Vsv-hiv viral particles lacking reverse transcriptase functionality and therapeutic applications the

专利摘要:
The present invention relates to the development of non-replicative virions comprising a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome and vehiculized by the G protein of a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV).Said virions areuseful in medicine, specifically for use in generating vaccines and more specifically for treating AIDS. The present invention further relates to a method for obtaining a customized vaccine.
公开号:ES2549209A2
申请号:ES201590017
申请日:2013-09-04
公开日:2015-10-26
发明作者:Sonsoles SÁNCHEZ-PALOMINO；Carmen ÁLVAREZ FERNÁNDEZ
申请人:IrsiCaixa Institut de Recerca de la Sida；Laboratorios del Dr Esteve SA；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

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Figure 10. Comparison of the results obtained using the co-culture model with CD-DM and the ex vivo model established with PBMC. CD-DM, dendritic cells derived from monocytes; PBMC, peripheral mononuclear cells.
Figure 11. Visualization by electron microscopy of purified NL4-3 virions obtained by transfection of 293T cells in the absence (A) or in the presence (B) of Amprenavir (protease inhibitor).
Figure 12. A. Schematic representation of the HIV genome pNL4-3 / ΔRT / Δ1136env.
Figure 13. Visualization by transmission electron microscopy of the 293T cells producing virions NL4-3 (A) and NL4-3 ΔRT (B). The purified virions of said cells are also shown. Also shown are 293T cells producing ΔRT / Δ1136en / VSV virions as well as pseudovirions of 293T cells transfected with pΔRT / Δ113env
+ pVSV-G (C).
Figure 14. Infection of THP-1 cells with NL4-3, NL4-3 / ΔRT and NL4-3 / ΔRT-VSV virions. The lysosomes of the THP-1 cells were labeled with a smooth-follower marker. The virions were labeled with Gag-GFP. The cores were marked with DAPI. Cell entry was independent of lysosomes in NL4-3 and NL4-3 / ΔRT virions while in the case of NL4-3 / ΔRT-VSV it is dependent on the lysosomal pathway shown by gag-GFP colocalization and dye lysosomal
Figure 15. Protein profile of virions NL4-3, NL4-3 / ΔRT and NL4-3 / ΔRT / Δ1136env. Ultracentrifugation purified virions were used to extract proteins and separate them in a 4-12% gradient Tris-Glycine gel. An anti-p24 monoclonal antibody was used to study the Gag processing profile in NL4-3 / ΔRT, NL4-3 / ΔRT-VSV and NL4-3 virions. There is weaker Gag processing in NL4-3 / ΔRT and NL4-3 / ΔRT-VSV virions represented by an increase in the p55gag and MA-CA p41 forms to the detriment of p24 AC. It also shows an increase in intermediate forms in NL4-3 / ΔRT virions.
Figure 16. A. Frequency of positive responses of IFN-γ-ELISPOT and magnitude obtained against the indicated immunogens. The white bars show the percentage of positive responses (%) while each symbol represents the average of CFM (stain-forming cells / 106 cells) ± SEM counted per well after subtraction of the baseline. B. Twenty-one cryopreserved PBMC of HIV-positive individuals were tested by ELISPOT for
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detect IFN-γ production. PBMCs were pulsed with 200 ng / ml of equivalents of p24 in all cases. The magnitude of the response was significantly lower against inactivated virions WT (WT + AT-2) than against WT + APV + AT-2 (* p <0.05). The average values of duplicate wells normalized to CFM / 106 PBMC are shown for the conditions of
5 stimulation indicated. The graphs represent mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). The positivity threshold for each construct or antigen was defined as at least 50 CFM / 106 PBMC and at least twice that of the control medium.
Figure 17. Evaluation of the cellular response of CD-DM cells against different
10 immunogens: NL4-3, WT + AT-2, NL4-3 ΔRT / VSV, NL4-3 ΔRT and recombinant p24, and different concentrations (0.5, 1 and 5 µg / ml of p24). The test was performed with 9 responding patients and against the same batch of immunogens. The proliferation index is quantified in CD8 +.
Detailed description of the invention
The present invention relates to non-replicative virions comprising a genome of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) lacking a functional reverse transcriptase protein and directed by the glycoprotein G of the envelope of a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in order to obtain autologous and heterologous vaccines, both preventive and
20 therapeutic, against HIV / AIDS.
By vectorizing these immunogens with VSV, the risk of HIV viral reversal decreases and their immune response increases, thus providing a more appropriate solution for clinical application. The viral particles of the invention are capable of inducing an immune response.
25 greater than the immune response generated by other particles not vectorized by VSV glycoprotein G. See figure 16.
The immunogens of the invention have additional advantages, since they are safer than other known HIV immunogens due to the fact that the virions of the invention are unable to replicate.
a) Definitions of terms and general expressions
The term "activated immune cell", as used herein, refers to an immune cell that, after being treated with immunogenic factors, is capable of generating a
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immune response against said immunogens. Such immune cells can be, among others, lymphocytes or dendritic cells (CD).
