to the pipes and filters, are worth mentioning. place to considerable losses of load.

    In the case of artificial structures, the fixation of the communities of encrusting organisms, such as the hull of a boat, has to be avoided due to the 45 harmful economic effects that it causes due to the increased resistance to the advance of the ship as by the corrosion processes derived from biological fouling.

    Artificial structures in contact with the marine environment are subject to the 50 physical, chemical and biological characteristics of seawater, in an environment with water
    moving, lighting changes, in a narrow range of temperatures with low water speeds and with laminar or near laminar regime. In cooling systems, surfaces are subject to higher temperatures and higher shear stresses due to the turbulent fluid circulation regime.
     5
    Therefore, to evaluate bacterial adhesion and biofilm growth, different in vitro assay systems can be used, that is, reactors that reproduce the formation of biofilms allowing their study in various research areas.

    A device commonly used in a laboratory environment is called “biobox” 10 [Claudi. R., Jenner. H. A., & Mackie, G. L. (2012). Monitoring: the Underestimated Need in Macrofouling Control. In Operational and Environmental Consequences of Large Industrial Cooling Water Systems (pp. 33-43). Springer US], a classic for assessing biological growth applied to biofouling growth monitoring. It consists of a closed box of small dimensions, with a water inlet pipe at one end and another water outlet pipe at the opposite end, inside which a series of plates are installed, so that the water flow continues a path that raffles the plates as a maze. The plates are removable and serve as test tubes where biofouling growth occurs. However, the process is sensitive to the speed of the water flow and the lighting conditions are not controlled since it is the opaque box, nor does it allow to control the temperature of the process, therefore it serves to evaluate the growth of biofouling in a system closed (for example circulation in a piping system, heat exchangers ...), but it does not allow to recreate the growth conditions in an environment similar to the marine as to which many offshore, port structures or boat hulls are subjected. 25

    In the specific case of evaluating the effect of different materials, surface finishes or coatings used in artificial structures in a marine environment, tests are usually carried out in contact with seawater in trays or docks, therefore being carried out in environments that are not fully controlled. In these tests, both the response of the materials and coatings to biofouling growth or its antifouling effect, as well as to evaluate the range of temperatures, lighting, agitation or chemical dosing (or other treatments) that affect the growth of The biofouling movie.
     35
    The document “Yu, F. P., Ginn. L. D., & McCoy. W. F. (1999). Cooling Tower Fill Fouling Control in a Geothermal Plant, Corrosion reviews. 17 (3-4), 205-218 ”describes a“ biobox ”for use in the study of biofouling. It consists of a closed box of transparent material with a water inlet and an outlet tube and a series of inner plates in contact with the water flow, these plates serve as test tubes 40 where the biofouling to be analyzed is deposited. The system is similar to that described in the previous document; in smaller dimensions but with the same limitations.

    In the document “Claudi, R., Jenner. H. A., & Mackie, G. L. (2012). Monitoring: the Underestimated Need in Macrofouling Control. In Operational and Environmental 45 Consequences of Large Industrial Cooling Water Systems (pp. 33-43). Springer US ”as well as in“ Jenner HA. Davis MH (1998). A new design in monitoring fouling: KEMA Biofouling Monitor Fawley Biobox. In: Abstracts from the eighth international zebra mussel and other nuisance species conference, Sacramento CA, 16-19 March 1998. pag 318 ”, the so-called“ Kema biofouling Monitor ”is described, this consists of a variation of the classic biobox, being a closed system to monitor the growth of biofouling in
    line in industrial facilities. It is specially designed for use in installations with heat exchangers. It consists of a closed box with four inner tubes, inside which water flows upwards through the four tubes where removable dirt panels are installed. Water is discharged through a central outlet tube that can be adjusted in height to change the 5 flow conditions. In the "Kema" the installation is built as a closed system to avoid any light entry, and the monitor is designed to mimic the flow in an industrial pipe with danger of fouling. However, like the "biobox", it does not allow to recreate the growth conditions in an environment similar to the marine (water movement, temperature and lighting) like the one to which many offshore, port structures or ship hulls are subjected.

    In the document ”Fike. J. E., Perrett, I. F. Polman, H. J., & Marse, D. J. (2016). Method and apparatus for monitoring biofouling activity U S. Patent No. 20160061712. Washington. DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ”, an apparatus for measuring macroscopic and microscopic fouling with different flow rates and speeds is presented. with the ability to simulate a particular industrial hydraulic system. The main difference with the classic "biobox" is that the plates acting as a test tube reduce their section progressively, forming channels between them in the form of "V", so that the velocity of the fluid varies along the surface of the specimen, creating a velocity gradient in the bio-fouling monitoring assembly. It is designed to provide information that helps determine the type of biological contamination that can occur within an industrial device, pipe, equipment, or any other similar system, depending on the speed of the fluid that passes through that system. However, due to its characteristics, it is also not developed to evaluate coatings in artificial structures in contact with seawater with the regime of the actual water agitation and lighting system.

    The document "WO 2008/0 7972-1 lmproved diffuse light extended surface area toilet-supported photobioreactor" presents a photoreactor consisting of plates with 30-cascade water circulation that maximizes the growth of algae in order to favor the growth of biomass and Use it in the manufacture of fuels. The system is designed to maximize the growth of algae and not as equipment that allows modifying the operating conditions (temperature, agitation and lighting) with the actual marine conditions, and that allows to vary these conditions dynamically. 35

    The documents "US4176544: Method for determining fouling", and "US4766553: Heat exchanger performance monitor", describe a method of fouling monitoring in heat exchangers by means of measurements of pressure drop and temperature in a tube. They serve to monitor the growth of the biofilm in industrial thermal installations, but they do not allow to evaluate the effects on different materials. and in the natural conditions of the marine environment (lighting agitation and temperatures).

