• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a method for operating a water heater, in particular a gas water heater, as well as a water heater for use in the process according to the invention. In this regard, a lime layer thickness on a surface of a water heater heat exchanger is calculated based on system-specific parameters and water-specific parameters. It can also be provided that a maintenance time or a maintenance interval is calculated and displayed and/or an acoustic signal is emitted. By means of the method according to the invention it is ensured that decalcification measures are achieved, so that a cost-effective and energy-efficient operation is guaranteed, without lasting failure of the water heater. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2546117A2
    申请号:ES201530351
    申请日:2015-03-18
    公开日:2015-09-18
    发明作者:Jorge Azevedo；Nelson Marques；Luis Monteiro；Rui Gabriel
    申请人:Robert Bosch GmbH；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    The invention relates to a method for operating a heater of5 water, in particular of a gas water heater, according to the preamble of theclaim 1.
    Water heaters are already known in the state of the art. Document DE 10 2006 034 057 A1 discloses a domestic technical system with at least one domestic technical apparatus, in particular for the heating of sanitary water. In this regard, a monitoring device is provided for monitoring specific water parameters in the domestic technical system and / or device-specific parameters of the at least one domestic technical device. By means of the specific water parameters registered, a risk assessment with respect to calcification can be carried out. However, document DE 10 2006 034 057 A 1 does not disclose how
    15 the specific parameters of water influence the calcification process or how quantification of calcification is possible.
    The invention is based on the objective of overcoming the disadvantages of the state of the art and of providing a method for the operation of a water heater, in particular of a gas water heater that, with simple means, allows a
    20 cost-efficient and energy-efficient operation, with no lasting failures of the water heater. In this regard, the procedure may be carried out in a simple manner and may be used universally. In addition, a water heater will be provided for the use of the process according to the invention.
    In accordance with the invention, these objectives are met with the characteristics of the
    Claim 1 or claim 11. Advantageous improvements are derived from dependent claims 2 to 10.
    The invention relates to a process for the operation of a water heater, in particular of a gas water heater, in which a thickness of lime layer is determined and monitored on a surface of a heat exchanger, 30 determining the thickness of the lime layer based on a specific operating time and parameters of the water, in particular at least one CaCOJ content and a
    water temperature. In the calculation of the lime deposition rate and therefore also
    Only parameters known from the literature or which can be determined directly from the global system enter according to the invention according to the invention. Among the parameters that can be determined directly are specific water parameters, such as for example the lime content (CaC03) or the hardness of the water or the pH value, as well as specific system parameters, such as, for example, the flow of water, the water temperature or the input power supplied to the heat exchanger (heating power) and the output power evacuated with the water (useful power). Advantageously, information regarding specific water parameters can also be collected by the competent water supply company, so that the measurement of these parameters can be suppressed and therefore the procedure simplified.
    Unlike the known procedures, which usually take advantage of an indirect determination of the lime deposition rate, the process according to the invention is advantageously based on a direct, system-specific determination of the lime deposition rate and the thickness of lime layer. Consequently, no loss of efficiency is determined in the process according to the invention, for example by comparing the input power and output power of the heat exchanger. Therefore, it does not depend on exact measurement values, so that advantageously, the installation and operation of high-sensitivity or specially equipped sensors can be dispensed with. Instead, the existing temperature and flow sensors according to standard are used in the process according to the invention. This saves installation, operation and maintenance costs and limits the technical structure of the essential components.
    A further advantage of the process according to the invention is that not only the thickness of the lime layer on the surface of the heat exchanger is determined, but also monitored. This ensures that the heat exchanger decalcification can be carried out according to need and not in a range proposed by the manufacturer according to the standard. It prevents overheating of the heat exchanger and therefore associated damages in system components and guarantees a cost-effective and energy-efficient operation, without failures, of the water heater. Furthermore, it is advantageous that the addition of chemical components, for example antical additives such as phosphates, can be dispensed with.
    In an improvement of the procedure, for the determination of the layer thickness of
    lime as intermediate stage a lime deposition rate is calculated taking into account at least one of the following parameters:
    a specific parameter of water,
    a water temperature,
    5 a flow of water,
    an input power,
    an output power
    It is especially advantageous that the aforementioned parameters are determined through sensors that are usually provided according to the standard in
    10 water heaters, special or additional sensors are not required according to the solution according to the invention. In this regard, two specific parameters of water, water temperature, water flow as well as input power or output power are preferably taken into account.