The term "adjuvant," as used herein, refers to an immunological agent that modifies the effect of an immunogen, while it has few, if any, direct effects when administered by itself. It is often included in vaccines to increase the immune response of the receptor to the antigen supplied, while keeping the exogenous material injected to a minimum. Adjuvants are added to vaccines to stimulate the immune system's response to the target antigen, but do not confer immunity on their own. Non-limiting examples of useful adjuvants include mineral salts, polynucleotides, polyarginines, ISCOM, saponins, monophosphoryl lipid A, imiquimod, CCR5 inhibitors, toxins, polyphosphazenes, cytokines, immunoregulatory proteins, immunostimulatory fusion proteins, costimulatory molecules and combinations thereof. Mineral salts include, but are not limited to, AlK (SO4) 2, AlNa (SO4) 2, AlNH4 (SO4), silica, alum, Al (OH) 3, Ca3 (PO4) 2, kaolin or carbon. Useful immunostimulatory polynucleotides include, but are not limited to, CpG oligonucleotides with or without immunostimulatory complexes (ISCOM), CpG oligonucleotides with or without polyarginine, poly IC or poly AU acids. Toxins include cholera toxin. Saponins include, but are not limited to, QS21, QS17 or QS7. An example of a useful immunostimulatory fusion protein is the IL-2 fusion protein with the immunoglobulin Fc fragment. Useful immunoregulatory molecules include, but are not limited to, CD40L and CD1a ligand. Cytokines useful as adjuvants include, but are not limited to, IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, GMCSF, IL-12, IL-15, IGF-1, IFN-α, IFN-β and interferon gamma. In addition, examples of adjuvants are muramyl dipeptides, such as N-acetyl-muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine (thr-DMP), N-acetylnormuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (CGP 11687, also called nor-MDP ), Nacethylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-alanine-2- (1'2'-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycer-3-hydroxyphosphoryloxy) ethylamine (CGP 19835A, also called MTP-PE), RIBI (MPL + TDM + CWS) in a 2% squalene / TWEEN® 80 emulsion, lipopolysaccharides and their various derivatives, including lipid A, Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), Freund's incomplete adjuvant, Merck's 65 adjuvant, polynucleotides (e.g., poly IC and poly AU acids), Mycobacterium tuberculosis wax D, substances found in Corynebacterium parvum, Bordetella pertussis, and members of the genus Brucella, Titermax, Quil A, ALUN, lipid A derivatives, cholera toxin derivatives, derivatives of HSP, LPS derivatives, MPL derivatives, synthetic peptide matrices or GMDP, Montanide ISA-51 and QS-21, oligonucl Eotid CpG, poly I: C and GMCSF. See, Osol A., Ed., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Publishing Co.,
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capable of complementing the temperature-sensitive mutant G of VSV tsO45 at a non-permissive temperature and having a minimal identity in the amino acid sequence with the sequence of the VSV glycoprotein G. See, Lefkowitz E, et al., Virology 1990; 178 (2): 373
383. Functionally equivalent variants of VSV glycoprotein G include polypeptides that show at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 72%, 74%, 76%, 78%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97 %, 99% similarity or identity with the different natural variants of the glycoprotein G mentioned above. Variants of VSV glycoprotein G can be both natural and artificial. The term "natural variant" refers to all those variants of the VSV glycoprotein G defined above that occur naturally in other strains. The term "artificial variant" refers to a recombinant polypeptide
or synthetic The term "gp160 protein" refers to the product of the env gene and is a precursor to the envelope proteins gp120 and gp41.
The term "HIV genome" or "HIV viral genome", as used herein, refers to an RNA sequence of approximately 9749 nucleotides in length enclosed by the HIV capsid and encoding the gag, pol genes , env, tat, rev, vif, nef, vpr, vpu, vpx and, optionally, tev. The sequence of the HIV genome underlies high variability, for this reason, the HIV genome referred to in the invention is not limited to any specific sequence. Preferred sequences are those of the types and subtypes of HIV recited herein.
The term "HIV-1 infected subject", as used herein, refers to a human subject infected with HIV-1. Subjects infected with HIV-1 are identified by clinical conditions associated with HIV infection and CD4 + T cell counts. From a practical point of view, the doctor sees HIV-1 infection as a spectrum of disorders ranging from primary infection with or without acute HIV syndrome to the state of symptomatic infection of advanced disease. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, has established an authorized definition for the diagnosis of AIDS, which informs the person skilled in the art of whether the onset of AIDS has occurred: in a subject infected by HIV, the CD4 + T cell count should be below 200 cells per cubic mm of blood, or there should be clinical onset of an initial opportunistic infection that defines AIDS, such as PCP (i.e. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia), oral candidiasis , pulmonary tuberculosis or invasive cervical carcinoma. The methods of determining a subject's CD4 + T cell count are known in the art.
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The term "lacks a functional gp160 protein", as used herein, refers to the fact that the gp160 protein or its gp120 or gp41 products are unable to bind to the surface of the target cell. In particular, a virion may lack a functional gp160 protein when: (i) the gp120 protein is unable to bind to the CD4 receptor of a target cell; (ii) the gp120 protein is capable of binding to the CD4 receptor of a target cell but unable to bind to the CCR5 or CXCR4 co-receptors; (iii) the gp120 protein is unable to bind to the three CD4 receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4; (iv) the gp41 protein is unable to aid in the fusion of the viral particle with the target cell, or (v) a combination of any of the above (i) to (iv). The term "lacks a functional gp160 protein" also refers to virions that have a gp160 protein that is not processed in their gp120 and gp41 products and, therefore, is unable to produce gp120 or gp41 functional proteins.
The term "marker gene" or "reporter gene", as used herein, refers to the gene that encodes a product that gives rise to a signal that can be easily measured or detected. Marker genes include, but are not limited to, the GFP (green fluorescent protein) gene, the LacZ gene encoding the β-galactosidase protein, the renilla luciferase gene or firefly encoding the luciferase protein.
The term "mutation," as used herein, refers to a change in a nucleic acid sequence. Said mutation includes, but is not limited to, substitution (that is, exchange of one or more nucleotides for others), inversion (that is, a segment of DNA inside a gene is reversed, for this two 180 ° rotations are necessary. , one to reverse the sequence and the other to maintain the polarity of the DNA), translocation (that is, a segment of a gene changes position to be somewhere other than the same gene or another place in the genome), and insertions or nucleotide deletions (i.e. the addition of one or more nucleotides (insertions or additions) or the loss of one or more nucleotides (deletions) that result in changes in the reading frame, resulting in a reading error during translation that it leads from the formation of non-functional proteins to the absence of said protein).
The term "nef", as used herein, refers to the gene that encodes the Nef protein that negatively controls CD4 and HLA molecules of the infected cell and plays a role in the pathogenicity of the virus.
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The term "non-functional RT protein", as used herein, refers to the fact that the RT protein has no reverse transcriptase function (ie, is not able to synthesize double stranded DNA using single stranded RNA as template). Different methods of the prior art can be used to analyze the function of said protein; Such methods will depend on the function of the protein. Thus, for example, to determine if the RT protein is functional, various assays can be performed, among others, reverse transcription reactions of an RNA sequence, or analyze the absence of replication of a virus as a result of having a non-functional RT protein by determining Colorimetrically or fluorimetrically the presence of a viral genome marker gene in cells infected with a virion comprising the sequence encoding the RT protein to be analyzed.
The term "partial deletion", as used herein, refers to the loss of at least 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 99% of the nucleotides that form a nucleotide sequence of a gene.
