• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    Disclosed herein are systems and methods for rotor angle measurement in an electrical generator. According to one embodiment, an intelligent electronic device may comprise control logic configured to generate a reference signal and to generate a rotational position signal based upon an indicator of a rotational position of a rotor in an electrical generator. The control logic may further be configured to detect a relative shift between the reference signal and the rotational position signal and to determine the rotational position of the rotor based upon the relative shift. A power angle of the electrical generator may be calculated based upon the rotational position of the rotor. According to certain embodiments, the control logic may further be configured to generate a control instruction to reduce the power angle in response to determining that the power angle exceeds a threshold.
    公开号:ES2543370A2
    申请号:ES201590010
    申请日:2013-08-22
    公开日:2015-08-18
    发明作者:Nicholas C. Seeley；Charles L. Ramiller
    申请人:Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories Inc；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Systems and procedures for measuring rotor angles in an electric generator.
    5 Technical field
    The present disclosure relates to systems and procedures for monitoring an angular position of a rotor in an electric generator or an electric motor, and calculating a power angle using a reference signal. This disclosure also refers to
    10 use of a calculated power angle in a power system for control, automation and / or protection. In addition, this disclosure refers to the use of a calculated power angle to determine the parameters associated with a model of an electric generator.
    15 Brief description of the drawings
    Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the disclosure are described, including various embodiments of the disclosure with reference to the figures, in which:
    20 Figure 1A illustrates a conceptual diagram of a rotor of a synchronous generator consistent with the embodiments described herein.
    Figure 1B illustrates a conceptual diagram of the rotor illustrated in Figure 1A and a stator, which together can function as a synchronous generator.
    Figure 2 is a power angle curve for an exemplary power generator.
    Figure 3 illustrates a simplified diagram of an exemplary electric power generation and supply system consistent with the embodiments described herein.
    30 memory
    Figure 4 illustrates a simplified partial cross-sectional view of a magnetic collector unit (MPU), in line with the embodiments described herein.
    Figure 5A illustrates an output voltage of the exemplary terminal and the output of an MPU in a


    generator that operates in a no load condition consistent with the embodiments described herein.
    Figure 5B illustrates an output voltage of the exemplary terminal and the output of an MPU in a5 generator operating in a load condition consistent with the described embodimentsIn the present memory.
    Figure 5C illustrates an exemplary output of an MPU and a reference signal based on an external time input, which can be used to calculate a power angle
    10 of a generator operating in a load condition consistent with the embodiments described herein.
    Figure 6 illustrates a method of calculating a power angle of a generator consistent with the embodiments described herein.
    15 Figure 7 illustrates a functional block diagram of an intelligent electronic device (IED) that can be used to calculate a power angle of a generator consistent with the embodiments described herein.
    20 Detailed Description
    Information about the power angle (sometimes referred to as a rotor angle) of a generator in an electrical power system is beneficial to provide proper control, automation, and protection of the electrical system. An angle of power, as the term is used herein, refers to an angle between the axis of a generator rotor and an axis of the resulting magnetic field. Information on the power angle can be used in decisions regarding generator power levels, disconnection or addition of load, insulation, connection to electrical networks, and so on. Changes in a power generation and supply system can
    30 lead a generator to instability for certain conditions of the power angle of the particular generator. As a result, to maintain stability, information regarding the power angle of a generator is important in the protection, automation and control of a power generation and supply system.
    The power angle can be determined, according to some embodiments, by the use of a time source (for example, a common or reference time source)