    It is very especially advantageous when water parameters are included as specific
    15 the hardness of the water and the pH value in the calculation of the lime deposition rate, this information being able to be found, for example, at the competent water supply company. As an alternative or as a complement, in the calculation of the lime deposition rate, specificity and / or concentration of dissolved salts can be taken into account as a specific parameter of water. The water temperature is
    20 determines through an outlet temperature sensor, which is arranged in a water line connected to a water outlet of the heat exchanger. The water flow is recorded through a flow sensor, which is usually provided in a water line connected to a water inlet of the heat exchanger. The input power supplied to the heat exchanger is displayed, for example, on
    25 a screen assigned to the gas combustion regulation. In this regard, the input power is determined by the speed of rotation of the gas burner torch, taking as a basis that the amount of combustion gas follows the amount of air by means of a combustion gas valve that reacts to air pressure (pneumatic combustion gas-air interconnection). In addition, the
    30 type of flue gas and the adjustment of the relevant gas valve for the regulation of the flue gas stream. Alternatively, the input power can be determined through the output power ratio and the heat exchanger performance coefficient, the determination of the performance coefficient being especially advantageous according to the usual methods. As for the output power, it is especially advantageous when determined through a temperature sensor arranged behind the heat exchanger outlet.
    According to a more detailed configuration, concentrations of ions contained in the water are determined based on specific parameters of the water, which are taken into account in the calculation of the lime deposition rate. The specific parameters of water are for example water hardness, basicity, concentration of dissolved salts or the pH value. In particular, the concentration of calcium ions (Ca2 +) contained in the water enters into the calculation of the lime deposition rate and therefore of the lime layer thickness. Whenever the lime layer thickness is not calculated, but in general a salt layer thickness, the concentrations of all the ions contained in the water to be heated, which are relevant for the formation of water, must be determined and taken into account a layer of salt
    In a variant of the process according to the invention, a flow field and / or a thermal field of the heat exchanger are calculated by approximation and taken into account in the calculation of the lime deposition rate. With the help of numerical computational models (CFD = computational fluid dynamics, numerical flow mechanics) can be calculated or optimized, taking into account the length and size of the heat transfer surface of the heat exchanger, the heat field of the heat exchanger. Together with the flow field (velocity and pressure) within the heat exchanger, a temperature distribution for the heat exchanger can be determined and greater precision, optionally specific for partial zones, can be achieved in the calculation of the lime layer thickness.
    According to a further embodiment, it is provided that the lime deposition rate is calculated taking into account a crystalline growth rate, assuming a steady state during the course of operation of the water heater. The assumption of a steady state during the course of operation of the water heater represents a reliable and reasonable simplification in the calculation of the lime deposition rate, because the aspects to be taken into account in a dynamic system complicate too disproportionately too much. the calculation.
    In an important configuration of the process according to the invention, the lime layer thickness is compared with a higher limit value. It is especially advantageous when the upper limit value in the water heater can be preset and stored in an internal data memory. In this respect, the upper limit value allowed can be determined either experimentally or represent an empirical value. It is also possible that the user of the device can preset the upper limit value in the device itself. If the lime layer thickness is displayed on a screen of a control unit, the user of the device, regardless of the expected internal comparison of the device of the lime layer thickness calculated with the upper limit value, can itself perform a comparison with the expected upper limit value and, if necessary, that is, when approaching the upper limit value or when the limit value is exceeded, take corresponding measures, for example carrying out the heat exchanger decalcification.
    An additional variant of the process provides for an input power to be reduced when the determined lime layer thickness exceeds the upper limit value. This is especially advantageous when the user of the device does not initiate the descaling measures in time or the measures do not show the desired success. In this case, the input power supplied to the heat exchanger is automatically reduced, to prevent overheating that occurs otherwise from the heat exchanger and any resulting damage to the heat exchanger and / or the entire system. In addition, by reducing the input power, precipitation and lime deposition are limited (CaC03). Together, energy, maintenance and repair costs are reduced or saved.
    In a preferred embodiment, on the basis of the calculated lime deposition rate a maintenance instant or a maintenance interval is calculated and represented and / or an acoustic signal is emitted. This is especially advantageous because the user of the device automatically remembers, that is, without the intervention itself, in time of the pending descaling.