The term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier", as used herein, refers to a vehicle or excipient that is involved in carrying or transporting a product of interest from a tissue, organ or body part to another tissue, organ or part. of the body, and that is useful in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe and non-toxic.
The term "pol", as used herein, refers to the gene that encodes the viral enzymes necessary for the viral replication process: protease (PRO), reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (INT).
The term "polynucleotide," as used herein, refers to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length and formed by ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides. The term includes both mono and double stranded polynucleotides, as well as modified polynucleotides (methylated, protected and the like). The terms "prevent" and "prevention", as used herein, refer to inhibiting the origin or decreasing the onset of a disease in a subject. Prevention can be complete (for example, the total absence of pathological cells in a subject). Prevention can also be partial, so that, for example, the appearance of pathological cells in a subject is less than what would have occurred without the present invention. Prevention also refers to reduced susceptibility to a clinical state.
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The term "protease," as used herein, refers to the retroviral aspartyl protease encoded by the pol gene that cuts newly synthesized polyproteins at the appropriate sites to create the mature protein components of an infectious HIV virion. Without the effective protease, HIV virions remain non-infectious. Therefore, the mutation of the active site of the HIV protease or the inhibition of its activity impairs the ability of HIV to replicate and infect additional cells.
The term "pseudotyped", as used herein, refers to providing the viral envelope having proteins encoded by the genome, partially or as a whole, from one species of virus to another species.
The term "pseudovirions," as used herein, refers to virions that have a viral envelope with proteins encoded by the genome, either partially or as a whole, from one species of virus to another species.
The term "recombinant HIV virion", as used herein, refers to a virion obtained by recombinant techniques and having the HIV genome of the invention within the capsid and the VSV G glycoprotein in the envelope.
The term "rev", as used herein, refers to the gene encoding the Rev protein responsible for processing messenger RNA and transporting it to the cytoplasm.
The term "reverse transcriptase" or "RT", as used herein, refers to RNA-dependent DNA polymerase that transcribes the single-stranded RNA genome of a virus to single-stranded DNA, which is then integrated into the genome of the host and replicates next to it. The term "reverse transcriptase," as used herein, is encoded by the pol gene of a virus, particularly the HIV-1 virus. The term HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is also used to refer to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase from other strains or virus isolates. The nucleic acid and amino acid sequence of a large number of HIV-1 reverse transcriptases are readily available to the public. See, the HIV sequence database, http://www.hiv.lanl.gov/content/sequence/HIV/mainpage.html, August, 2012; Los Alamos HIV database and compendium, http://www.hiv.lanl.gov/, August, 2012.
The term "tat", as used herein, refers to the gene encoding the Tat protein, a transactivator and elongator of viral messenger RNA.
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in a host cell, it contains regions operatively linked to the genome of the invention and which are capable of enhancing the expression of genome products according to the invention. The vectors of the invention can be obtained by methods widely known in the art. See, Brown T, "Gene Cloning" (Chapman & Hall, London, GB, 1995); Watson R, et al., "Recombinant DNA", 2nd Ed. (Scientific American Books, New York, NY, USA, 1992); Alberts B, et al., "Molecular Biology of the Cell" (Garland Publishing Inc., New York, NY, USA, 2008); Innis M, et al., Eds., "PCR Protocols. A Guide to Methods and Applications ”(Academic Press Inc., San Diego, CA, USA, 1990); Erlich H, Ed., "PCR Technology. Principles and Applications for DNA Amplification ”(Stockton Press, New York, NY, USA, 1989); Sambrook J, et al., "Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual ”(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA, 1989); Bishop T, et al., "Nucleic Acid and Protein Sequence. A Practical Approach ”(IRL Press, Oxford, GB, 1987); Reznikoff W, Ed., "Maximizing Gene Expression" (Butterworths Publishers, Stoneham, MA, USA, 1987); Davis L, et al., "Basic Methods in Molecular Biology" (Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York, NY, USA, 1986), Schleef M, Ed., "Plasmid for Therapy and Vaccination" (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, DE, 2001).
The term "vif", as used herein, refers to the gene encoding the Vif protein associated with the infectivity of extracellular virions.
The term "virion", as used herein, refers to an infectious viral particle deficient in replication comprising the HIV viral genome packaged in a capsid and, optionally, in a lipid envelope surrounding the capsid, where The viral particle envelope comprises a glycoprotein G of a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). As used herein, "non-replicative virion" refers to a virion that lacks the ability to multiply its genetic material and therefore new copies of said virion cannot be formed. To determine if a virion is non-replicative, the same assays can be used as to determine if an RT protein is functional. Specific tests are disclosed in sections 2.1 and 2.2 of the general procedures of this description.
The term "vpr", as used herein, refers to the gene encoding the Vpr protein that acts as an accelerator for the replication cycle at different levels.
The term "vpu", as used herein, refers to the gene encoding the Vpu protein involved in the release of virions.
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env, nef and vpr; env, tat and rev; env, tat and vif; env, tat and vpu; env, tat and vpr; env, rev and vif, env, rev and vpu; env, rev and vpr; env, vif and vpu; env, vif and vpr; env, vpu and vpr; gag, nef and tat; gag, nef and rev; gag, nef and vif; gag, nef and vpu; gag, nef and vpr; gag, tat and rev; gag, tat and vif; gag, tat and vpu; gag, tat and vpr; gag, rev and vif; gag, rev and vpu; gag, rev and vpr; gag, vif and vpu; gag, vif and vpr; gag, vpu and vpr; nef, tat and rev; nef, tat and vif; nef, tat and vpu; nef, tat and vpr; nef, rev and vif; nef, rev and vpu; nef, rev and vpr; nef, vif and vpu, nef, vif and vpr; nef, vpu and vpr; tat, rev and vif; tat, rev and vpu; tat, rev and vpr; tat, vif and vpu; tat, vif and vpr; tat, vpu and vpr; rev, vif and vpu; rev, vif and vpr; rev, vpu and vpr; vif, vpu and vpr.
