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    • 专利摘要:
    Nanofluid of thermal exchange. The present invention relates to a nanofluid comprising an organic synthetic oil which is a polyphenyl; nanoparticles comprising carbon; and at least one sulfone. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2554651A1
    申请号:ES201430736
    申请日:2014-05-20
    公开日:2015-12-22
    发明作者:José Enrique JULIÁ BOLÍVAR；Rosa MONDRAGÓN CAZORLA；Leonor HERNÁNDEZ LÓPEZ；Raúl Martínez Cuenca；Salvador Francisco TORRO CUECO；Luis Cabedo Mas
    申请人:Universitat Jaume I de Castello；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

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    DESCRIPTION
    Thermal exchange nanofluid.
    The present invention relates to a nanofluid comprising a thermal transfer fluid at high temperature and nanoparticles comprising carbon. Said nanofluid has improved thermal conductivity properties in an operating range of the initial fluid without compromising other relevant variables such as viscosity and stability. These features make it applicable to heat transmission systems. Therefore, the present invention could be framed in the field of thermal engineering.
    STATE OF THE TECHNIQUE
    Thermal exchange fluids are fluids used for heat transport in numerous industrial applications. These fluids are used to transport energy in the form of heat from the point of heat generation (burners, nuclear reactor cores, solar fields, etc.) to the system that will use it (thermal storage systems, steam generators, etc.). ). The most commonly used thermal fluids are water, ethylene glycol, thermal oils and molten salts. A characteristic common to all of them is their low thermal conductivity, a fact that limits the efficiency of the heat exchange systems that use them.
    The idea of adding solid microparticles of high thermal conductivity to thermal fluids in order to increase the thermal conductivity of the mixture is old and the first models are from Maxwell in 1873. However, until a few decades ago this approach presented practical problems for its possible industrial application due to the low stability of the mixture and abrasion by the microparticles. In 1995 Choi proposed the use of nanoparticles to improve the thermal properties of thermal fluids and these fluids were called nanofluids.
    In most cases the nanoparticles inside the nanofluid form clusters. The size and shape of these clusters largely determine the thermal conductivity, viscosity and stability of the nanofluid. The stability of a nanofluid is defined as the lack of sedimentation of the nanoparticles or clusters of nanoparticles inside.
    It is essential for the proper functioning of a nanofluid to prevent nanoparticles or nanoparticle clusters from sticking together when they collide because this would make it increase the size of the clusters and affect its stability. The nanofluids can be stabilized by repulsion systems between nanoparticles. Stabilized correctly, they can be used in heat exchange systems initially designed for thermal fluids without particles, thus increasing! your performance.
    Nanofluids based on thermal oils can reach high working temperatures and therefore have greater industrial interest. Some of the current problems are the following:
    - Stability of the nanofluid based on organic compounds: it is necessary to use additives that superficially modify the nanoparticles and prevent their adhesion when they collide;
    - stability of the nanofluid at high temperature: at a higher temperature, greater probability of shock of nanoparticles and therefore greater difficulty to stabilize, in addition, the additives used in organic nanofluids are usually valid for reduced temperature intervals;
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    - availability of nanoparticle material, should preferably be abundant, easy to obtain and low cost.
    - Maximize thermal conductivity without increasing viscosity excessively.
    US6432320B1 describes chemically stabilized nanofluids, where the fluid is a heat transfer fluid selected from water, glycols, mineral and synthetic oils, organic and inorganic paraffins and eutectics, the nanoparticles are metallic or carbon. The additive used is an additive from the azole group more preferably used at 10% by weight.
    International application WO2007103497 describes a nanofluid as a gear oil that has a viscosity and thermal conductivity higher than the base fluid. The nanoparticles used are non-spherical morphology graphite nanoparticles and dispersants or alternatively non-ionic surfactants or a mixture of non-ionic and ionic are used.
    There are several documents that cite the wide variety of components present in a nanofluid, that is, base fluid, nanoparticles and additives as surfactants. For example, patents US20090298725, WO2003004944A2 and US20070158609 describe nanofluids where the base fluid can be a synthetic organic oil and the nanoparticles can be carbon nanoparticles, and where additives are used as surfactants for stabilization. In the review by Ghadimi et al. (International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 4051-4068) review the different nanofluid preparation techniques and stabilization methods.
    However, there is still a great need to develop a thermal oil with which improved thermal conductivities are obtained along with an adequate viscosity and stability in a range of temperatures similar to those covered by the expected operating conditions for thermal oils.
    DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    The present invention relates to a nanofluid comprising a thermal transfer fluid at high temperature and nanoparticles comprising carbon. The nanofluid of the invention has the following advantages:
    - The nanofluid of the invention can be used in a wide range of temperatures (from 15 ° C to 400 ° C);
    - The nanofluid of the invention has a good stability over time in the operating temperature range;
    - the viscosity of the nanofluid does not vary significantly compared to that of the base fluid;
    - The nanofluid of the invention has improved thermal conductivity properties;
    - the use of the nanofluid of the invention, not significant changes in the facilities where the base fluid is already used;
    - The materials necessary for the preparation of the nanofluid are abundant and easily accessible.
    In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a nanofluid comprising:
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    a) an organic synthetic oil that is a polyphenyl;
    b) nanoparticles comprising carbon; Y
    c) at least one sulfone.
    By polyphenyl is meant a compound comprising 2 or more phenyls. The polyphenyl is selected from diphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenyls and their oxides.
    A nanoparticle means a particle with a size below 500 nm. The nanoparticles of the invention comprise carbon. Specifically, the nanoparticles of the invention are carbon nanoparticles or are carbon coated nanoparticles.
    In the context of the invention, a sulfone is a compound of formula (I):
    image 1
    (I)
    where R and R 'are independently C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 heteroaryl, phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl or anthracil, where R and R' can be independently substituted in any of their positions by 1 or more substituents selected from C1-C4 alkyl, -O-C1-C4 alkyl and -OH.
    In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention the organic synthetic oil is selected from diphenyl, diphenyl oxide, o-terphenyl, m-terphenyl, p-terphenyl and any of their mixtures, preferably the organic synthetic oil is selected from diphenyl, diphenyl oxide and any of its mixtures and even more preferably organic synthetic oil consists of 50% to 99% by weight of diphenyl oxide; and diphenyl to complete 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of organic synthetic oil.
    In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the organic synthetic oil consists of 73% to 73.5% by weight of diphenyl and diphenyl oxide to complete 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of the organic synthetic oil. That is, the organic synthetic oil is the eutectic mixture of diphenyl and diphenyl oxide. This synthetic oil has a wide range of operating temperatures (between 15 ° C and 400 ° C) and a low viscosity for the entire operating range of the fluid.
    In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the nanofluid comprises:
    a) an organic synthetic oil consisting of 50% to 99% by weight of diphenyl and diphenyl oxide to complete 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of the organic synthetic oil;
    b) nanoparticles comprising carbon; Y
    c) at least one sulfone.
    In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the nanofluid comprises:
    a) an organic synthetic oil consisting of 73% to 73.5% by weight of diphenyl oxide; and diphenyl to complete 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of organic synthetic oil;
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    b) nanoparticles comprising carbon; Y
    c) at least one suifona.
    In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the nanoparticles are selected from carbon nanotubes, graphite nanoparticles, carbon nanofibers, amorphous carbon nanospheres, fulerenes, diamond nanoparticles, carbon coated nanoparticles and any of their mixtures.
    In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the nanoparticles are amorphous carbon nanospheres, preferably the nanoparticles are carbon black, carbon black is a material produced by the partial combustion of organic products derived from petroleum, and is formed by amorphous carbon nanospheres that can agglomerate forming clusters. The nanofluids of the invention comprising carbon black have provided excellent thermal conductivity and stability results. They also have the advantage that carbon black is abundant and easily obtainable.
    In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the nanofluid comprises:
    a) an organic synthetic oil consisting of 73% to 73.5% by weight of diphenyl oxide; and diphenyl to complete 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of organic synthetic oil;
    b) nanoparticles comprising carbon, where the nanoparticles are amorphous carbon nanospheres, preferably the nanoparticles are carbon black; Y
    c) at least one sulfone.
    In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the concentration of the nanoparticles comprising carbon in the nanofluid is from 0.1% to 10% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid, preferably, the concentration of nanoparticles in the nanofluid is from 1% to 8% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid, more preferably the concentration of nanoparticles in the nanofluid is 3% to 5% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid.
    In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the nanofluid comprises:
    a) an organic synthetic oil consisting of 73% to 73.5% by weight of diphenyl oxide; and diphenyl to complete 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of organic synthetic oil;
    b) nanoparticles comprising carbon, where the nanoparticles are amorphous carbon nanospheres, preferably the nanoparticles are carbon black; Y
    c) at least one sulfone;
    where the concentration of the nanoparticles is 0.1% to 10% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid, preferably, from 1% to 8% by volume, more than 3% to 5% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid .
    Preferably the sulfone is a compound of formula (I) where R and R 'are independently C5-C7 heteroaryl, phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl or anthracil, where R and R' can be independently substituted in any of their positions by 1 or more substituents selected from C1-C4 alkyl, -O-C1-C4 alkyl and -OH, more preferably R and R 'are independently phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl or anthracil, where R and R' can be independently substituted in any of its positions by 1 or more substituents selected from C1-C4 alkyl, -O-C1-C4 alkyl and -OH, and even more preferably R and R 'are phenyl, where R and R' can be independently substituted in any of its positions by 1 or more substituents selected from C1-C4 alkyl, -O-C1-C4 alkyl and -OH.
    In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the sulfone is diphenyl sulfone.
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    In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the nanofluid comprises:
    a) an organic synthetic oil consisting of 73% to 73.5% by weight of diphenyl oxide; and diphenyl to complete 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of organic synthetic oil;
    b) nanoparticles are amorphous carbon nanospheres, preferably the nanoparticles are carbon black; Y
    c) diphenyl sulfone.
    In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the nanofluid comprises:
    a) an organic synthetic oil consisting of 73% to 73.5% by weight of diphenyl oxide; and diphenyl to complete 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of organic synthetic oil;
    b) nanoparticles are amorphous carbon nanospheres, preferably the nanoparticles are carbon black; Y
    c) diphenyl sulfone;
    where the concentration of the nanoparticles is 0.1% to 10% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid, preferably, from 1% to 8% by volume, more than 3% to 5% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid .
    In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the nanoparticle: sulfone weight ratio is 2: 1 to 1: 2, preferably the nanoparticle: sulfone weight ratio is 1: 1.
    A second aspect of the present invention relates to the use of nanofluid as described above as thermal exchange fluid.
    A third aspect of the present invention relates to a process for obtaining the nanofluid as described above comprising the steps of:
    a) mix the organic synthetic oil and sulfone homogeneously with stirring; Y
    b) dispersing the nanoparticles in the mixture obtained in step (a) with agitation. This agitation is carried out for a period between 30 min and 2 hours, preferably for 1 hour.
    In an embodiment of the third aspect of the present invention, the agitation of step (b) is ultrasonic agitation. Ultrasound is a low destructive method for carbon nanoparticle structures and it is preferable that it be used for short and intermittent periods to avoid overheating in the suspension. Preferably the agitation with ultrasound is carried out for one minute.
    Throughout the description and the claims the word "comprises" and its variants are not intended to exclude other technical characteristics, additives, components or steps. For those skilled in the art, other objects, advantages and characteristics of the invention will be derived partly from the description and partly from the practice of the invention. The following examples and figures are provided by way of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention.
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    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
    FIG. 1. Variation of thermal conductivity with temperature. kn / kbf: nanofluid conductivity ratio: base fluid conductivity. T: temperature in ° C; 3%, 5%: nanofluids of the invention, with nanoparticle concentrations of 3% and 5% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid, respectively.
    FIG. 2. Variation of viscosity with temperature. pn / pbf: nanofluid viscosity ratio: base fluid viscosity; T: temperature in ° C; 3%, 5%: nanofluids of the invention, with nanoparticle concentrations of 3% and 5% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid, respectively.
    FIG. 3. Variation of specific heat with temperature. Cpn / Cpbf: specific heat ratio of the nanofluid: specific heat of the base fluid; T: temperature in ° C; 3%, 5%: nanofluids of the invention, with nanoparticle concentrations of 3% and 5% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid, respectively.
    FIG. 4. Comparison of the nanofluid stability of the invention. L: Transmitted light (%); D: dlas; 1: nanofluid of the invention; 2: nanofluid with nanoparticles and without sulfone or other additive; 3: nanofluid with nanoparticles and with SDS; 4: nanofluid with nanoparticles and with SDBS.
    EXAMPLES
    The invention will be illustrated below by tests carried out by the inventors, which shows the effectiveness of the product of the invention.
    Example 1. Procedure for obtaining a nanofluid of the invention
    Nanofluids were prepared with a carbon black concentration of 5% and 3% by volume relative to the total nanofluid volume (density at 20 ° C = 1.8 g / ml). First, diphenyl sulfone was dissolved in Therminol VP1 or DowTherm A (eutectic mixture of diphenyl and phenyl oxide) by magnetic stirring for 1 hour. The carbon black was then added and dispersed by the application of ultrasound (Sonoplus HD2200 ultrasonic probe, Bandelin) for 1 minute.