    to generate a reference signal that is compared with a rotation position signal. The rotation position signal can be obtained using a cogwheel coupled to the axis of the electric generator. Alternatively, the individual phases of the terminal voltage can be compared with the reference signal to detect a relative phase angle. A change between the reference signal and the rotation position signal can be analyzed to determine the power angle of the electric generator. Some embodiments described herein may incorporate a variable reluctance sensor (also known as a magnetic pickup unit or MPU) placed with a pole piece in the vicinity of the teeth of a cogwheel. When the teeth move beyond the pole piece, a periodic frequency voltage can be induced in a coil wound around the pole piece. A corresponding signal generated by the MPU can be used to determine a rotor angle in various embodiments.
    Certain embodiments disclosed herein may allow the determination of a rotor position using a cogwheel having teeth disposed therein that are substantially uniform. An output signal generated by a cogwheel having uniform teeth can be based interchangeably on the angular position of the cogwheel. In other words, the angular position of the cogwheel cannot be determined from the output signal only when the wheel has uniform teeth. Several embodiments described herein may allow the use of sprockets that have teeth disposed therein that are substantially uniform. Consequently, such systems and procedures described herein can be used in connection with existing generators that have sprockets in which each of the teeth is substantially uniform. Embodiments in which the teeth of a cogwheel are not substantially uniform (for example, because one of the teeth has worn out, or because the space between the teeth is not uniform) can also be used in connection with the disclosed systems and procedures. In the present memory.
    According to other embodiments, the power angle of an electric generator can be determined by using a terminal voltage of one or more phases as a reference signal and comparing the terminal voltage to an output signal of an MPU. When the generator is loaded, the torque increases with mechanical input to balance the opposite electrical force. The position of the sprocket in relation to the tension of the terminal can be monitored since the sprocket is mechanically coupled to the axis of the


    rotor. The relative change between a load condition and a no load condition can be used in the calculation of a power angle associated with the generator.
    The embodiments of the disclosure will be better understood by reference to the drawings, in which similar parts are designated by similar numbers throughout. It will be readily understood that the components of the described embodiments, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Therefore, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the systems and procedures of the description is not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, as claimed, but is merely representative of the possible embodiments of the description. In addition, the stages of a procedure do not necessarily have to be executed in a specific order, or even sequentially, nor do the stages need to be executed only once, unless otherwise specified.
    In some cases, well-known features, structures or operations are not shown.
    or describe in detail. In addition, the features, structures, or operations described can be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. It will also be readily understood that the components of the embodiments as generally described and illustrated in the figures could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations.
    Several aspects of the described and illustrated embodiments can be implemented as software modules or components. As used herein, a software module or component may include any type of computer instruction or computer executable code located within a memory device and / or any other suitable means or device. A software module or component may, for example, comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions, which may be organized as a routine, program, object, element, data structure, etc., which performs one or more tasks or implements particular abstract data types.
    In certain embodiments, a particular software module or component may comprise disparate instructions stored in different locations of a memory device, which together implement the described functionality of the module. In fact, a module or component can comprise a single instruction or many instructions, and


    they can be distributed in several different code segments, between different programs, and in various memory devices. Some embodiments may be implemented in a distributed computing environment where the tasks are performed by a remote processing device connected through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, software modules or components may be located on local and / or remote memory storage devices. In addition, the data is linked or implemented together in a database record may be resident in the same memory device, or in several memory devices, and may be linked to each other in fields of a record in a database in a network.
    The embodiments may be provided as a computer program product that includes a non-transient machine-readable medium that has stored therein instructions that can be used to program a computer (or other electronic device) to perform processes described herein. Non-transient machine-readable media may include, but are not limited to, hard drives, floppy disks, optical discs, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, ROM, RAM, EPROM, EEPROM, magnetic or optical cards, memory devices. solid state, or other types of machine-readable media / media suitable for storing electronic instructions.
    Electric generators are used in power networks to provide power to the power grid. Various types of generators can be used, most of which include a rotor that is rotated by a mechanical force or primary motor provided by, for example, a wind flow, a water flow, a water vapor flow, the torque of an engine, and / or the like. A particular type of generator is a synchronous generator. Synchronous generators are used in utility electrical systems to convert mechanical rotation into alternating electric current. After proper conditioning, the alternating electric current is transmitted and distributed to a variety of loads of the power system within a general electrical network.
    Figure 1A illustrates a conceptual diagram of a rotor 104 of a synchronous generator consistent with the embodiments described herein. A rotor 104 may be driven by an external torque (not shown) to induce an electromagnetic field (EMF) in a stationary stator (for example, the stator 153 illustrated in Figure 1B). The rotor 104 includes an inductor winding 158 wrapped around a rotor body, and the stator includes an armature winding wrapped around an armature body. A direct current is flowed in inductor winding 158 (using, for example, a voltage of