    In the document '' US 201510167051 A1 Methods and systems.for monitoring biofilm growth ”, a system for the monitoring of biofouling growth in 45 cooling towers by means of deposition of specimens in the rafts of the cooling towers is described, and therefore both limited to the operating conditions of these industrial refrigeration systems, which are not used with seawater.

    The document "ES 2 249 930: Device for monitoring bio-fouling and 50 procedures for monitoring and detection of bio-fouling", presents a
    Bio-fouling monitoring device that includes a column with an inlet and outlet, a nutrient feed line for microorganisms, and pressure detectors, as well as a recirculation system connected to the inlet. From the measurements of the differential pressure, it monitors the magnitude of the bio-fouling and can determine if bio-fouling is occurring or if the level of the bio-fouling present in the aqueous system is increasing. It has a nutrient feeding system for microorganisms as a means to accelerate the bio-fouling of the aqueous system, as an early warning mechanism. This system is designed as a monitoring and early warning system in industrial facilities. and it has no application in the study of artificial structures, materials and coatings in the marine environment.

    Document "ES 2 384 544: Radial flow membrane biofilm reactor", presents a membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR), in a typical MBfR device. A matrix of hollow fiber membranes provides a growth surface 15 for a biofilm that can metabolize contaminants present in a fluid stream. A gas is introduced into the hollow fiber membranes and diffused through the membrane walls to come into contact with a biomass that grows on the outer surfaces of the hollow fiber membranes. This device has a central core tube with a wall and one or more perforations in the wall. as well as a plurality of hollow filaments. The influent liquid is introduced inside the lumen of the core tube, through the end cap of the tube gas can be introduced into the inner volume of the hollow filaments. This device is designed for this specific application and does not allow to evaluate the effects on different materials in the natural conditions of the marine environment (lighting, agitation and temperatures). 25

    Therefore, and in view of the state of the art, it can be concluded that the current biofouling reactors and / or monitors do not allow recreating the conditions of marine biofouling in the conditions to which the marine and naval artificial structures are subjected, by which does not allow an optimal test of materials, coatings and their 30 antifouling characteristics for use in artificial structures. The systems used have limitations in some of the influence parameters, or are designed for specific industrial systems (higher temperature, shear voltage, lighting table, etc ...).
     35
    For this reason, it is currently more reliable to perform tests for the study of biofouling growth in specimens installed on docks and floating pans; However, this implies a series of drawbacks, such as:

    - Difficulty of access and periodic control of the specimens. 40

    - Impossibility of maintaining the same physical conditions (flow temperature, speed, lighting ...) in several series of specimens, so it is not possible to compare the results obtained quantitatively.
     Four. Five
    - Impossibility to modify variables individually to check their effect or force periods of growth, for example to statistically apply an experiment design (DOE).

    - Effect of the inclement weather (temporary) that can eliminate part of the film formed, distorting in the study the effect of the coating, which is subject to the existence or not of bad weather.

    Summary of the invention 5

    The present invention tries to solve the aforementioned drawbacks by means of a reactor for the growth of biofouling that allows testing with variations in the different parameters (temperature, voltage, lighting, etc ...), thus reproducing the real marine environment under controlled conditions from laboratory. 10

    Specifically, in a first aspect of the present invention, a reactor for bioincrustation growth is provided, configured to reproduce different environments under controlled laboratory conditions by varying different parameters, such that it allows to test specimens of different materials, different surface finishes. 15 and roughnesses, different surface coatings and different elements with bioincrustation toxicity embedded in different coatings, comprising:

    - a reservoir of inert material and with a rigidity such that it does not deform appreciably during use, opened at the top and configured to house various types of fluids inside it for testing;

    - at least one inlet opening located in the reservoir, configured for the introduction of the test fluid into the reservoir, such that during the performance of the test a feed pipe is introduced into the inlet opening; 25

    - a heat exchanger located in the supply line, outside the tank, so that during the test the fluid enters the reactor with the desired temperature, since said heat exchanger is configured to keep the fluid temperature constant of entry to the reactor tank; 30

    - at least one outlet opening located in the tank, configured for the evacuation of the test fluid by gravity;

    - an overflow pipe of inert material and with a rigidity such that it does not deform appreciably during its use, located such that one of its ends crosses the outlet opening, and its remaining end is connected to an overflow configured for collect the excess fluid from the surface and discharge it to the outside, such that during the operation of the reactor, when the fluid exceeds a certain level, the fluid passes through the overflow, and therefore through the overflow pipe, being over 40 both the overflow circuit - overflow, overflow pipe and outlet opening - configured to allow fluid outflow from the reservoir, maintaining the fluid level inside the reservoir and allowing a constant renewal of the fluid without changes in its level;
     Four. Five
    - at least one drain opening located in the tank, configured to manually empty the reactor, such that during the test run a drain pipe is introduced into the drain opening;

    - a test tube structure made of inert material and with a rigidity such that it does not deform appreciably during use, located inside the tank, and configured to
    carry out the work of test tubes of the materials or coatings to be tested, and facilitate on the one hand the assembly and disassembly of the specimens and on the other hand the circulation of the fluid around it, such that during the test, the specimens remain firmly attached to said test tube structure, completely submerged in the test fluid and separated from the bottom of the tank; 5

    - a vane stirrer configured to produce the fluid whipping and to favor the movement of the fluid through the surface of the specimens:

    - an adjustable lighting system, configured to vary various parameters, such as lighting intensity, wavelength or lighting times, located at the top of the reactor, such that it provides adequate, uniform lighting in a spectrum and intensity similar to the real one of the test pit to be recreated, and which comprises a plurality of luminaires and a luminaire support configured to join the plurality of luminaires with each other to a fixed or mobile structure 15.

    In a possible embodiment, the reservoir is cylindrical, so that the movement of the fluid is similar along its entire contour.
     twenty
    In a possible embodiment, the inlet opening is located on one side of the bottom of the tank, and the outlet opening is located in the base and in the center of the tank to avoid interference with the rest of the elements.