    In yet another variant of the process according to the invention, taking into account the temperature of the heat exchanger surface a lime deposition rate is determined. The temperature of the heat exchanger surface can be evaluated for example by means of the input power supplied and the water flow. Because, in this regard, knowledge of exact values is not necessary, high sensitivity sensors and in particular a temperature sensor on the heat exchanger surface can advantageously be dispensed with. In this regard, the latter is especially advantageous, because a temperature sensor must meet special requirements and its installation and maintenance are expensive and therefore expensive.
    Taking into account the temperature of the heat exchanger surface in the calculation of the lime deposition rate, an especially precise value is obtained for the lime deposition rate and, consequently, for the lime layer thickness. The expected temperatures of the heat exchanger surface can be deposited in the form of
    5 experimentally determined characteristic lines in the water heater control unit.
    According to an important embodiment of the process according to the invention, the physical-chemical model for the calculation of the lime deposition rate is based on the following relationship:
    with
    a: = :: l-4> <K2xk, x [Ca h.]K) x kd
    and based on the determination of the lime layer thickness in the following relationship:
    I
    de = me> <-> <t
    p
    15 in which me = lime deposition rate in kg / s, of = lime layer thickness in m, K1 = 1st carbonic acid dissociation constant in molll at water temperature,
    still valid: H2C03 + H20 ~ H30 + + HC0320 K2 = 2nd carbonic acid dissociation constant in molll at water temperature,
    Ks = solubility product of CaC03 at the water / surface interface of the exchanger
    of heat, being valid: Ks = [Ca2 "] x [CO / l in mOI2 / 12,
    kd = mass transfer coefficient in mIs,
    5 kr = crystallization rate coefficient in m4 / s x mol,
    p = crystalline density of CaC03 in kg / m 3,
    t = integration time in s.
    In the formula for the calculation of the rate of lime deposition and from it the thickness of the lime layer, only specific quantities of the system and water enter as well as known quantities in the literature, which can all be determined in a simple and fast To these belong a 1st and 2nd carbonic acid dissociation constant (K, and K2, determined at the water temperature, with K, = [3 to 6] x 10-7 molll and K2 = [3 to 10] x 10- "mOI / I), a solubility product of CaC03 at the internal water / surface interface of the heat exchanger (Ks, with values between 1 x 10-9 mo12 / 12 and 6 x 10-9 mo12 / 12) 15 for the calculation of the solubility values of CaC03, a mass transfer coefficient (~, with values in the range of [O to 3] x 10-4 mIs), that is a diffusion rate of CaC03 in diluted solution, a temperature dependent crystallization rate (kr, with values in the range of [0.5 to 500] x 103 m4 / sx
    mol), a crystalline density, i.e. volumetric mass, of CaC03 (p, with values in the
    20 interval between [1 s 3] kg / m3) and an integration time or a duration of operation (t, with values of 0.04 x 109 s at 1.5 x 109 s).
    The concentration of calcium ions [Ca2 +] and the concentration of carbonate ions [HC03] vary depending on the quality of the region's water, with the calcium ion concentration rising between 0.5 x 10-3 molll and 2.5 x 10-3 molll and adopting the ion concentration
    25 bicarbonate values between 2 x 10-4 molll and 15 x 10-4 mol / l. The concentration of CO2 in the water to be heated, which is in the range between 0.4 x 10-4 molll and 4 x 10-4 molll, can influence the concentration of carbonic acid.
    The formulas mentioned above for the calculation of the lime deposition rate and the lime layer thickness can be easily adapted to the respective system, using the specific system values for the individual parameters, and can
    apply therefore universally.
    It is very particularly advantageous that no expensive, expensive apparatus, for example high sensitivity sensors, is required for the determination of the relevant parameters. Rather, the specific system and water parameters can be determined with the 5 sensors in any case present. A further advantage of the process according to the invention is that only two quantities are calculated, in particular the lime deposition rate and from there the lime layer thickness. Lastly, only the thickness of the lime layer on the surface of the heat exchanger, which represents a clear index for the need for decalcification, is monitored. In this respect it is also possible
    10 issue a forecast for the growth of the lime layer and thus indicate a remaining duration until the next descaling.