    excitation 160) to generate a magnetic field in the rotor 104. Additionally or alternatively, permanent magnets can also be used.
    Figure 1B illustrates a 3-phase synchronous generator that includes three sets of stator windings 153a to 153a ', 153b to 153b', and 153c to 153c 'consistent with the embodiments described herein. The stator windings are separated by 120 ° so that when an electric field associated with the rotor 104 passes, the electric currents induced in terminal pairs 155a and 155a ', 155b and 155b', 155c and 155c 'are each separated by 120 electrical degrees. When the rotor 104 rotates, as indicated by arrow 110, the magnetic field rotates with it, passing the stator windings and induction of a time-varying electric current therein. When the poles of the electric field associated with the rotor 104 pass the stator windings, the voltage present in the corresponding terminals oscillates, and an alternation of the current results. Therefore, the angular position of the rotor 104 is related to the time-varying electrical output of the terminals 155a-c. As described below, this relationship may be influenced by, for example, an electrical load connected to the generator terminals.
    The period () of the alternating current resulting from a synchronous generator with poles, and having a rotation period of, can be calculated using the formula:
    � = � Equation 1
    The embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any rotor regardless of the number of phases or pairs of poles included therein.
    The position of the generator rotor shaft is a function of a mechanical power input into the generator and an opposite electrical torque attributed to the generator's electrical output. These opposing forces give rise to a torque in the rotor. In a steady state condition (i.e. normal operating conditions) these forces are equal in magnitude but in the opposite direction. In conditions where the mechanical torque and the electrical torque fall out of balance, the power angle can shift or oscillate, depending on the magnitude and nature of the imbalance.
    Figure 2 is an illustration of a power angle curve showing the relationship between a power angle (δ) and a mechanical input power (). Under conditions


    In equilibrium, the mechanical input power � results in equilibrium with the electrical energy attracted from the generator. When the electrical torque that balances the mechanical torque decreases (that is, as a result of an increase in the mechanical energy input or a decrease in the electrical load connected to the generator), the rotor rotates at a higher rate, thus making the angle of power increase. For example, in Figure 2, the mechanical power may increase to 1 from 0, resulting in an increase in the power angle of δ0 to δ. In a stable system, the rotor could experience negative acceleration, and finally come into balance. If the input power exceeds a maximum power input threshold, the generator may become unstable. Knowing the maximum power angle, δ, and the associated maximum power input threshold, allows an operator to determine how much energy can be produced by a generator safely without making the generator unstable.
    Figure 3 illustrates a simplified diagram of an electric power generation and supply system 300 by way of example consistent with the embodiments described herein. In particular, the systems and procedures described herein can be applied and / or implemented in a system such as the electric power generation and supply system 300 by way of example. The electric power generation and supply system 300 may include, among other things, an electric generator 302, configured to generate an electric power output, which in some embodiments may be a sine waveform. Although illustrated as a one-line diagram for simplicity, an electric power generation and supply system 300 can also be configured as a three-phase power system.
    A multiplier power transformer 304 may be configured to increase the output of the electric generator 302 to a higher voltage sine waveform. A bus 306 can distribute the higher voltage sine waveform to a transmission line 308 which in turn can be connected to a bus 320. In certain embodiments, the system 300 may also include one or more switches 312-318 that can be configured to be selectively driven to reconfigure the power generation and supply system 300. A reducing power transformer 322 can be configured to transform the sine waveform of higher voltage to a sine waveform of lower voltage which is suitable for delivery to a load 324.


    IEDs 326 to 338, illustrated in Figure 3, may be configured to control, monitor, protect and / or automate the one or more elements of the power generation and supply system. An IED can be any device based on the processor that monitors, controls, automates, and / or protects the monitored equipment within a power generation and supply system (for example, system 300). In some embodiments, IEDs 326-338 may collect information on the status of one or more pieces of monitored equipment, including generator 302. In addition, IEDs 326338 may receive information regarding equipment monitored by sensors, transducers, actuators, and Similar.
    Figure 3 illustrates several IEDs 326-338 performing various functions for illustrative purposes and does not imply any specific provision or functions required of any particular IED. In some embodiments, IEDs 326 to 338 may be configured to monitor and communicate information, such as voltages, currents, equipment status, temperature, frequency, pressure, density, infrared absorption, radiofrequency information, partial pressures, viscosity, speed of rotation, speed, angular position, mass, switch status, valve status, circuit breaker status, regulator status, meter readings, and the like. In addition, IEDs 326 to 338 may be configured to communicate calculations, such as phasors (which may or may not be synchronized as synchrophasors), events, fault distances, differentials, impedances, reactances, frequency and the like. IEDs 326-338 can also communicate configuration information, IED identification information, communications information, status information, alarm information, and the like. Information on the types in the previous list, or more generally, information on the status of the monitored equipment, can be referred to herein as the data of the monitored system.
    In certain embodiments, IEDs 326-338 may issue control instructions to the monitored equipment to regulate various aspects related to the monitored equipment. For example, an IED (for example, IED 336) may be in communication with a circuit breaker (for example, switch 314), and may be able to send an instruction to open and / or close the circuit breaker, thus connecting or disconnecting a part of an energy system. In another example, an IED may be in communication with a recloser and be able to control the reclosing operations. In another example, an IED may be in communication with a voltage regulator and be able to instruct the voltage regulator to increase and / or decrease. The type information in the