    In a possible embodiment, the last section of the feed pipe and the inlet opening are in tangential direction with respect to the reservoir, such that the entry of fluid tangentially into the reservoir, and the feed and overflow pipes is facilitated They are connected to the hydraulic network with quick closing valves.

    In a possible embodiment, the inlet of fluid into the reservoir is by means of a nozzle 30 located at the inlet to the reservoir of the feed fluid, and is configured to increase the rate of fluid entering the reservoir, producing a circular motion to the liquid mass

    In one possible embodiment, at least one mesh filter 35 configured to avoid problems of clogging the overflow with organic matter suspended within the fluid is located in the overflow.

    In a possible embodiment, the reactor is used as a growth reactor for the study of bio-fouling on artificial structures with seawater, and is fed directly from seawater with its corresponding hydraulic circuit, and also comprises in said hydraulic circuit, a compensation tank with overflow that performs the functions of accumulation and is configured to avoid water hammer in the circuit, to perform adequate filtration, as well as to ensure a constant and controlled flow to the reactor, with independent circulation pumps of the 45 pumps primary seawater supply, and lower flow.

    In a possible embodiment. The reservoir comprises at its upper outer edge a flange, configured to provide sufficient rigidity to the reactor reservoir and avoid deformations. Preferably, said flange is towards the outside of the tank. fifty
    In a possible embodiment, the specimen holder structure is removable and comprises slender section reinforcements so as not to significantly interfere with the circulation of the fluid around the specimens.

    In one possible embodiment, the test-holder structure comprises at least one circular 5-sample tire and a support configured to keep the test-tube tires separated from each other and from the bottom. Preferably, the test-holder structure comprises two circular test-tube tires, separated from each other and at the same time from the bottom, parallel and at different heights, such that both test-tube tires comprise a plurality of holes in their central line in order to hold the test specimens to be tested. In addition, preferably the support is formed with tubes, such that each tube is attached to the test-tube tires and arranged perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis thereof, and has horizontal reinforcements attached to the tubes and an inner ring located in the central position of the reactor, concentric with the overflow pipe, such that said inner ring is configured to allow its introduction through the overflow pipe 15. In addition, preferably the support is provided with legs, so that the specimens are completely submerged and separated from the bottom.

    In one possible embodiment, the vane agitator is a two vane agitator driven by an electric motor with reducer. twenty

    In a possible embodiment. The lighting system is suspended on the ceiling with braided steel cables of sufficient strength to support the lighting system, and the plurality of luminaires are fluorescent tubes and are fixed to the luminaire support by means of stainless steel trimmings at the bottom. 25

    Brief description of the figures

    In order to help a better understanding of the features of the invention. in accordance with a preferred example of practical realization thereof, and to complement this description, a set of drawings, whose illustrative and non-limiting characters are accompanied as an integral part thereof. In these drawings:

    Figure 1 shows a reactor scheme for biofouling growth in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention, schematically including its main components.

    Figure 2 shows a diagram of the reactor of the invention in elevation view, according to the embodiment of Figure 1.
     40
    Figure 3 shows a scheme of different components of the reactor of the invention, according to a possible embodiment.

    Figure 4 shows a scheme of the specimen holder structure. according to a possible embodiment of the invention. Four. Five

    Figure 5 shows a diagram of the specimen holder structure and the specimens, according to a possible embodiment of the invention.

     fifty

    Detailed description of the invention

    In this text, the term "comprises" and its variants should not be understood in an exclusive sense, that is, these terms are not intended to exclude other technical characteristics, additives, components or steps. 5

    In addition, you end them "approximately", "substantially", "around", "ones", etc. they should be understood as indicating values close to which these terms accompany, since due to calculation or measurement errors, it is impossible to achieve those values with total accuracy. 10

    In addition, in the context of the present invention, inert material is understood as that material that does not interfere with the tests, that is, in the growth of the biofilm, so it is a material that does not oxidize, which does not give off products that they influence the biofouling formed, and that does not give off toxic products that interfere with the growth of the biofilm.

    The characteristics of the reactor of the invention, as well as the advantages derived therefrom, can be better understood with the following description, made with reference to the drawings listed above. twenty

    The following preferred embodiments are provided by way of illustration. and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention. In addition, the present invention covers all possible combinations of particular and preferred embodiments indicated herein. For those skilled in the art, other objects, advantages and characteristics of the invention will be derived partly from the description and partly from the practice of the invention.

    Next, the reactor of the invention is described for the growth of biofouling that allows testing with variations in the different parameters (temperature. 30 Voltage, lighting, etc ...), being able to reproduce different environments, such as the real marine environment , under controlled laboratory conditions. Figure 1 shows a scheme of the reactor of the invention according to a first embodiment thereof, schematically including its main components. Figure 2 shows a diagram in elevation view of said embodiment of the invention. 35

    The reactor comprises a tank 10, 20 open at its top. and configured to house various types of fluids inside it for testing, such as seawater, artificial seawater. etc. Preferably, the reservoir 10, 20 is cylindrical, so that the movement of the fluid is similar along its entire contour. 40

    One skilled in the art will understand that the material of the tank 10, 20 must be inert: in addition, the material must have a rigidity such that it does not deform appreciably during use. An example of tank material 10, 20 is stainless steel, although other alternative materials are possible (fiberglass, P.V.C, etc ...). One skilled in the art will understand that if the material is polyester, it will have several layers of coating in order to provide the tank 10, 20 with sufficient rigidity.

    The tank 10, 20 preferably has at least one inlet on its side at its bottom, for the introduction of the test fluid into the tank, such that
    During the test, a feed pipe 11, 21 is inserted into the inlet opening. the at least the last section of the supply line 11, 21 and the inlet opening being preferably tangentially with respect to the tank 10, 20, such that the entry of fluid tangentially to the tank 10, 20 is facilitated. In any case, the characteristics of the supply pipe 11, 5 21 are outside the scope of the present invention. In a specific embodiment, the inlet of fluid in the reservoir is by means of a nozzle located at the inlet to the reservoir of the feed fluid and configured to increase the fluid inlet velocity to the reservoir 10, 20. This nozzle produces a circular motion to the liquid mass, with which it is possible to obtain at least an average value of 30 cm / s on the surface of the reactor fluid.