    The process according to the invention can be carried out economically with simple means, in particular because no special or additional component is needed. The procedure is especially reliable and can be applied universally to
    15 any system with a heat exchanger and allows faultless, energy efficient operation of the water heater.
    The invention also relates to a water heater, in particular a gas water heater, for the use of a method according to one of the embodiments described above, the water heater having a module for determination. and monitoring a lime layer thickness on a surface of a heat exchanger In this regard, the lime layer thickness is a clear index for the need for decalcification. It is also possible to issue a forecast for the growth of the lime layer and thus indicate a remaining duration until the next descaling. Therefore, by the water heater according to the invention
    25 guarantees a supply of hot water without failures in a durable and energy efficient way.
    The drawing represents an embodiment of the invention and shows in
    Figure 1 a schematic representation of the structure of a gas water heater,
    Figure 2 a schematic representation of a cross section of a water conduit tube of a copper heat exchanger.
    In Figure 1 the very simplified structure of a usual gas water heater 1 with a heat exchanger 3 is recognized. During the operation of the water heater 1 it is supplied to a water conduit tube 4 through a first conduction of water 5, water to be heated, for example drinking water or sanitary water 5. A burner 6 is arranged so that combustion gases that are generated during the combustion of a fuel, which usually have temperatures between 1,000 oC and 1,500 oC, flow as directly as possible against an outer wall of the tube 4. In this regard it takes place ideally a uniform and efficient transfer of thermal energy from flue gases to water. On the other hand, the heat transfer is considerably reduced, when precipitation and deposition of poorly thermoconducting inorganic salts occur in the water-trapped tube 4. The formation of lime layers (CaC03) is especially frequent. The existence of such a salt layer generally leads to overheating of the heat exchanger 3, which results in
    15 In turn, damage to other components of the gas water heater 1. Overall, the efficiency of the gas water heater 1 or the entire respective system is greatly reduced.
    This problem is in accordance with the invention because a thickness of lime layer is determined on an inner surface 2 of the heat exchanger 3 of the gas water heater 1 based on a duration of operation and specific parameters of the water, in concrete at least one content in CaC03 and a water temperature. For the determination of the lime layer thickness, a lime deposition rate is calculated as an intermediate stage, taking into account at least one of the following parameters: a specific water parameter, a water temperature, a water flow, a power 25 input or output power. Especially preferably water hardness is included. in particular the lime content (CaC03), the pH value, the water temperature, the water flow as well as the input power supplied to the heat exchanger 3 in the calculation of the lime deposition rate. As an alternative or in a complementary way to the specific parameters of water water hardness and pH value
    30 the basicity and / or the concentration of dissolved salts can be taken into account as a specific parameter of water.
    Water hardness and pH value can be found, for example, at the competent water supply company. Based on these specific water parameters, concentrations of ions contained in the water can be determined, which are taken into account in the calculation of the lime deposition rate, in particular the concentration of calcium ions contained in the water (Ca2 +) enters the calculation of the lime deposition rate and therefore the lime layer thickness. A general salt layer thickness can also be calculated instead of the lime layer thickness. However, the concentrations of all the ions contained in the water to be heated, which are relevant for the formation of the salt layer, must be determined and taken into account.
    The water temperature, that is to say the temperature of the water when entering the heat exchanger 3 or when leaving the heat exchanger 3, and the water flow are advantageously determined through existing sensors according to the standard, so that no special or additional sensor is needed. The water temperature is normally in the range between 3 ° C and 900. And the water flow usually amounts to between 1 I / min and 351 / min.
    The water temperature is preferably determined through an outlet temperature sensor 7, which is arranged in a second water line 8 in the flow direction behind the heat exchanger 3. Provided that, additionally or alternatively to the temperature sensor of outlet 7 in the zone of the heat exchanger 3 other temperature sensors are provided, the temperature of the water can be determined additionally or alternatively at the corresponding points of the heat exchanger 3. The water flow is determined through a first flow sensor 10, which is provided in the first water line 5 in front of the heat exchanger 3. Alternatively, the flow sensor 10 may be provided for the determination of the water flow behind the heat exchanger 3. Only one water sensor is provided. flow 10 for the determination of the water flow, the same being arranged either in front or behind the lime exchanger or 3. The input power supplied to the heat exchanger is displayed, for example, on a screen assigned to the gas combustion regulation. In this respect, the input power, that is to say the thermal energy released during the combustion of gas, is determined through the speed of rotation of the gas burner torch, based on the fact that the amount of combustion gas follows the amount of air by means of a combustion gas valve that reacts to air pressure (pneumatic combustion gas-air interconnection). In addition, the type of flue gas and the adjustment of the gas valve relevant for the regulation of the flue gas stream can be taken into account. Alternatively, the input power can be determined through the output power ratio and the heat exchanger performance coefficient, the performance coefficient being determined according to the usual methods. Typical values for the input power are in the range between 2 kW and 60 kW. Instead of the input power or additionally, the output power can also be determined, particularly advantageously through the output temperature sensor 7 arranged in the second water line 8 and an inlet temperature sensor 9, which is arranged in the first water line 5. The output power corresponds to the thermal energy contained in the water and usually amounts to between 2 kW and 60 kW.