In another preferred embodiment, the virion HIV genome contains the following groups of genes in functional form: env, gag, nef and tat; env, gag, nef and rev; env, gag, nef and vif; env, gag, nef and vpu; env, gag, nef and vpr; env, gag, tat and rev; env, gag, tat and vif, env, gag, tat and vpu, env, gag, tat and vpr; env, gag, rev and vif; env, gag, rev and vpu; env, gag, tat and vpr; env, gag, vif and vpu; env, gag, vif and vpr; env, gag, vpu and vpr; env, nef, tat and rev; env, nef, tat and vif; env, nef, tat and vpu; env, nef, tat and vpr; env, nef, rev and vif; env, nef, rev and vpu; env, nef, rev and vpr; env, nef, vif and vpu; env, nef, vif and vpr; env, nef, vpu and vpr; env, tat, rev and vif; env, tat, rev and vpu; env, tat, rev and vpr; env, tat, vif and vpu; env, tat, vif and vpr; env, tat, vpu and vpr; env, rev, vif and vpu; env, rev, vif and vpr; env, rev, vpu and vpr; env, vif, vpu and vpr; gag, nef, tat and rev; gag, nef, tat and vif; gag, nef, tat and vpu; gag, nef, tat and vpr; gag, nef, rev and vif; gag, nef, rev and vpu; gag, nef, rev and vpr; gag, nef, vif and vpu; gag, nef, vif and vpr; gag, nef, vpu and vpr; gag, tat, rev and vif; gag, tat, rev and vpu; gag, tat, rev and vpr; gag, tat, vif and vpu; gag, tat, vif and vpr; gag, tat, vpu and vpr; gag, rev, vif and vpu; gag, rev, vif and vpr; gag, rev, vpu and vpr; gag, vif, vpu and vpr; nef, tat, rev and vif; nef, tat, rev and vpu; nef, tat, rev and vpr; nef, tat, vif and vpu; nef, tat, vif and vpr; nef, tat, vpu and vpr; nef, tat, vif and vpu; nef, tat, vif and vpr; nef, tat, vpu and vpr; nef, rev, vif and vpu; nef, rev, vif and vpr; nef, rev, vpu and vpr; nef, vif, vpu and vpr; tat, rev, vif and vpu; tat, rev, vif and vpr; tat, rev, vpu and vpr; tat, vif, vpu and vpr; rev, vif, vpu and vpr.
In a preferred embodiment, the non-replicative virion according to the invention comprises an HIV genome having the following elements in the 5 ’to 3’ direction:
a) The 5 ’LTR (long terminal repetitions) or terminal redundant sequences that
they contain several consensus sequences for transcription factors that regulate the
viral expression;
b) gag, the gene that encodes the p55 protein of the capsid formed by 3 subunits
protein (MA, CA and NC);
c) the mutated pol gene, which encodes the viral enzymes necessary for the process of
viral replication: protease (PRO), reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (INT) that
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In a preferred embodiment, the virion HIV genome further comprises a mutation in the env gene, wherein said mutation causes the virus produced from said genome to lack a functional gp160 protein.
In a particular embodiment, the HIV genome of the virion comprising a mutation in the env gene, wherein said mutation causes the virus produced from said genome to lack a functional gp160 protein, contains functional genes gag, nef, tat, rev, vif, vpu or vpr.
In a particular embodiment, the mutation in the env gene comprises the complete or partial deletion of said gene. In a particular embodiment, the gp160 Env protein sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3.
In a particular embodiment, the complete or partial deletion in the env gene corresponds to the deletion in the env gene in the construction pNL4-3 ΔRT / Δ1136env deposited with access number DSM25923.
In another particular embodiment, the virion HIV genome further comprises a mutation in at least one gene selected from the group consisting of the gag, nef, tat, rev, vif, vpu and vpr genes or in the sequence encoding the Protease protein in the pol gene, wherein said mutation comprises the complete or partial deletion of said gene. In a particular embodiment, the virion HIV genome comprises a mutation in a gene selected from the group consisting of the genes gag, nef, tat, rev, vif, vpu and vpr or in the sequence encoding the protease protein in the pol gene, wherein said mutation comprises the complete or partial deletion of said gene. In a particular embodiment, the virion HIV genome comprises a mutation in only one gene selected from the group consisting of the gag, nef, tat, rev, vif, vpu and vpr genes or in the sequence encoding the protease protein in the pol gene, wherein said mutation comprises the complete or partial deletion of said gene. In a particular embodiment, the virion's HIV genome further comprises a mutation in the gag gene. In a particular embodiment, the virion's HIV genome further comprises a mutation in the nef gene. In a particular embodiment, the virion HIV genome further comprises a mutation in the tat gene. In a particular embodiment, the virion HIV genome further comprises a mutation in the rev gene. In a particular embodiment, the virion HIV genome further comprises a mutation in the vif gene. In a particular embodiment, the virion HIV genome further comprises a mutation in the vpu gene. In a particular embodiment, the
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The HIV genome of the virion further comprises a mutation in the vpr gene. In a particular embodiment, the virion HIV genome further comprises a mutation in the sequence encoding the protease protein in the pol gene. In a preferred embodiment, the mutation is a gene selected from the group consisting of the gag and nef genes. In another preferred embodiment, the mutation is in the sequence encoding the protease protein in the pol gene. In another preferred embodiment, the mutation is in at least two genes, preferably in the gag gene and in the sequence encoding the protease protein in the pol gene. In another particular embodiment, the sequence of the p55 Gag protein is SEQ ID NO: 4. In another embodiment, the sequence of the Nef protein is SEQ ID NO: 5. In another particular embodiment, the sequence of Rev protein is SEQ ID NO: 7. In another particular embodiment, the Vif protein sequence is SEQ ID NO: 8. In another particular embodiment, the Vpu protein sequence is SEQ ID NO: 9. In another particular embodiment, the Vpr protein sequence is SEQ ID NO: 10.
In another particular embodiment, the virion HIV genome further comprises a marker gene, wherein said marker gene is located at the site occupied by the deleted region by mutation in at least one gene selected from the group consisting of genes. gag, nef, tat, rev, vif, vpu and vpr or in the sequence encoding the protease protein in the pol gene.
In another particular embodiment, the virion's HIV genome further comprises a sequence homologous to that of the region deleted by mutation in at least one gene selected from the group consisting of the gag, nef, tat, rev, vif, genes. vpu and vpr or in the sequence encoding the protease protein in the pol gene, which originates from a second HIV genome, where the genome of said second HIV is different from the HIV genome that contains the deleted region.