    In any case. One skilled in the art will understand that it is possible to vary the flow rates of fluid for static tests or in conditions of fluid circulation on the surface, similar to those found in the marine environment in contact with docks or other structures. For those skilled in the art, the specific flows to be used will be released from the volumes of the tank 10, 20 of the reactor and the type of test they wish to perform.

    The reactor of the invention further comprises a heat exchanger 12, 22 located 20 in the supply line 11, 21, outside the tank 10, 20, so that during the performance of the test the fluid enters the reactor at the desired temperature . That is, said heat exchanger 12, 22 is configured to keep the temperature of the inlet fluid to the tank 10, 20 of the reactor constant, and thus keep this parameter controlled. The characteristics of the heat exchanger 12, 22 are outside the scope of the present invention, although one skilled in the art will understand that it must have a sufficient capacity for the temperature range and flow rate of fluid to be heated. In addition, a plate heat exchanger is more convenient than a tube heat exchanger, as it is the first most compact.
     30
    The tank 10, 20 also has at least one outlet opening for the evacuation of the test fluid by gravity, said outlet opening being preferably at the base and in the center of the tank 10, 20 to avoid interference with the rest of the elements. .
     35
    If the fluid coming from the overflow is eliminated by means of a pump, the pump can be removed: if there are variations in the flow of fluid that circulates through the reactor, the flow of fluid that flows through the overflow also varies , that is, the flow of fluid that the pump should suck, and if that flow decreases considerably, the pump could be lowered. For this reason, it is necessary that the evacuation of the test fluid be by gravity.

    In a specific embodiment, in which the device of the invention was installed in a position that made it impossible for the fluid to flow out of gravity, it would be most advisable to discharge said fluid to a small intermediate tank, equipped with 45 level sensors, by gravity, from where a pump is aspirated that stops intermittently if the flow is very low, controlled by the level sensors. In any case, the treatment of the fluid once it has been evacuated from the gravity tank, is outside the scope of the present invention.
     fifty
    An overflow pipe 13A, 23A of inert material (such as stainless steel, fiberglass or P.V.C) and not appreciably deformed during use, passes through said outlet opening. In addition, the upper end of said overflow pipe 13A, 23A is connected to an overflow 13B, 23B configured to collect excess fluid from the surface and discharge it to the outside. Thus during the operation of the reactor, when the fluid exceeds a certain level, the fluid passes through the overflow 13B, 23B, and therefore through the overflow pipe 13A, 23A, the overflow circuit being therefore (overflow 13B, 23B + overflow pipe 13A, 23A + outlet opening) configured to allow fluid outflow from the tank. In this way, the fluid level is maintained inside the tank 10, 20, allowing a constant renewal of the fluid without changes in its level.

    Preferably, as shown in Figure 3, and to avoid problems of overflow obstruction with organic matter suspended within the fluid, it is recommended to install at least one 33C mesh filter in the overflow. fifteen

    The feed circuit (feed pipe 11, 21, 31 + inlet opening), the heat exchanger 12, 22 and the overflow circuit (overflow 13B, 23B, 33B + overflow pipe 13A, 23A, 33A + opening of output) make up the hydraulic circuit, such that the supply circuit allows the passage of the fluid from the outside to the exchanger 12, 22, and the overflow circuit, which allows maintaining the level with the fluid circulating in the reactor, is the normal output for the fluid, under normal reactor operation. In addition, the reactor comprises a drain circuit, formed at least by a drain opening and a drain pipe 14, 24, 34, which allows the reactor to be manually emptied, for example for cleaning actions. 25

    One skilled in the art will understand that the supply and overflow circuits comprise other additional and necessary elements in any reactor, such as: suction filters submerged in the fluid, suction pipes, non-return valves, centrifugal pumps (preferably self-priming type ), discharge valves (preferably butterfly or gate), discharge pipes, inlet valves to the exchanger, accumulation tank with overflow pipe, fine mesh filters, circulation pumps, heat exchanger, outlet valves exchanger, inlet pipes to the tank, sensors (pressure differentials in filters, pressure switches to prevent the pumps from running down, flowmeters, 35 nivostats, thermostatic valves of the exchanger), etc. However, these elements are common to any installation of water pumping, industrial or laboratory, so they are outside the scope of the present invention.

    In a possible embodiment, the reactor of the invention is used as a growth reactor for the study of biofouling on artificial structures with seawater, and is fed directly from seawater with its corresponding hydraulic circuit. It is recommended that the reactor includes in said hydraulic circuit, a compensation tank that performs the functions of accumulation to avoid water hammer in the circuit, to allow adequate filtration, as well as to ensure a constant and controlled flow to the reactor, with circulation pumps independent of primary seawater supply pumps, and of lower flow. This compensation tank has an overflow that eliminates the excess flow of the primary supply pumps. The set of compensation tanks, pumps and filters has not been represented in the figures because they are common use facilities. In a possible 50
    embodiment, a circulation pump system with fluxometers is incorporated to control the flow of water flowing through the reactor.

    In addition, one skilled in the art will understand that all openings have sufficient diameter to allow entry and emptying without difficulties. In addition, the supply lines 5, 11, 21, 31 and overflow 13A, 23A, 33A should be connected to the hydraulic network preferably with quick closing valves (not shown in the figures).