    A very precise value for the lime deposition rate and consequently for the lime layer thickness is obtained when the lime deposition rate is determined taking into account the surface temperature of the heat exchanger 3. The temperature value It can be evaluated, for example, by means of the input power supplied and the water flow. Because knowledge of the exact values is not necessary, high sensitivity sensors and in particular a temperature sensor on the surface of the heat exchanger 3 itself can be dispensed with. The latter is extraordinarily advantageous because such a temperature sensor must meet special requirements and its installation and maintenance is expensive and therefore expensive.
    Likewise, for the calculation of the lime deposition rate, the crystal growth rate is calculated, assuming, to simplify, a steady state during the course of the operation of the water heater. Then the aspects to be taken into account in a dynamic system would complicate the calculation too unnecessarily. Unlike this, however, the dynamic effects that appear when the water heater is switched off are taken into account in the calculation of the lime deposition rate. Typical values for the lime deposition rate are in the range between 0.05 x 10-9 kg / s and 0.4 x 10-9 kgls.
    To increase the accuracy in the calculation of the lime layer thickness, a flow field and / or a heat field of the heat exchanger 3 can be calculated by approximation and taken into account in the calculation of the lime deposition rate. Therefore, the accuracy of the calculation of the lime layer thickness can be increased in particular individual zones of the heat exchanger 3. Typical values calculated for the thickness of the lime layer on an internal surface 2 of the heat exchanger 3 are between 0 , 01 x 10.3 m and 5 x 10-3 m.
    In the process according to the invention, the thickness of the lime layer on the surface of the heat exchanger 3 is compared with a higher limit value stored inside the apparatus, which was previously determined experimentally or is an empirical value . In addition or alternatively, the user of the device can preset the upper limit value. If the calculated lime layer thickness is displayed on a screen of a control unit 11 of the water heater 1, the user of the apparatus, regardless of the expected internal comparison of the apparatus of the lime layer thickness calculated with the upper limit value , you can make a comparison with the expected upper limit value and, when approaching the upper limit value or when the limit value is exceeded, carry out the descaling of heat exchanger 3 and / or manually reduce the input power. Alternatively or in a complementary manner, it may be provided that the input power is automatically reduced, when the thickness of the lime layer determined exceeds the upper limit value. This prevents heating that appears otherwise from the heat exchanger 3 and any associated damages in the heat exchanger 3 and / or throughout the system without any intervention by the user of the apparatus. By reducing the input power, precipitation and lime deposition are also limited (CaC03). Together, energy, maintenance or repair costs are reduced or saved. In addition, based on the calculated lime deposition rate, a maintenance instant or a maintenance interval can be calculated and represented and / or an acoustic signal emitted. This has the advantage that the user of the device automatically remembers and in time for the descaling pending shortly.
    With the method according to the invention, simple, cost-effective and energy-efficient operation of the water heater 1 is allowed with simple means, the procedure can be easily carried out and used universally.
    Figure 2 shows the cross section of a water conduit tube 4 of a copper heat exchanger 3. For a better overview, an outer surface 12, convective, that is in sheet form, of the water conduit tube 4 of the heat exchanger 3 is not shown.
    A first radius rl characterizes the separation between the central point and an inner surface 2 of the copper tube 4. A second radius rz refers to the separation between the central point of the copper tube 4 and a surface 13 of a lime layer 14 , which is formed on the inner surface 2 of the heat exchanger. The thickness of the lime layer 14 corresponds to the difference rl -rz.