In a preferred embodiment, the homologous sequence is different from the sequence of the deleted region, preferably it has 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 94%, 93%, 92%, 91%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50% identity or less with the deleted sequence.
The percent identity between two sequences indicates the proportion of identical amino acids shared by the two sequences that are compared. The percent identity between two amino acid sequences is calculated by comparing two aligned sequences in a particular region, determining the number of positions where there are identical amino acids in both sequences to obtain the total number of positions in the segment that is compared.
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and multiplying the result by 100. The degree of identity between two polypeptides is determined using algorithms implemented in a computer and methods that are widely known in the art. The identity between two amino acid sequences is preferably determined using the BLASTP algorithm. See, Altschul S, et al., "BLAST Manual" (NCBI NLM NIH,
5 Bethesda, MD, USA, 1996) and Altschul S, et al., J. Mol. Biol. 1990; 215: 403-410. In another preferred embodiment, said second HIV originates from an HIV-infected subject. In a particular embodiment, the HIV-infected subject is a subject for which a personalized HIV vaccine is to be obtained.
10 Homologous sequences from the HIV genome of a subject can be obtained by various methods known in the state of the art, among others, from blood cells of the HIV-infected patient by means of the QIAmp blood DNA kit (Qiagen NV, Venlo, NL) and, from the plasma of an HIV-infected patient, viral RNA can be obtained using the QIAmp kit (Qiagen NV, Venlo, NL). Said extracted HIV RNA is
15 used as a template to obtain the cDNA, using methods known in the art.
In another aspect, the invention relates to an HIV viral genome that contains a first mutation in it in the pol gene, wherein said first mutation causes the virus produced only from said viral genome to be a non-replicative virus; where said genome contains
20 also a second mutation in at least one gene selected from the group consisting of the gag, nef, tat, rev, vif, vpu and vpr genes or in the sequence encoding the protease protein in the pol gene, wherein said second mutation it comprises the complete or partial deletion of said gene.
All the disclosed embodiments for the non-replicative virion of the invention are also applicable to the HIV viral genome of the invention.
In a further aspect, the invention relates to a vector comprising an HIV viral genome of the invention.
C) Activated cells of the invention
The non-replicative virions of the invention can be used to activate immune cells. Therefore, in another aspect, the invention relates to a method of obtaining an immune cell.
35 activated comprising the steps:
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a) contacting an immune cell with a non-replicative virion of the invention,
b) maintaining the mixture obtained in step a) under conditions suitable for the infection of said immune cells by the virion and for the antigens from the non-replicative virion to be processed, and
5 c) optionally recover the activated immune cells.
Suitable conditions for the infection of immune cells with the virion of the invention and the processing of antigens are known in the art. By way of illustration, it can be carried out for example by keeping 5x106 dendritic cells in contact
10 immature monocyte derivatives (CD-DM) with 1x109 virions for 3 hours at 37 ° C.
The recovery of activated immune cells of the invention can be carried out by various methods known in the art. For example, the recovery of said cells can be accomplished by detachment of the cells adhered in the plate
15 culture using trypsin-EDTA (0.25% and 0.02%, respectively) and subsequent centrifugation at 650 g for 4 minutes at room temperature.
In one embodiment, the immune cell is selected from a lymphocyte, a peripheral blood mononuclear cell and a dendritic cell derived from monocytes.
In another aspect, the invention relates to the cell obtainable according to the method of the invention for activating immune cells.
d) Immune and vaccine compositions of the invention
In another aspect, the invention relates to an in vitro method for obtaining a personalized HIV vaccine for an HIV-infected subject, wherein said vaccine comprises activated immune cells, comprising:
30 a) contacting immune cells originating from said HIV-infected subject in vitro with a non-replicative virion as in claims 12 to 15 as presented wherein the genome of said second HIV originates from an HIV of said subject HIV infected;
b) maintaining the mixture obtained in step a) under conditions suitable for infecting said immune cells with the virion and for processing antigens originating from the non-replicative virion; Y
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d) compare the activation of said activated immune cells according to steps a) and b) with the activation of control immune cells, e) select the virions that cause an activation of the activated immune cells according to steps a) and b) greater than the activation of the control immune cells, 5 f) infecting immune cells of said HIV-infected subject with the non-replicative virions selected in step e), and g) recovering the activated immune cells according to step f).
The different steps included in the in vitro method to obtain an HIV vaccine
10 customized for an HIV infected subject are known in the art. The method first comprises contacting immune cells in vitro with a non-replicative virion of the invention. In a particular embodiment, said immune cells are lymphocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells or dendritic cells derived from monocytes. Immune cells and non-replicative virions of the invention must be maintained in conditions.
Suitable so that said cells are infected by the virion and so that antigens originating from the non-replicative virion of the invention are processed. In a particular embodiment, said conditions are 37 ° C for 7 days.
It is necessary then to compare the activation of said immune cells with the activation of
20 control immune cells. Different methods are known in the state of the art to analyze the activation of immune cells. Illustrative, non-limiting examples are, among others, the detection of cytokine production, the detection of the number of IFNγ and IL-2 producing cells, or the analysis of the frequency of antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 cells that are divided by flow cytometry analysis. Next, the virions that are selected are selected.
25 cause an activation of the activated immune cells greater than the activation of the control immune cells, and said non-replicative virions are used to infect immune cells of said HIV-infected subject. Finally, the method comprises recovering said activated immune cells.
In another aspect, the invention relates to an in vitro method for obtaining a personalized HIV vaccine for an HIV-infected subject, wherein said vaccine comprises activated immune cells, comprising:
a) contacting in vitro immune cells from said HIV-infected subject with a non-replicating virion of the invention, wherein the HIV genome comprised in said virion further comprises a mutation in at least one gene
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a cell, an HIV viral genome of the invention, a vector of the invention or an immunogenic composition or vaccine of the invention.
The amount of virions of the invention and activated immune cells of the invention, as well as the time of administration can be determined according to protocols known in the art. In fact, the administration of therapeutically effective amounts of virions of the invention and of activated immune cells of the invention can be achieved by a single administration, such as, for example, a single injection of a sufficient number of virions or cells to provide a benefit. therapeutic to the patient who undergoes such treatment. Alternatively, in some circumstances, it may be desirable to provide multiple or successive administrations, either for a relatively short period of time.
or relatively prolonged, which can be determined by the doctor who supervises the administration of such compositions. In fact, in certain embodiments, it may be desirable to administer two or more compositions of different virions or cells of the invention, either alone or in combination with one or more drugs to achieve the desired effects of the particular therapeutic regimen.