    In one possible embodiment, the reservoir comprises at its upper outer edge a flange 15, 25, 35, preferably outwardly from the reservoir 10, 20, 30, configured 10 to provide sufficient rigidity to the reactor reservoir 10, 20, 30 and avoid deformations

    The interior of the tank 10, 20, 30 comprises a test-tube structure 16, 26, 36, configured to perform the work of the sample holder of the materials or coatings 15 to be tested, and facilitate on the one hand the assembly and disassembly of the test pieces 16A, 26A , 36A and on the other hand the circulation of the fluid around it. During the test, the specimens 16A, 26A, 36A remain firmly attached to said sample holder structure 16, 26, 36 (for example by stainless steel carving), completely submerged in the test fluid and separated from the bottom of the tank. twenty

    The reactor of the invention allows to test specimens of different materials (steels, fibers, wood. Polymers, polyester ...), different surface finishes and roughnesses, different surface coatings (polymeric, metallic, chlorinated rubbers, paints) and different elements with toxicity on Biofouling embedded in different 25 coatings.

    The specimen holder structure 16, 26, 36 preferably comprises slender section reinforcements, that is, it has thin sections compared to its length, so as not to significantly interfere with the circulation of the fluid around the specimens 16A 26A, 30 36A. A material strength expert will understand that mechanical slenderness or slenderness is the characteristic of mechanical bars or prisms that relates its cross section to its total length, by means of a dimensionless parameter that allows to predict the elastic instability of the bars.
     35
    The sample holder structure 16, 26, 36 is of inert material and does not deform appreciably during use, and preferably removable. Preferably the material is P.V.C. although other materials such as stainless steel are possible.

    In one possible embodiment, the test-holder structure 16, 26, 36 comprises at least 40 a circular test-tube rim and a support, both of inert material that does not deform appreciably during use. Figures 4 and 5 show an example of a test tube structure formed by two circular test tube wheels 46B, 56B, separated from each other and at the same time from the bottom, parallel and at different heights. Both tires comprise a plurality of holes 46C, 56C in their center line, with the aim of holding the test pieces 56A to be tested. Furthermore, and in order to keep the test tube wheels 46B, 56B separated from each other and from the bottom, the test tube structure comprises a support 46D, 56D formed with tubes of inert material, for example PVC, such that each tube is attached to the wheels 46B, 56B and arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal axis thereof. In addition, and to increase the stiffness 50 of the support 46D, 56D, it has horizontal reinforcements attached to the tubes and to
    an inner ring 46E, 56E located in the central position of the reactor, concentric with the overflow pipe. Said inner ring 46E, 56E must have sufficient diameter to allow its introduction through the overflow pipe. Preferably, the support 46D, 56D is provided with legs 46F, of the same material as the elements that form the specimen holder structure 16, 26, 36, so that the specimens 56A are completely submerged and separated from the bottom.

    One skilled in the art will understand that in the case of using a P.V.C. the buoyancy of said support is positive, so it remains at rest on the bottom thanks to the weight of the 56A specimens. For this reason 10 it is necessary either to ballast the PVC support by introducing some heavy inert material inside the support tubes, or be careful to place the test pieces 56A with the materials to be tested in diametrically opposite positions, compensating the weights and in this way compensate for its buoyancy. In any case, when there are few plates (specimens) mounted on this support, it is recommended that it be ballasted 15 to prevent the movement of the fluid from moving the support and the specimens inside the reactor.

    To produce the mixing of the fluid and to favor the movement of the fluid along the surface of the specimens 16A, 26A, 36A, 56A, the reactor of the invention comprises a 20 vane stirrer 17, 27, 37. A person skilled in the art will understand that The speed of the vane agitator 17, 27, 37 must be sufficient to produce the movement of the fluid without creating turbulence or currents whose velocities unnecessarily influence the growth of the biofouling on the specimens 16A, 26A, 36A, 56A, so that Operating parameters will depend on the size of the reactor built. In addition, a person skilled in the art will understand that the tank 10, 20, 30 must have a sufficient volume so that the water has a beating movement and that the position of the specimens 16A, 26A, 36A, 56A is not hindered with the paddle shaker 17, 27, 37.

    In a possible embodiment, an agitator with two vanes is incorporated, driven by an electric motor with reducer 17B, 27B, 37B, to produce fluid movement. The ratio between motor and reducer is determined so that the movement of the vanes is slow enough to produce the movement of the fluid without creating turbulence or currents whose velocities unnecessarily influence the growth of the biofouling on the specimens 16A, 26A, 36A, 56A , since the objective of this reactor is to evaluate the behavior of biofouling on different substrates, surfaces or coatings in conditions closest to the real ones.

    The growth of the organisms that make up the biofouling depends on the constant contribution of organic compounds or nutrients. Many of these compounds are synthesized in organic matter by means of photosynthesis, which is produced only in the presence of radiant light. To have lighting in the event that the reactor is located in a closed space and without openings to the outside, that is, it totally lacks sunlight, or to have artificial lighting in the event that the reactor is located outside or in the interior and it is desired to increase the periods of insolation, the reactor of the invention 45 comprises an adjustable lighting system 18, 28, such that it is possible to vary the intensity of illumination, wavelength, illumination times and other parameters affected by the type of lamp to be installed and the test to be performed, thus assessing its influence. This regulability is important because different times of the year have different time and level of solar radiation, and different parts of the planet also have different 50 solar radiation.
    The lighting system 18, 28 is located at the top of the reactor, such that it provides adequate, uniform illumination and in a spectrum and intensity similar to the real ones of the test environment to be recreated. One skilled in the art will understand that its separation from the reactor should allow the inspection of test specimens 16A, 26A, 36A, 56A with comfort, without the need to disassemble the system, so it is recommended that a separation of between 0.5 and 1 m measured vertically is recommended with respect to the upper part of the tank 10, 20, 30 of the reactor, although this separation is not essential and the distance can be left to the user's discretion. In addition, it must be easily removable or uninstallable, in order to be separated and that allows the manipulation of the sample holder structure, cleaning or any other operation that is necessary to perform inside the reactor. In this regard, any system that allows for easy disassembly in the opinion of the user or the installer (hanging on steel cables, by means of rails, etc ...) will be valid.