    Measurements of thermal images in a heat exchanger have shown that the thickness of the lime layer increases with increasing separation of the water inlet from the heat exchanger. This is consistent with the values for the lime layer thickness, which were previously calculated with the process according to the invention. He
    The process according to the invention can be used reliably and universally with simple means, economically and easily carried out.
    权利要求:
    Claims (10)
    [1]
    1.-Procedure for the operation of a water heater (1), in particular of a gas water heater, characterized in that a thickness of lime layer is determined and monitored on a surface (2) of a heat exchanger heat (3), determining
    5 the thickness of the lime layer based on a specific operating time and parameters of the water, in particular at least a CaC03 content and a water temperature.
    [2]
    2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that for the determination of the lime layer thickness as an intermediate stage a rate of lime deposition is calculated taking into account at least one of the following parameters:
    a specific parameter of water,
    a water temperature,
    a flow of water,
    an input power,
    15 an output power.
    [3]
    3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, based on specific water parameters, concentrations of ions contained in the water are determined, which are taken into account in the calculation of the lime deposition rate.
    [4]
    4. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized
    20 because a flow field and / or a heat field of the heat exchanger 3 is calculated by approximation and taken into account in the calculation of the lime deposition rate.
    [5]
    5. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the lime deposition rate is calculated taking into account a crystalline growth rate, assuming a steady state.
    Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the thickness of the lime layer is compared with a higher limit value.
    [7]
    7. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that an input power is reduced, when the determined lime layer thickness exceeds the upper limit value.
    [8]
    8. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that on the basis of the calculated lime deposition rate a maintenance instant or a maintenance interval is calculated and represented and / or a signal is emitted
    5 acoustics
    [9]
    9. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that taking into account the surface temperature (2) of the heat exchanger
    (3) a lime deposition rate is determined.
    [10]
    10. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized
    10 because a physical-chemical model is used to calculate the lime deposition rate, which is based on the following relationship:
    with
    a = l-4> <K2xk, x [Ca '' '']
    K¡x k "
    b-4xK, Xk, xIHCO, -1K, xk, C.O'l -K xk + k xCa · + Cap
    . .l't '
    15 And based on the determination of the lime layer thickness in the following relation: 1
    de = m.x-xt
    pin whichme = lime deposition rate in kg / s,de = lime layer thickness in m,
    K1 = 1st carbonic acid dissociation constant in molll at water temperature, with validity: H2C03 + H20 P H30 + + HC03
    K2 = 2nd carbonic acid dissociation constant in molll at the water temperature, being valid: HC03- + H20 P C032- + H30 +,
    5 Ks = solubility product of CaC03 at the agual surface interface of the heat exchanger, being valid: Ks = [Ca2 +] x [COl l in mo12 / 12, kd = mass transfer coefficient in mIs, kr = crystallization velocity coefficient in m4 / sx mol,
    p = crystalline density of CaC03 in kg / m3,
    10 t = integration time in s.
    [11]
    11.-Water heater, in particular a gas water heater, for the use of a
    A method according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the water heater has a module for the determination and supervision of a lime layer thickness on a surface (2) of a heat exchanger (3).
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    同族专利:
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    DE102014206111A1|2015-09-24|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    FR2295364B3|1974-12-16|1977-09-16|Arrieta Berecibar Luis|
    SE415796B|1979-02-27|1980-10-27|Ctc Ab|HOT WATER PREPARATION DEVICE|
    DE10155946B4|2001-02-08|2010-08-12|Wolf Gmbh|Procedure for avoiding damage to boilers by scale formation|
    DE10360256B4|2003-12-20|2005-11-03|Bbt Thermotechnik Gmbh|Arrangement for monitoring the heating water quality|
    DE102006034057A1|2006-07-20|2008-01-24|Stiebel Eltron Gmbh & Co. Kg|Domestic technology system e.g., for monitoring temperature, air humidity, and consumable water, has display unit for displaying output, water-specific and/or appliance-specific parameters via output interface|CN109442746A|2018-08-30|2019-03-08|芜湖鸣人热能设备有限公司|A kind of boiler that can monitor scale forming|
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    优先权:
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    DE102014205011|2014-03-18|
    DE102014205011|2014-03-18|
    DE102014206111.3A|DE102014206111A1|2014-03-18|2014-04-01|Method for operating a water heater, in particular a gas water heater|
    DE102014206111|2014-04-01|
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