The vaccines of the invention will be administered in a pharmacologically effective amount that produces an improvement of one or more symptoms of a viral disorder or prevents the progression of a viral disease or causes disease regression or decreases viral transmission. For example, a therapeutically effective amount preferably refers to the amount of a therapeutic agent that lowers the transmission rate, lowers the HIV viral load.
or decreases the number of infected cells, by at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60 %, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or more. A therapeutically effective amount, with reference to HIV, also refers to the amount of a therapeutic agent that increases the CD4 + cell count, increases the evolution time to AIDS or increases the survival time by at least 5%, preferably at minus 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or more.
Administration of the virions of the invention or of the immune cells of the invention can be carried out together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or carrier. Sometimes said pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or carrier is an adjuvant; an aluminum salt or an oil-in-water emulsion; an emulsifying agent and a metabolizable oil;
or an immunostimulatory agent, and the composition is administered to the subject by injection.
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common with high affinity and to act as a powerful immunogen. The PADRE HTL epitope has been shown to increase the potency of vaccines designed to stimulate a cellular immune response. See, Alexander J, et al., Immunol. Res. 1998; 18: 79-92.
The vaccine formulation according to the invention employs an effective amount of the antigen of interest. That is, it will include an amount of antigen that, in combination with the adjuvant, will cause the subject to produce a specific and sufficient immune response, so as to offer protection to the subject against subsequent exposure to HIV. When used as an immunogenic composition, the formulation will contain an amount of antigen that, in combination with the adjuvant, will cause the subject to produce specific antibodies that can be used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
The vaccine compositions of the invention may be useful for preventing HIV infection or for HIV infection therapy. While all animals that may be affected with HIV or their equivalents can be treated in this way, the vaccines of the invention are particularly directed to their preventive and therapeutic uses in humans. Frequently, more than one administration may be required to produce the desired prophylactic or therapeutic effect; The exact protocol (dose and frequency) can be established by standard clinical procedures.
The vaccine formulations will contain an effective amount of the selected antigen (s) that when combined with the adjuvant will cause the vaccinated subject to produce a sufficient and specific immune response to the antigen. Vaccine compositions can also be used therapeutically for the treatment of subjects already infected with HIV.
In some embodiments, it may be desirable to administer combination vaccines having a component that elicits an immune response primarily against HIV strains with tropism by the CCR5 receptor and a second component that elicits an immune response primarily against HIV strains with tropism by the CXCR4 receiver. It may also be desirable for one or both components to be composed of a mixture of antigens, such as a mixture of antigens each of which elicits an immune response to a particular HIV strain or group of HIV strains.
e) Compositions, kits and methods for obtaining the virions of the invention
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The invention also relates to compositions or kits containing the components necessary to generate the pseudotyped VSV-HIV virions of the invention and methods to obtain them by co-transfecting the polynucleotides encoding the HIV viral genome of the invention and the VSV G protein in a adequate cell.
Thus, in another aspect, the invention relates to a composition or kit comprising:
(i) a polynucleotide comprising a genome of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that contains a mutation in the pol gene, wherein said mutation
10 causes the virus produced solely from said genome to be a non-replicative virus; Y
(ii) a polynucleotide encoding the envelope glycoprotein G of a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV).
In a further aspect, the invention relates to a method for the generation of a recombinant HIV / VSV pseudovirion comprising:
(i) co-transfect a receptive cell with: a) a polynucleotide encoding the envelope glycoprotein G of a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and
b) a polynucleotide comprising a genome of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that contains a mutation in the pol gene, wherein said mutation causes the virus produced solely from said genome to be a non-replicative virus, wherein the genome of HIV also includes a
25 deletion in at least one gene selected from the group consisting of the gag, nef, tat, rev, vif, vpu and vpr genes or in the sequence encoding the protease protein in pol gene, and wherein the HIV genome further comprises a sequence homologous to that of the region deleted by mutation in at least one gene selected from the group consisting of the gag, nef, tat genes,
30 rev, vif, vpu and vpr or in the sequence encoding the protease protein in pol gene, originating from a second HIV genome, where the genome of said second HIV is different from the HIV genome that contains the deleted region,
(ii) keep the cells obtained in (i) under conditions suitable for the formation of HIV, and
(iii) recover HIV / VSV pseudovirions from the cell.
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For the production of the pseudovirions of the invention, it is necessary, first of all to incorporate in a receptive cell both: i) a vector comprising an HIV genome that contains a mutation in the pol gene, wherein said mutation causes the virus produced only from said genome is a non-replicative virus; and ii) an expression plasmid comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the VSV G protein in a cell using any of the co-transfection methods known in the art. See, Ausubel, F, et al., Eds, "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" (John Wiley and Sons Inc .; New York, NY, USA, 2003). Illustrative, non-limiting examples of transfection methods include coprecipitation with calcium phosphate, DEAE-dextran, polybrene, electroporation, microinjection, liposome-mediated fusion, lipofection, retrovirus infection and biolistic transfection. In a particular embodiment, the transfection is carried out by coprecipitation with calcium phosphate. The cell in which the vectors of the invention are incorporated must be able to express the information encoded in said vectors and package the virus proteins and their genetic material to form the viral particles that have the VSV G protein in its envelope. Receptive cells suitable for carrying out the present invention include, among others, cells of the 293T cell line, a cell line derived from the 293 cell line (derived from human embryonic kidney cells), highly transferable, to which it has been inserted the SV40 T antigen (for example, ATCC). The pseudovirions produced are released into the culture medium of the cells transfected with the vectors of the invention. Therefore, to obtain the virions of the invention it is necessary to collect the supernatants after a few hours after transfection, preferably 24 and 48 hours after transfection. The non-replicative virions of the invention can be stored at -80 ° C.
All embodiments disclosed for the HIV viral genome of the invention are also applicable to the compositions or kits of the invention and to the methods of the invention.
All publications mentioned in this document are incorporated therein by reference.