    The above list, or more generally, information or instructions that direct an IED or other device to carry out a certain action, can be indicated in general as control instructions.
    IEDs 326-338 can be communicatively linked to each other through a data communications network, and can also be communicatively linked to a central surveillance system, such as a data monitoring and acquisition control system (SCADA) 342, a information system (IS) 344, and / or a system of situational knowledge and wide area control (WCSA) 340.
    In accordance with the embodiments described herein, IEDs 326 to 338 can be communicatively coupled with several points to the power generation and supply system 300. For example, IED 334 can monitor the conditions of the transmission line 308. IED 326, 332, 336, and 338 may be configured to issue control instructions to associated switches 312-318. The IED 330 can monitor the conditions on a bus 352. The IED 328 can monitor and give control instructions to the electric generator 302, while the IED 326 can issue switch control instructions 316.
    In certain embodiments, the various components of the power generation and supply system 300 illustrated in Figure 3 may be configured to monitor the generator power angle 302. According to certain embodiments, the IED 328 may be configured. to control the power angle of the generator 302. In other embodiments, the information related to the power angle of the generator 302 can be calculated by other devices, such as an automation controller 350. In addition, two or more devices can jointly generate the information relative to the power angle of the generator 302.
    In certain embodiments, communication between different IEDs 326-338 and / or higher level systems (for example, SCADA 342 or IS 344 system) can be facilitated by an automation controller 350. The automation controller 350 may also be referred to as as a central IED or access controller. IED 326 to 338 may communicate the information to automation controller 350, including, but not limited to, the situation and control information about individual IEDs 326-338, IED configuration information, calculations made by individual IEDs 326- 338 (for example, generator angle energy 302), event reports (for example, a report concerning


    an electrical failure), communications network information, network security events, and the like. In some embodiments, automation controller 350 may be directly connected to one or more pieces of monitored equipment (for example, electric generator 302 or switches 312-318).
    The automation controller 350 may also include a local man-machine interface (HMI) 346. In some embodiments, the local HMI 346 may be located in the same substation as an automation controller 350. The local HMI 346 may be used to change the configuration, emission control instructions, retrieve an event report, retrieve data, and the like. The automation controller 350 may also include a programmable logic controller accessible by local HMI 346.
    The automation controller 350 may also be communicatively coupled to an external time source 348. In certain embodiments, the automation controller 350 may generate a time signal based on the time source 348 that can be distributed to coupled IEDs 326-338 communicatively On the basis of the time signal, several IEDs 326-338 may be configured to collect and / or calculate data points aligned in time, including, for example, synchrophasors, and to implement the control instructions of a coordinated way of time. As described in detail below, a common time signal provided by time source 348 can be used to calculate a generator power angle 302.
    The time signal provided by the time source 348 can also be used by the automation controller 350 for time and data sealing information. Time synchronization can be useful for data organization, real-time decision making, as well as post-event analysis. The time source 348 may be any time source that is an acceptable form of time synchronization, including, but not limited to, a temperature controlled temperature compensated crystal oscillator, rubidium and cesium oscillators with or without a loop of digital phase hitch, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, which transfers the resonant circuits of electronics to mechanical domains, or a global positioning system (GPS) receiver with time decoding. In the absence of a discrete time source 348, the automation controller 350 can serve as the time source 348 by distributing a time synchronization signal.
    To keep the voltage and reactive power within certain limits for the delivery of