    The lighting system 18, 28 has a plurality of luminaires 18A, 28A, 15 preferably fluorescent tubes, although other types of lamps can also be installed. such as metal halides.

    The lighting system 18, 28 further comprises a luminaire support 18B, 28B configured to join the plurality of luminaires 18A, 28A to each other and to a fixed structure 20 (for example: wall, ceiling, etc ...) or mobile (carriage sliding ...). This luminaire support 18B, 28B must be connected to a ground in accident prevention, since the humid environment of the reactors represents an electrical hazard. Figures 1 and 2 show part of the luminaire support 18B, 28B and the lighting system 18, 28, where the luminaires are fixed to the luminaire support 18B, 28B by means of stainless steel screws on the bottom. Preferably, the lighting system should be easily removable and movable to allow the plate holders to be introduced or removed into the reactors, when necessary.

    In a possible embodiment. The lighting system is suspended with braided steel cables 30 of sufficient strength to support the lighting system 18, 28, because it allows easy removal as well as simply regulating the distance between the lighting and the tank.

    The reactor of the invention allows the tests to be carried out under controlled conditions, similar to those of the real marine environment, directly using seawater, as well as artificial seawater, its use being expandable to other fluids. It can be used with a wide range of lighting conditions, temperatures and agitation, allowing tests with reduced shear stress values. In addition, it has constant fluid circulation, stirring system, lighting and controlled fluid temperature 40.

    Example

    A concrete example of embodiment of the invention is shown below. which has been used to evaluate the operation of the reactor. There have been tests of different types of materials (wood steels, polymers, ...) and coatings (paints. Metallic coatings ...). This prototype has been built and tested with the dimensions and operating parameters set out below, and has provided results comparable to tests carried out with the same materials on test tubes installed in floating docks and pans.
    The tested fluid is seawater, and what has been tried to be measured in this test is:

    - Coating detachment.

    - Biofouling mass adhered to the surface, and its accumulation. 5

    - Speed of biofouling formation in coatings.

    - Presence of corrosion in the specimen material.
     10
    - In summary the resistance to the formation of biofouling that have different coatings, and formulations of antifouling paints

    The reactor comprises a cylindrical tank open at the top, and made of glass, with several layers of coating that provide stiffness and a thickness of 7 mm. This tank has been built with 700 mm of total height and 650 mm of water height which represents a total volume of 1980 liters and a useful volume of 1840 liters.

    The cylindrical reservoir has an inlet opening for the introduction of the test water on one side near the base of the cylindrical reservoir, such that during the performance of the test a feed pipe is introduced into the inlet opening. the final section of the feed pipe and the inlet opening being tangential with respect to the tank.
     25
    In order to maintain adequate water renewal that facilitates the growth of biofouling in conditions as close as possible to those of the natural environment. Feeding flows of between 7 and 20 l / min have been used for this reactor size. With these flows the results have been optimal and comparable to tests performed with the same materials in a natural environment. These 30 speed limits are those that have been used for static (lower limit) or hydrodynamic (upper limit) tests. However, other flows may be used depending on the tests that are planned.

    With the recommended minimum flow (7 l / min) the water movement of this reactor is negligible. With the maximum flow rate used (20 l / min) a nozzle has been installed to increase the speed of the fluid at the entrance to the reactor, which has managed to provide a circular motion to the liquid mass, obtaining an average value of 30 cm / s. of water on the surface of the reactor.
     40
    The reactor further comprises a heat exchanger located in the supply line, outside the tank. so that during the performance of the test the fluid enters the reactor with the desired temperature. That is, said heat exchanger is configured to keep the temperature of the fluid entering the reactor tank constant, and thus keep this parameter controlled between 10 ° C 45 and 30 ° C. Due to the nature of the tests to be carried out, it has not been considered necessary to increase the range of possible working temperatures.

    The cylindrical tank also has an outlet opening for the evacuation of the test fluid by gravity, said outlet opening being at the base and in the center 50 of the tank to avoid interference with the rest of the elements. A pipe of
    overflow passes through said outlet opening. and the upper end of said overflow pipe is connected to an overflow that collects water from the surface and discharges it to the outside. In this way during the operation of the reactor, when the fluid exceeds a certain level. the fluid passes through the overflow, and therefore through the overflow pipe, the overflow assembly + overflow pipe + 5 outlet opening being configured to allow the fluid to flow out of the cylindrical reservoir.

    In addition, and to avoid problems of obstruction of the overflow with organic matter suspended in the water, the overflow comprises mesh filters with holes of approximately 1 mm pitch. 10

    The reactor further comprises a drain circuit, formed by a drain opening and a drain pipe. which allows to manually empty the reactor.

    The inlet and drain pipes have a diameter of 25 mm and the overflow pipe 15 90 mm. The supply and drain pipes are connected to the hydraulic circuit with quick closing valves.

    The cylindrical tank comprises at its upper outer edge a flange facing the outside of the tank, configured to provide sufficient rigidity to the tank of the reactor and avoid deformations.

    The inside of the cylindrical tank comprises a removable test-tube structure, with a slender section, configured to carry out the work of the sample holder of the materials or coatings to be tested, and to facilitate on the one hand the assembly and disassembly of the 25 specimens and on the other hand the circulation of water around it. This test tube structure is made of P.V.C, so that it is lighter, and comprises two circular test tube wheels and a support. During the test, the water level completely covers the test tube structure.
     30
    The two P.V.C tires are parallel. of dimensions 60 X 7 mm, they form a circumference of 1.6 m in diameter, and have a plurality of 10 mm holes in their central line in order to hold the test specimens to be tested. The tires are kept separate from each other and at the same time from the bottom, by means of a support formed with P.V.C. 50 mm in diameter, such that each P.V.C tube is attached to the two tires and arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal axis thereof. In order to increase the rigidity of the support, the reactor further comprises horizontal reinforcements attached to the P.V.C pipes and an inner ring located in the central position of the reactor, concentric with the overflow pipe. Said inner ring has a diameter of 200 mm to allow the overflow tube to be introduced through it. 40

    The support of P.V.C has been provided with legs of the same material as the elements that form the holder, so that the support wheels are located at least 270 and 640 millimeters from the bottom. In this way the specimens are completely submerged and separated from the bottom. Four. Five

    In this embodiment, a P.V.C test tube structure has been used, due to the fact that buoyancy is positive, it has been decided to place the specimens with the materials to be tested in diametrically opposite positions, compensating the weights and thus their buoyancy. fifty
    To produce the beating of water and favor the movement of water through the surface of the specimens. The reactor of the invention comprises an agitator with two vanes driven by an electric motor with reducer, to produce fluid movement.