While the foregoing invention has been described in some detail for purposes of clarity and understanding, the person skilled in the art will appreciate from a reading of this disclosure that various changes in form and detail can be made without departing from the true scope of the invention. and attached claims.
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Next, the LacZ gene encoding the β-galactosidase protein (SEQ ID NO: 14) cloned in NcoI / AgeI was removed by digestion with the corresponding restriction enzymes and subsequent filling of the cohesive ends with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I (GE Healthcare) and were religions, giving rise to plasmid pNL4-3 ΔRT, NarCalled hereinafter pNL4-3 ΔRT. The size of this generated plasmid is approximately 13,983 bp. See, figure 1B.
The following viral vector of pNL4-3 ΔRT was generated from pNL4-3 ΔRT:
pNL4-3 ΔRT / Δ1136env: To generate the vector NL4-3 ΔRT / Δ1136env the vector NL4-3 ΔRT was used. Double digestion was performed at 37 ° C using the NcoI and NheI enzymes, which cut at position 6113 and 7249 of the plasmid, for 2 hours. This double digestion generates 2 fragments of 1136 and 11972 bp each. Digestion was loaded into a 1% agarose gene to separate and identify both fragments. Once the fragments were identified, a purification of the 11972 fragment was performed by extraction of the gel. Subsequently, an extension of the plasmid was made for subsequent ligation with the Klenow enzyme. Ligation of this fragment was performed by adding the enzyme ligase for 12 hours at 16 ° C generating a new plasmid of 11972 bp with a deletion in the envelope of 1136 bp. Subsequently, the plasmid was sequenced and transfected into 293T cells to generate and characterize the virions produced.
1.2 Production and concentration of virions
Virions were generated by transfection of 293T cells (ATCC) with the different viral vectors under study, by the calcium phosphate method (Profection Kit; Promega Corp., Madison, WI, USA). 5 µg of the plasmid DNA of the different viral vectors (Qiagen, NV, Venlo, NL) were used. HIV_env vectors pseudotyped with G-VSV were generated by cotransfection of 293T cells with NL 4-3 ΔRT / Δ1136env, and an expression plasmid for VSV G protein. The day before transfection, 1.5x106 cells were seeded in 10 ml of DMEM-10 (DMEM supplemented 10% fetal bovine serum (v / v)) in 75 cm2 culture bottles. At 24 hours after transfection the medium was changed and at 48 hours the supernatants were collected, clarified and subsequently concentrated. Once the virions were obtained, they were stored at –80 ° C. In all cases, a supernatant was obtained in cells treated in the same way but transfected with the "empty vector" that was used as a negative control. The supernatant collected after transfection was centrifuged in 30 ml tubes of thread for 32 minutes at 28,000 rpm in a Thermo scientific Sorvall® WX centrifuge
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clarified and subsequently concentrated by centrifugation, for 32 minutes at 28,000 rpm in a Thermo Scientific Sorvall® WX Ultra Centrifuge Series 80 centrifuge (Thermo Fisher Scientific Corp., Waltham, MA, USA). The supernatant was discarded and the sediment obtained after centrifugation was resuspended in 500 µl of PBS. Again, it was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 40,000 rpm. The sediment was resuspended in 500 µl of 2.5% glutaraldehyde in PB. Once the sediment was well resuspended, it was left for 30 minutes at 4 ° C with the glutaraldehyde and after that time the glutaraldehyde was changed to another 500 µl of new glutaraldehyde. It was left for 1 hour at 4 ° C, the glutaraldehyde was removed and washed with 1% PB two or three times and left in PB until used in electron microscopy. Samples were stained and processed in paraffin as previously described. See, López-Iglesias, 1998, above.
The viral particles NL4-3 were perfectly formed (arrows) and with their well-defined center and viral particles were also observed in budding. See figure 5A. In contrast, the NL4-3 ∆RT virions were immature and the center formed (arrows) and the typical compaction of a WT viral particle could not be observed. See figure 5B.
It can be seen that the NL4-3 viral particles were perfectly formed in 90% of the cases. See figure 5C. Purified viral particles obtained from the transfection of 293T cells transfected with the pNL4-3 ∆RT constructs can be observed. See figure 5D. 93% of the population has an immature viral particle morphology. Pseudovirions of 293T cells transfected with pΔRT / Δ1136env + pVSV-G were also observed. See Figure 13. After purification, the pseudovirions showed immature particles with a thicker envelope.
2.5 Analysis of HIV-1 gag protein expression by immunoblot
To analyze the expression of HIV-1 gag protein, 293T cell extracts and purified virions were used, obtained 48 hours after transfection in 293T cells with the indicated plasmids (pNL4-3, pNL4-3 ΔRT or pΔRT / Δ1136env + pVSV-G). For the preparation of cell extracts, approximately 2 x 106 293T cells were used per experimental point collected 48 hours after transfection. The cells were washed in PBS and in buffer A (10 mM Hepes pH 8, 10 mM KCl, 15 mM MgCl2 and 1 mM DTT), resuspended in 20 μl of buffer C (20 mM Hepes pH 8, NP-40 at 0 , 1%, 25% glycerol, 420 mM NaCl, 10 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), 0.5 μg / ml leupeptin, 0.5 μg / ml pepstatin, aprotinin 0.5 μg / ml, 1 mM PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) and DTT
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(1 mM dithiothreitol), were allowed to lysate for 15 minutes at 4 ° C and centrifuged at 4,062 g for 10 minutes at 4 ° C. The supernatant obtained was diluted in buffer D (20 mM Hepes pH 8, 20% glycerol, 50 mM KCl, 0.2 mM EDTA, 0.5 μg / ml leupeptin, 0.5 μg / ml pepstatin, 0.5 aprotinin μg / ml, 1 mM PMSF and 1 mM DTT) depending on the final concentration of desired protein. The protein concentration titration was determined by the Bradford reaction (Biorad Labs., Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). See, Bradford M, Anal Biochem 1976; 72: 248-54.