    Safe and reliable energy, an electric power generation and supply system may include switched capacitor (SCB) batteries (for example, capacitor 310) configured to provide capacitive reactive power support and compensation under high and / or low conditions voltage in the electric power system.
    Figure 4 illustrates a simplified partial cross-sectional view of an MPU 400 consistent with the embodiments described herein. The MPU 400 is operable for monitoring the passage of a plurality of teeth 412a-c associated with a cogwheel 410 and can be used in connection with an electric generator (not shown). An axis connected to a rotor (not shown) of the generator can pass through the opening 430 of the gearwheel 410. The MPU 400 includes a magnet 406, which in certain embodiments can be permanent, a pole piece 402, a coil of 404, and a cover 408. The cover 408 can extend through a housing 409. The gearwheel 410 is separated from the MPU 400 by a recess 426. The coil 404 can be arranged around a pole piece 402, which is disposed through the recess 426 of the plurality of teeth 412a-c. The pole piece 402 butts with the permanent magnet
    406. A connector 407 can be used to connect the MPU 400 to an IED (not shown) or other device configured to monitor the power angle of a generator associated with the MPU 400.
    The passage of the plurality of teeth 412a-c in the vicinity of the pole piece 402 causes a distortion of the magnetic flux field that passes through the detection coil 404 and the pole piece 402, which in turn generates a voltage of signal. In certain embodiments, the gearwheel 410 may be formed of ferrous material. The voltage induced in the detection coil 404 is proportional to the rate of change of the flux in the magnetic field, where the rate of change of the flux is determined by the size of the recess 426, and the rotation speed of the cogwheel 410, as provided in Equation 2.
    d
     N Equation 2
    dt
    In Equation 2, ε represents the voltage induced in the detection coil 404, N represents the number of coil turns in the detection coil 404, and Φ represents the flux in the magnetic field generated by the permanent magnet 406. A plurality Cable 405 can be used to transmit the signal generated by the MPU 400 to an IED or other device. The frequency of the induced voltage is proportional to the number of teeth


    of the wheel and the rotation speed, according to Equation 3.
    Number of Teeth * RPM
    Frequency (Hz)  Equation 3
    Figure 5A illustrates a graph of an output 510 of an MPU and the voltage of terminal 520 of a phase of a generator in a no-load condition. According to the embodiment illustrated in Figure 5A, the output 510 of the MPU is generated by a cogwheel having five (5) equally spaced teeth coupled to a four-pole generator (i.e., a generator in which a revolution complete equals two cycles of the voltage at the terminals). Therefore two cycles of terminal tension is equal to a complete revolution of the tooth the wheel in a four-pole machine. Consequently, the frequency of the terminal 520 voltage can be 60 Hz, and the output frequency of the MPU 510 can be 150 Hz.
    Although various embodiments described herein generate a rotation position signal based on the output of an MPU, other embodiments may rely on a design that does not generate a rotation position signal based on the output of an MPU. For example, a rotation position system can count the teeth associated with a cogwheel coupled to a rotor of a generator when the teeth pass through a sensor. The number of teeth of the cogwheel is known and, consequently, the rotational position system can determine the rotation position of the rotor by counting the teeth as they pass the sensor.
    According to an embodiment in which there is one electric cycle per revolution of the rotor (i.e., a 2-pole generator), when an equal number of teeth are counted by the sensor, the rotation position system can determine that it has been produced a complete revolution of the rotor. Accordingly, the rotation position system can generate a rotation position signal that can be compared with a reference signal in order to determine a relative displacement between the signals. According to another embodiment, in which there are two electric cycles per revolution of the rotor (i.e., a 4-pole generator), the rotation position system can generate a signal of 2 cycles per revolution when every two teeth have been counted in the cogwheel.
    The embodiments that generate the rotation position signal based on the approach of counting teeth in a cogwheel can generate a rotation position signal.