    The reactor of the invention comprises an adjustable lighting system, such that it is possible to vary the intensity of illumination, wavelength, illumination times and other parameters affected by the type of lamp to be installed and the test to be performed, thus evaluating its influence. The lighting system is located at the top of the reactor, such that it provides adequate illumination, in a spectrum and intensity similar to the real ones to the environment of the test to be recreated. 10

    In this particular embodiment, "actinic light" supplied by fluorescent tubes (luminaires) is used, whose light spectrum resembles the solar spectrum and whose wavelength is between 400 and 480 nm, which stimulates the growth of zooxanthellae and It favors photosynthesis. For this reactor size it has been enough to install 4 screens with two 36 W tubes each tube, thus obtaining 2000 lux measured at 10 cm above the water surface with a luxmeter, similar to the average value of the measurements taken in the exterior of the facilities and at the edge of the sea.

    In addition, the lighting system comprises a luminaire support configured to join the plurality of luminaires 18A, 28A with each other and to the ceiling, by means of braided steel cables of sufficient strength to support the lighting system, which allows the luminaires to be easily removed. and quickly, as well as varying the distance of the luminaires to the reactor without difficulty
     25
    In this specific embodiment, the reactor of the invention is used as a growth reactor for the study of biofouling on artificial structures with seawater. and feeds directly from seawater with its corresponding hydraulic circuit. Therefore, the reactor includes in said hydraulic circuit, a compensation tank that performs the functions of accumulation to avoid water hammer in the circuit, to allow adequate filtration, as well as to ensure a constant and controlled flow to the reactor, with circulation pumps independent of primary seawater supply pumps, and of lower flow. This compensation tank has an overflow that eliminates the excess flow of the primary supply pumps.
     35
    The reactor of the invention allows to favor and monitor the growth of all types of biofouling, both in salt or fresh water, and in another type of fluid with which biological growth occurs. Its virtue as a biofouling growth reactor is that it allows recreating natural exposure conditions but under controlled laboratory conditions, that is, eliminating possible extraordinary disturbances 40 that can distort the analysis of the behavior of a particular material against colonization by matter Live in contact with fluids. Its advantages are:

    - Access and control of the specimens is simple. Four. Five

    - The same physical conditions (temperature, flow, speed, lighting ...) can be maintained at several time series of specimens so that the results obtained quantitatively can be compared.
     fifty
    - Variables can be modified individually to check their effect or force periods of growth. For example, varying the lighting periods and / or their intensity (in different parts of the planet the different illuminations).

    - It is not subject to the effect of the inclement weather (temporary) 5 that can eliminate part of the film formed, distorting in the study the effect of the coating that would be subject to the existence or not of bad weather.
    权利要求:
    Claims (13)
    [1]

    1. Bioincrustation growth reactor, configured to reproduce different environments under controlled laboratory conditions by varying different parameters, such that it allows testing test specimens (16A, 26A, 36A, 56A) of different materials, different surface finishes and roughness , different surface coatings and different elements with bioincrustation toxicity embedded in different coatings, comprising:
    - a tank (10, 20, 30) of inert material and with a rigidity such that it does not deform appreciably during use, opened at the top and configured to house various types of fluids for testing;
    - at least one inlet opening located in the tank (10, 20, 30). configured for the introduction of the test fluid into the reservoir (10, 20, 30), such that during the performance of the test a feed pipe (11, 21, 31) is introduced into the inlet opening;
    - a heat exchanger (12, 22) located in the supply line (11, 21, 31), outside the tank (10, 20, 30), so that during the test the fluid 20 enters the reactor with the desired temperature, since said heat exchanger (12. 22) is configured to keep the temperature of the inlet fluid to the tank (10, 20, 30) of the reactor constant;
    - at least one outlet opening located in the tank (10, 20, 30), configured for the evacuation of the test fluid by gravity;
    - an overflow pipe (13A, 23A, 33A) of inert material and with a rigidity such that it does not deform appreciably during use, located such that one of its ends crosses the outlet opening. and its remaining end is connected to an overflow (13B, 23B, 33B) configured to collect the excess fluid from the surface and discharge it to the outside, such that during the operation of the reactor, when the fluid exceeds a certain level, the fluid passes through the overflow (13B, 23B, 33B), and therefore through the overflow pipe (13A, 23A, 33A), thus the overflow circuit - overflow (13B, 23B, 33B), pipeline overflow (13A, 23A, 33A) and outlet opening-35 configured to allow fluid outflow from the reservoir (10, 20, 30), maintaining the fluid level inside the reservoir (10, 20, 30) and allowing a constant renewal of the fluid without changes in its level;
    - at least one drain opening located in the tank (10, 20, 30), configured to manually empty the reactor, such that during the test run a drain pipe (14, 24, 34) is introduced into the opening of emptying;
    - a sample holder structure (16, 26, 36) of inert material and with a rigidity such that it does not deform appreciably during use, located inside the tank (10, 20, 45 30), and configured to perform test tube work (16A, 26A, 36A, 56A) of the materials or coatings to be tested, and facilitate on the one hand the assembly and disassembly of the specimens (16A, 26A, 36A, 56A) and on the other hand the circulation of the fluid to around it, such that during the test, the specimens (16A, 26A, 36A, 56A) remain firmly attached to said specimen holder structure (16, 26, 36), completely submerged in the test fluid and separated from the bottom of the tank ( 10, 20, 30);
    - a vane agitator (17, 27, 37) configured to produce the mixing of the fluid and to favor the movement of the fluid along the surface of the specimens (16A, 26A, 36A, 56A);
    - an adjustable lighting system (18, 28), configured to vary various parameters, such as lighting intensity, wavelength or lighting times, located at the top of the reactor, such that it provides adequate lighting , uniform and in a spectrum and intensity similar to the real ones of the test environment to be recreated, and comprising a plurality of luminaires (18A, 28A) and a luminaire support (18B, 28B) configured to join the plurality of luminaires (18A, 28A) with each other and a fixed or mobile structure. 10