To perform the immunoblot, 10 µg of the different extracts were migrated on a 10% polyacrylamide-SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) gel. The transfer of the gels to vinylidene polyfluoride (PVDF) membranes (Sigma-Aldrich Co., Saint Louis, MO, USA), previously incubated 5 minutes in methanol, was performed in transfer buffer (20 mM glycine, Tris- 150 mM base and 20% methanol) using an electrotransfer apparatus (Pharmacia®, Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY, USA). The membranes were blocked by incubation at 37 ° C for 1 hour with 5% milk powder in 0.1% PBS / Tween-20. After blocking, the membranes were incubated with a monoclonal antibody directed against the p24 protein (clone 491, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA) at a 1: 1000 dilution. After three 5 minute washes with 0.1% PBS / Tween-20, they were incubated with mouse anti-immunoglobulin antibodies bound to peroxidase for one hour at 37 ° C.
Subsequently, 3 5-minute washes were performed with 0.1% PBS / Tween-20. Detection of antigen-antibody interactions was performed using the SuperSignal WestPico Chemiluminescent Substrate chemiluminescence system (Pierce®, Thermo Fisher Scientific Corp., Waltham, MA, USA) and photographic film exposure (Hyperfilm ECL, GE Healthcare, General Electric Co., Faifiels, CT, USA). Both NL4-3 and NL4-3 ΔRT (ΔRT) virions produced the gag protein. See Figure 6. The NL4-3 virions processed gag completely, while the NL4-3 ΔRT (ΔRT) and ΔRT / Δ1136env + VSV (VSV) virions had a defect in gag processing, see Figure 15.
3. Evaluation of the cellular immune response
Once the NL4-3 ∆RT and ΔRT / Δ1136env + VSV (VSV) virions were obtained and characterized, the cellular immune response was evaluated in two ways. First, using an ex vivo model with monocyte-derived dendritic cells (CD-DM) the ability to produce the specific anti-HIV cellular response in CD4 + and CD8 + cells was evaluated. PBMC assays were also performed to detect the specific anti-HIV cellular response, including detection.
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The analysis of the specific response of CD8 + T cells was performed using a specific ELISPOT based on the determination of IFN-γ production by CD8 + T cells against dominant epitopes of HIV-1 proteins restricted for HLA antigens -class I. Cells were stimulated with sets of overlapping synthetic peptides 15
5 mer of the gag, pol, env and nef proteins of HIV-1, chimeric recombinant virions.
Trials with elimination of cellular subpopulations (CD4, B, NK) were also performed by immunomagnetic selection to analyze their degree of participation in the response obtained.
10
3.3 High resolution HLA typing
High resolution HLA typing was evaluated by PCR-SBT of genomic DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear or polynuclear cells or B cell line cells.
15 Using generic primers the polymorphic exons of the genes encoding the MHC were amplified (mainly exon 2 of the DRB1 gene). The PCR products were sequenced using the automatic fluorescent sequencing method and the sequences obtained were analyzed by the appropriate software (Perkin-Elmer, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA).
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3.4 Optimization of the ex vivo assay for the detection and characterization of the immune response against HIV-1 using defective and non-replicative recombinant virions
25 Samples of approximately 20-30 asymptomatic chronic HIV + patients were used, with a high CD4 (> 500 / mm3). A cytokine intracellular detection (ICS) assay with different pre-stimulations of PBMCs has been used primarily. The pre-stimulations tested were: low doses of recombinant IL-2 (20 U / ml) or a cocktail with CD28 and CD49d (1 µg / ml). No differences were found between these 2 types of
30 pre-stimulations, although the use of the antibody cocktail produced greater reproducibility in the secretion of IFNγ and IL-2, by CD4 and CD8 cells. The immunogenic antigens tested were heat inactivated NL4-3 WT, NL4-3 ΔRT, and BAL and MN (reference strains of laboratory isolates, sometimes referred to as HIV-BaL and HIV-MN, respectively) heat inactivated or by treatment with 1 mM AT2 (aldritiol-2) at 4 ° C throughout the
35 night (dose corresponding to 20 µg of p24 / ml). After stimulation of the cells for 18 to 24 hours with the mentioned stimuli, the results obtained were heterogeneous,
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of the viral particle. After evaluating the efficacy with respect to the tropism of envelopes X4 (NL4-3) versus R5 (BaL and AC10) within the ΔRT: no significant differences were observed. Finally, the VSV-G pseudotyped virions had significantly increased immunogenicity (up to 90%) (Table 2). To clarify this point, the percentages of 5 positive responses between WT-AT2 and all ΔRT variants have been compared. See figure 16A. Significant differences have been observed between them, confirming the advantages described for ΔRT constructs: more immunogenic with a safer profile. See table 2. In addition, the evaluation of the cellular response of CD-DM cells against different immunogens has been performed: NL4-3 WT + AT-2, NL4-3 ΔRT / VSV, NL4-3 ΔRT and recombinant p24 using
10 different concentrations (0.5, 1 and 5 μg / ml of p24). The test performed with 9 patients who respond and against one and the same immunogen stock solution shows that the proliferation rate in CD8 + is substantially increased (see Figure 17).
Table 2 15 Immune response screening of HIV-1 positive patients. Evaluation of the immune response after stimulations with different virions through the production of IFN-γ (ELISPOT)
Patients / Virions ReplyAverage CFM
16 of 69 correspond to WT-AT2 2. 3%269
38 of 69 correspond to ΔRT (X4) 55%418
33 of 52 correspond to ΔRT-AT2 63%664
21 of 41 correspond to ΔRT / AC10 (R5) 51%286
23 of 43 correspond to ΔRT / BaL (R5) 53%462
18 of 20 correspond to VSV-ΔRT 90%1181
14 of 21 correspond to WT / APV-AT2 67%1006
Finally, the immunogenicity of ΔRT virions, which are immature, was evaluated compared to
20 virion WT-AT2 (NL4-3) that had previously been treated in its production with a protease inhibitor (Amprenavir, 50 µM APV), WT / APV-AT2. Treatment with the inhibitor resulted in the production of immature virions. The immature particles were analyzed by electron microscopy. See Figure 11. After evaluating the immunogenicity of ΔRT against the WT / APV-AT2 virion it was observed that WT / APV-AT2 produced a response, measured by
25 the number of IFN-γ producing cells (ELISPOT), greater than its untreated counterpart (obtaining 67% of patients responding in a population of 21 patients). See table 2 and figure 16B.
Autologous chimeras were evaluated as a way to enhance the response. After evaluating the
30 immunogenicity of ΔRT / Δgag virions ("patient") in patients in which material was available for amplification, either DNA or RNA, against different non-chimeric virions
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