    which is the same frequency as the reference signal. Certain embodiments that generate a rotation position by counting the teeth of a cogwheel can calculate the power angle of a generator in the same manner as described in connection with other embodiments described herein.
    The output signal 510 of the MPU can be tracked in relation to a reference signal to determine the angular position of the rotor. According to one embodiment, the reference signal comprises a phase of the voltage at the generator terminals. Such an embodiment is described in relation to Figure 5B. According to another embodiment, the reference signal may comprise a signal adapted to the nominal frequency of the gearwheel and synchronized with a time reference. According to various embodiments, the time reference can be provided by a variety of sources, such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), an inter-range instrumentation group (IRIG) time reference, the WWV time signal from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the NIST WWVB time signal, a local area network (LAN) time signal, or the like. Figure 5C illustrates an embodiment that uses a signal based on the time reference to produce a reference signal.
    Figure 5B illustrates a graph of the output signal 510 of the MPU and the voltage of the terminal 520 in a charged condition. When the generator is loaded, the torque increases as the mechanical input increases to balance the opposite electrical force. The position of the sprocket relative to the tension of the terminal can be monitored since the sprocket is mechanically coupled to the rotor shaft. The relative change between the charged condition and the no-load condition (that is, as shown in Figure 5A) can be used as a basis for calculating a power angle associated with the generator.
    As the MPU produces a sinusoidal proportional output to the power system frequency, a zero crossing of the MPU output signal 510 can be marked relative to an individual phase of the terminal voltage in a no-load condition (it is say, as shown in Figure 5A). For example, if the frequency of the output signal 510 of the MPU is X, each 2X-th zero crossing can be measured in relation to the same phase of the terminal voltage. Although the specific embodiment illustrated in Figure 5A, shows a 5: 2 ratio between the output 510 of the MPU and the voltage of the terminal 520, in alternative embodiments, the frequency of the sensor signal can be any ratio. Any change in the relative time between the MPU signal and the terminal voltage in the 2X measurement


    Esimo, when the machine is loaded, represents a change in the relative rotor angle. In Figure 5B, a zero crossing of the output 510 of the MPU and the voltage of the terminal 520 of a generator phase are shown in 512 and 522, respectively. The change between these two points, Δδ, represents the position of the rotor with respect to the voltage of terminal 520. The reference position identified in the no-load condition (that is, as shown in Figure 5A) can be used to calculate the change in rotor position according to equation 4.
    Rotor position = Reference position - Position loaded Equation 4
    A no load condition can be established, according to an embodiment by electrically disconnecting a generator from a load. For example, a switch can be operated to selectively disconnect a generator from a load to operate the generator in the no-load condition. According to another embodiment, an excitation voltage used to generate a magnetic field in the rotor can be temporarily removed. When the excitation voltage is removed, the rotor cannot generate a magnetic field, and therefore, no current can be induced in the stator as a result of the movement of the rotor with respect to the stator. Such embodiments may provide a more precise "no load" condition, because the downstream circuits of the generator may have impedance. For example, the electrical impedance may be attributable to the windings of the generator. The generator may have a "loss curve" that approximates the generator's electrical losses from a no load condition to a full load condition. The electrical losses in the generator may be responsible for some change in the position of the rotor with respect to the output voltage in the no-load condition. Consequently, by determining the no-load condition by eliminating an excitation voltage, these losses can be taken into account when calculating a power angle in a charged state.
    Figure 5C illustrates an embodiment in which a constant reference signal 530 is generated and compared with an output signal 540 of an MPU in a period of time in which the generator is loaded. Figure 5C is merely illustrative, since the loading of a generator would generally occur more slowly in practice than what is illustrated in Figure 5C. The constant reference signal 530 can be generated based on the frequency of the MPU output at a nominal generator speed. The frequency of the MPU output at the nominal speed of the generator can be calculated using equation 3. According to certain embodiments, the constant reference signal 530 can be generated using a time source, such as a GPS time reference. According to the illustrated embodiments, the load may increase from the first time


    550 to a second time 560. In 550, a generator may be operating in a no-load condition, and in 560, the generator may be fully charged. The angular position of the rotor can be determined by detecting a relative change between the reference signal 530 and the output of the MPU 540.
    According to one embodiment, the zero crossings of each of the signals 530 and 540 can be used to detect a relative offset between the reference signal 530 and the output signal 540 of the MPU. A zero crossing of the reference signal 530 is designated at 570, while a zero crossing of the output signal 540 of the MPU is designated at 580. A time difference, Δδ, between the zero crossings 570 and 580 It can be determined. The relative time difference can be used to calculate the rotor rotation position.
    Although the waveforms illustrated in Figure 5A, Figure 5B, and Figure 5C are sinusoidal, alternative embodiments may be based on other types of waveforms, such as a square wave. For example, in one embodiment, a Hall effect sensor may be used instead of an MPU as a mechanism to detect the passage of a plurality of teeth associated with a cogwheel. The output signal in such embodiments may comprise a square waveform. In certain embodiments, such as those that use an approach of counting the pitch of teeth associated with a cogwheel, a square waveform may be advantageous.
    Figure 6 illustrates a flow chart of a method 600 for determining a rotational position of a rotor in an electric generator. Step 610 corresponds to generating a rotation position signal based on an indicator of a rotation position of a rotor in an electric generator. In accordance with certain embodiments, the rotation position indicator may comprise a gear wheel coupled to the rotor of the electric generator. In addition, an MPU may be configured to detect the passage of a plurality of teeth arranged in the cogwheel.
    Step 620 corresponds to generating a reference signal. According to one embodiment, the reference signal may be based on an external time signal, such as a GPS time signal. For example, the reference signal could be a signal adapted to the nominal frequency of the gearwheel and synchronized to the external time reference. According to another embodiment, the reference signal may comprise a terminal voltage of at least one phase of the generator.