     Volume concentration  Eutectic mixture (ml) carbon black (g) mdiphenyl sulfone (g)
     3%  100 5.57 5.57
     5%  100 9.47 9.47
    Table 1. Composition of two nanofluids of the invention.
    Example 2. Thermal conductivity of the nanofluids of Example 1.
    The thermal conductivity was measured by transient hot wire, using a commercial device (KD2 Pro, Decagon Devices Inc.). Said device consists of a sensor / thermocouple that is introduced into the sample and generates a heat pulse while recording the evolution of the temperature of the sample over time. The following results were obtained:
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     Temperature  kn / kbf nanofluid 3% v / v kn / kbf nanofluid 5% v / v
     40 ° C  - 1,159
     60 ° C  1,092 1,124
     80 ° C  1,089 1,166
     100 ° C  1,100 1,147
     140 ° C  1,071 1,179
    Table 2. Thermal conductivity at different temperatures of the nanofluids of Example 1. kn / kbf: nanofluid conductivity ratio: base fluid conductivity.
    It can be seen that the increase is constant with the temperature and that it depends on the amount of nanoparticles. These results are represented in Figure 1.
    Example 3. Viscosity of the nanofluids of Example 1.
    The viscosity of the samples is measured by using a reometer with a concentric cylinder configuration. The complete rheogram was obtained by sweeping velocity gradients from 1 to 100s "1. The viscosity value taken as representative of the sample is that achieved at high shears and velocity gradients. The following results were obtained:
     Temperature  pn / pbf nanofluid 3% v / v pn / pbf nanofluid 5% v / v
     25 ° C  6,086 8,189
     40 ° C  7,423 9,128
     60 ° C  9,120 10,358
     80 ° C  9,379 9,158
    Table 3. Viscosity at different temperatures of the nanofluids of Example 1. pn / pbf: nanofluid viscosity ratio: base fluid viscosity.
    These results are represented in Figure 2. It is observed that the viscosity increases and is proportional to the amount of nanoparticles up to 60 ° C. From this temperature the viscosity of the nanofluid does not depend on the amount of nanoparticles and decreases with the temperature.
    Example 4. Specific heat of the nanofluids of Example 1.
    The specific heat was measured by differential scanning calorimeter, following DIN51007. The samples are subjected to a temperature cycle consisting of an isothermal section for 5 minutes at 60 ° C, a heating ramp from 60 ° C to 150 ° C at 20 ° C / min, an isothermal section for 5 minutes at 150 ° C and a cooling ramp from 150 ° C to 60 ° C at 20 ° C / min. The following results were obtained:
     Temperature  Cpn / Cpbf nanofluid 3% v / v Cpn / Cpbf nanofluid 5% v / v
     60 ° C  1,023 0.905
     75 ° C  1,024 0.903
     90 ° C  1,031 0.893
     105 ° C  1,023 0.878
     120 ° C  1,016 0.865
     135 ° C  1,015 0.857
     150 ° C  1,026 0.859
    Table 4. Specific heat at different temperatures of the nanofluids of Example 1. Cpn / Cpbf: specific heat ratio of the nanofluid: specific heat of the base fluid.
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    These results are represented in Figure 3. A lower specific heat is observed in the nanofluid with 5% v / v carbon black than in the 3% v / v.
    Example 5. Stability of the 5% nanofluid of Example 1.
    The nanofluid was subjected to thermal cycles of 200 ° C-400 ° C. The thermal cycles were carried out in a system consisting of a hermetically sealed aluminum cuvette that is heated by a heating ring. Due to the low vapor pressure of some of the thermal oils used, it is necessary to pressurize the system to 15 bar to avoid boiling it. The system has a pressure transducer to regulate the pressurization pressure and two K-type thermocouples, one on the wall and one in the center of the cuvette to measure the temperature of the fluid. The entire system is regulated by a PID system (Proportional Integrated Derivative) to control the electrical power supplied to the heating ring from the measurement of the wall and fluid temperature.
    The nanofluids were subjected to ten thermal cycles between 200 ° C-400 ° C, with a heating ramp of 20 ° C / min and cooling ramp of 10 ° C / min. Subsequently, the stability over time was measured.
    The stability of the nanofluid of the invention was compared with a volume concentration of 5% carbon black with other nanofluids using the same base fluid, the same concentration and the same type of nanoparticles, but a different additive.