    [2]
    2. The reactor of the preceding claim, wherein the reservoir (10, 20, 30) is cylindrical, so that the movement of the fluid is similar along its entire contour.

    [3]
    3. The reactor of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the inlet opening is located on one side of the bottom of the reservoir (10, 20, 30), and wherein the outlet opening is located in the base and in the tank center (10, 20, 30) to avoid interference with the rest of the elements.

    [4]
    4. The reactor of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the last section of the feed pipe (11, 21, 31) and the inlet opening are tangential with respect to the tank (10, 20, 30), of such that the entry of fluid tangentially into the tank (10, 20, 30) is facilitated, and where the supply (11, 21, 31) and overflow (13A, 23A, 33A) pipes are connected to the hydraulic network with quick closing valves. 25

    [5]
    5. The reactor of any of the preceding claims, wherein the fluid inlet into the reservoir (10, 20, 30) is by means of a nozzle located at the inlet to the reservoir (10, 20, 30) of the feed fluid, and is configured to increase the rate of fluid entering the tank (10, 20, 30), producing a circular motion to the liquid mass 30.

    [6]
    6. The reactor of any of the preceding claims, wherein at least one mesh filter is located in the overflow (13B, 23B, 33B) to avoid problems of overflow obstruction (13B, 23B, 33B) with organic matter suspended in the sine of the fluid.

    [7]
    7. The reactor of any of the preceding claims, wherein said reactor is used as a growth reactor for the study of bio-embedding on artificial structures with seawater, and is fed directly from seawater with its corresponding hydraulic circuit, and comprises in addition in said hydraulic circuit, a compensation tank with overflow that performs the functions of accumulation and is configured to avoid water hammer in the circuit, to perform adequate filtration, as well as to ensure a constant and controlled flow to the reactor, with pumps circulation independent of primary sea water supply pumps. and 45 of lower flow.

    [8]
    8. The reactor of any of the preceding claims, wherein the reservoir (10, 20, 30) comprises at its upper outer edge a flange (15, 25, 35), configured to provide sufficient rigidity to the reservoir (10, 20, 30 ) of the reactor and avoid deformations. fifty

    [9]
    9. The reactor of the preceding claim, wherein said flange (15, 25, 35) is towards the outside of the tank (10, 20, 30).
    10, The reactor of any of the preceding claims, wherein the specimen holder structure (16, 26, 36) is removable and comprises slender section reinforcements so as not to significantly interfere with the circulation of the fluid around the specimens (16A, 26A, 36A , 56A).

    [11]
    11. The reactor of any of the preceding claims, wherein the specimen carrier structure (16, 26, 36) comprises at least one circular specimen carrier rim and a support (46D, 56D) configured to keep the specimen carrier rims (46B, 56B) separate each other and the tondo.

    [12]
    12. The reactor of the preceding claim, wherein the test-holder structure (16, 26, 36) comprises two circular test-tube tires (46B, 56B), separated from each other and at the same time from the bottom, parallel and at different heights, such that both Test tube rims (46B, 56B) comprise a plurality of holes (46C, 56C) in their center line with the aim of holding the test pieces (16A, 26A, 36A, 56A) to be tested, where the support (46D, 56D) is shaped with tubes, such that each tube is attached to the test tube rims (46B, 56B) and arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal axis thereof, where the support (46D, 56D) has horizontal reinforcements attached to the tubes and an inner ring ( 46E, 56E) located in the central position of the reactor, concentric with the overflow pipe (13A, 23A, 33A) d such that said inner ring (46E, 56E) is configured to allow its introduction through the overflow pipe ( 13A, 23A, 33A), and where he supports e (46D, 56D) is provided with legs (46F), so that the specimens (16A, 26A, 36A, 56A) are completely submerged and separated from the bottom.

    [13]
    13. The reactor of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the vane stirrer (17, 27, 37) is a two-blade agitator driven by an electric motor with reducer (17B, 27B, 37B).

    [14]
    14. The reactor of any of the preceding claims, wherein the lighting system (18, 28) is suspended in the ceiling with braided steel cables of sufficient strength to support the lighting system (18, 28), and where the The plurality of luminaires (18A, 28A) are fluorescent tubes and are fixed to the luminaire support (18B, 28B) by stainless steel screws on the bottom.
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    引用文献:
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    EP1522842A1|2003-10-06|2005-04-13|Symrise GmbH & Co. KG|Test system for the evaluation of a coating against biofouling and fluid shear forces|
    US20060016250A1|2003-11-05|2006-01-26|Geoffrey Swain|Techniques for dynamically testing and evaluating materials and coatings in moving solutions|
    CN201583534U|2009-12-01|2010-09-15|大连水产学院|Ocean antifouling material testing device|
    CN102937565A|2012-10-23|2013-02-20|鞍钢股份有限公司|Marine-splash-zone-simulating corrosion test device and testing method|
    CN104251813A|2014-09-19|2014-12-31|江阴市产品质量监督检验所|Test chamber for stroking resistance of paint film|
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