    The reference signal can be started when the generator is operating in a no load condition. In the no-load condition, the power angle of the generator may be at a minimum (that is, approximately 0). Consequently, the reference signal may be aligned with the rotation position signal. According to embodiments in which the reference signal comprises a signal paired with a nominal frequency of a cogwheel, the reference signal may be aligned with the output of a tracking MPU of the position of rotation of the cogwheel. According to embodiments in which the reference signal comprises the terminal voltage of a phase of the electric generator, the reference signal can similarly be aligned with the output of the MPU.
    Step 630 corresponds to determining a relative offset between the reference signal and the rotation position indicator. The relative displacement between the reference signal and the rotation position indicator can be attributable to the increase in the electrical load connected to the electric generator. An increase in the mechanical energy applied to the generator input to produce additional electrical energy may cause the rotation position signal to advance relative to the reference signal. Similarly, a decrease in the mechanical energy applied to the input of the electric generator can cause the rotation position signal to be withdrawn from the reference signal.
    Step 640 corresponds to calculating the rotor rotation position based on the relative displacement between the reference signal and the rotation position indicator. The rotational position of the rotor can be expressed in terms of the power angle of the generator or in absolute terms (for example, the angular position of the rotor). The rotor rotation position can be used to calculate a power angle of the electric generator, which would consist of step 650. The power angle of the electric generator can be transmitted in step 660 to a top level control system configured to coordinate the action of the electric generator together with other components of an electric power generation and supply system.
    According to certain embodiments, in step 670 it can be determined if the rotation position is within an acceptable range. As described above, in order to maintain stability, information regarding the power angle of the generator can be monitored, and appropriate control actions can be carried out if determined


    that the rotational position is outside an acceptable range.
    In step 680, a control instruction can be generated to cause the rotation position to return to the acceptable range if it is determined that the rotation position is not in the acceptable range. For example, the control action may include an instruction to reduce the load connected to the generator (for example, by disconnecting the load). In addition, the control action may include an instruction to increase generation capacity (for example, bringing additional generators online).
    Figure 7 illustrates an example block diagram of an IED 700 configured to determine a rotational position of a rotor in an electric generator consistent with the embodiments described herein. The IED 700 includes a 732 network interface configured to communicate with a data network. The IED 700 also includes a time input 740, which can be used to receive a time signal. In certain embodiments, time input 740 can be used to generate a reference signal, as described above. In certain embodiments, a common time reference may be received through network interface 732 and, consequently, a separate time entry and / or a GPS input 736 would not be necessary. Such an embodiment may employ the IEEE 1588 protocol. Alternatively, a GPS 736 input may be provided in addition to or instead of a time entry.
    740
    A monitored equipment interface 729 may be configured to receive status information, and the output control instructions to a piece of monitored equipment, such as an electric generator. According to certain embodiments, the monitored equipment interface 729 can be configured to interface with an MPU sensor and / or Hall effect that generates a signal based on the detection of the passage of one or more teeth associated with a cogwheel coupled to A rotor in an electric generator.
    A computer readable storage medium 726 may be the repository of one or more executable modules and / or instructions configured to implement any of the processes described herein. A data bus 742 can link a monitored equipment interface 729, time input 740, network interface 732, GPS input 736 and computer readable storage medium 726 with a processor 724.
    Processor 724 may be configured to process communications received at