    The stability of the nanofluid is checked from the intensity of the laser radiation transmitted by the nanofluid in a glass cuvette with the nanofluid. The radiation comes from a laser diode that emits at 610 nm. The radiation has a 3 mm diameter beam shape. The laser radiation is measured by a photodiode with focusing lens and filter. The laser beam passes through the upper part of the nanofluid so that if the nanofluid is stable it must be constant over time. If the nanofluid is not stable, agglomeration of nanoparticles and sedimentation occurs. If sedimentation exists, the intensity transmitted in the upper part of the nanofluid increases with time since the formed nanoparticle clusters settle and concentrate in the lower part of the cuvette.
    Figure 4 shows the transmitted light of 4 fluids, in all of them the base fluid is the eutectic mixture of diphenyl and phenyl oxide, and they all contain 5% carbon black.
     Additive
     one  diphenyl sulfone
     2  SDBS - sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate
     3  SDS - Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
     4  without sulfone or other additive
    Table 5. Nanofluids whose transmitted light is represented in Figure 4.
    It can be seen that in the nanofluid of the invention there is no variation in the transmitted light for at least 5 days, and therefore, it is more stable than fluids 2 and 3 comprising sulphonate or sulfate instead of sulfone, and more than The nanofluid without additives.
    权利要求:
    Claims (15)
    [1]
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    1. - Nanofluid comprising:
    a) an organic synthetic oil that is a polyphenyl;
    b) nanoparticles comprising carbon; Y
    c) at least one sulfone.
    [2]
    2. - The nanofluid according to the previous claim, wherein the organic synthetic oil is selected from diphenyl, diphenyl oxide, o-terphenyl, m-terphenyl, p-terphenyl and any of their mixtures.
    [3]
    3. - The nanofluid according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the organic synthetic oil is selected from diphenyl, diphenyl oxide and any of its mixtures.
    [4]
    4. - The nanofluid according to the previous claim, wherein the organic synthetic oil consists of:
    - 50% to 99% by weight of diphenyl oxide; Y
    - diphenyl until 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of the organic synthetic oil is completed.
    [5]
    5. - The nanofluid according to the previous claim, wherein the organic synthetic oil consists of:
    - 73% to 73.5% by weight of diphenyl oxide; Y
    - diphenyl until 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of the organic synthetic oil is completed.
    [6]
    6. - The nanofluid according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the nanoparticles are selected from carbon nanotubes, graphite nanoparticles, carbon nanofibers, amorphous carbon nanospheres, fulerenes, diamond nanoparticles, carbon coated nanoparticles and any of their mixtures .
    [7]
    7. - The nanofluid according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the nanoparticles are amorphous carbon nanospheres.
    [8]
    8. The nanofluid according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the nanoparticles is from 0.1% to 10% by volume with respect to the total weight of the nanofluid.
    [9]
    9. The nanofluid according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one sulfone is a compound of formula (I):
    image 1
    (I)
    where R and R 'are independently C5-C7 heteroaryl, phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl or anthracil, where R and R' can be independently substituted in any of their positions by 1 or more substituents selected from C1-C4 alkyl, -O-C1- C4 alkyl and -OH,
    [10]
    10. The nanofluid according to the preceding claim, wherein the at least one sulfone is a compound of formula (I) where R and R 'are independently phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl or anthracil, where R and R' may be independently substituted in any of their positions by 1 or more substituents selected from C1-C4 alkyl, -O-C1-C4 alkyl and -OH.
    [11]
    11. The nanofluid according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the sulfone is diphenyl sulfone.
    [12]
    12. The nanofluid according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the weight ratio nanoparticles: sulfone is from 2: 1 to 1: 2.
    5 13.- The nanofluid according to the previous revindication, where the proportion in weight
    nanoparticles: sulfone is 1: 1.
    [14]
    14. - Use of the nanofluid according to any of the preceding claims as a heat exchange fluid.
    10
    [15]
    15. - Method of obtaining the nanofluid according to claims 1 to 13 comprising the steps of:
    a) mix the organic synthetic oil and sulfone homogeneously with stirring; Y
    b) dispersing the nanoparticles in the mixture obtained in step (a) with agitation.
    fifteen
    [16]
    16. - The procedure according to the previous revindication, where the agitation of stage (b) is ultrasonic agitation.
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    同族专利:
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    ES2554651B1|2016-10-05|
    WO2015177392A1|2015-11-26|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    US7871533B1|2006-01-12|2011-01-18|South Dakota School Of Mines And Technology|Carbon nanoparticle-containing nanofluid|
    US20070158609A1|2006-01-12|2007-07-12|Haiping Hong|Carbon nanoparticle-containing lubricant and grease|CN110079278B|2019-04-30|2020-12-08|国电南瑞科技股份有限公司|High-thermal-conductivity composite hydrated salt phase-change heat storage material and preparation method thereof|
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