    via network interface 732, time input 740, GPS input 736, and monitored equipment interface 729. The processor 724 can operate with any number of processing speeds and architectures. The processor 724 may be configured to perform various algorithms and calculations described herein using computer executable instructions stored in a computer readable storage medium 726. The processor 724 can be performed as a general purpose integrated circuit, an integrated circuit of specific application, a field programmable gate array and other programmable logic devices.
    In certain embodiments, the IED 700 may include a sensor component 750. In the illustrated embodiment, the sensor component 750 is configured to collect data directly from a conductor (not shown) using a current transformer 702 and / or a voltage transformer 714. The voltage transformer 714 can be configured to decrease the voltage of the power system (V) to a secondary voltage waveform 712 that has a magnitude that can be easily controlled and is measured by the IED 700. Similarly, the current transformer 702 can be configured to proportionally decrease the line current of the power system (I) in a secondary current waveform 704 that has a magnitude that can be easily controlled and measured by the IED 700 Low pass filters 708, 716 filter, respectively, the secondary current waveform 704 and the secondary voltage waveform ia 712. An analog to digital converter 718 can multiplex, sample and / or digitize the filtered waveforms to form the corresponding digitized current and voltage signals.
    As described above, certain embodiments may monitor the voltage at the terminals of one or more phases of electrical energy generated by an electrical generator. Sensor component 750 may be configured to perform this task. In addition, the sensor component 750 may be configured to control a wide range of characteristics associated with the monitored equipment, including the status of the equipment, temperature, frequency, pressure, density, infrared absorption, radiofrequency information, partial pressures, viscosity, speed, rotation speed, mass, switch status, valve status, circuit breaker status, regulator status, meter readings, and the like.
    The A / D converter 718 can be connected to the processor 724 via a bus 742, through which the representations of the current and voltage signals are digitized


    which can be transmitted to the processor 724. In various embodiments, the digitized current and voltage signals can be compared with the conditions. For example, certain conditions may be established to implement one or more control actions based on the determination that a power angle exceeds a threshold. The control action may include an instruction to reduce the load connected to the generator (for example, by disconnecting the load) or an instruction to increase the generation capacity.
    A monitored equipment interface 729 may be configured to receive status information, and the output control instructions to a piece of monitored equipment. As described above, control actions may be issued when the power angle of a generator is outside an acceptable range, to cause the power angle to return to the acceptable range. The monitored equipment interface 729 can be configured to issue control instructions to one or more pieces of monitored equipment. According to some embodiments, the control instructions can also be issued through the interface network 732. The control instructions issued through the network interface 732 can be transmitted, for example, to other IEDs (not shown), which in turn can issue the control instruction to a piece of monitored equipment. Alternatively, the monitored piece of equipment can receive the control instruction directly through its own network interface.
    The computer readable storage medium 726 may be the repository of one or more executable modules and / or instructions configured to apply certain functions described herein. For example, a signal module 752 can be configured to generate or analyze a reference signal and / or a rotation position signal. The signal module 752 may also be configured to detect a relative offset between the reference signal and the rotation position signal. The rotation position module 753 may be configured to determine the rotor rotation position based on the relative displacement between the reference signal and the rotation position signal. In addition, the rotation position module 753 may be configured to determine if the rotation position is within an acceptable range. The determination of whether the rotation position is within an acceptable range can be used to determine when the control actions will be performed to cause the rotation position to return to the acceptable range. Control instruction module 754 may be configured to issue appropriate control instructions to keep the electric generator within the acceptable range or to make the rotation position


    return to acceptable range. Communication module 755 can facilitate communication between 700 IEDs and other IEDs (not shown) through the network interface
    732. In addition, the communication module 755 can further facilitate communication with the monitored equipment in communication with the IED 700 through the equipment interface
    5 monitored 729 or with a monitored device in communication with the IED 700 through the network interface 732. Finally, the generator modeling module 756 can be configured to use the power angle information to develop a generator model . The model, for example, may include the ability to model the generator reactance.
    10 Although specific embodiments and applications of the disclosure have been illustrated and described, it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the precise configuration and components disclosed herein. Various modifications, changes and obvious variations for those skilled in the art can be made in the arrangement, the
    15 operation and details of disclosure procedures and systems without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.

    权利要求:
    Claims (22)
    [1]
    1. An intelligent electronic device (IED) configured to determine a power angle of an electric generator based on the rotational position of a rotor, which
    5 includes:a communications port;a control logic coupled in communication to the communications port, thecontrol logic configured for:generate a reference signal;
    10 generate a sinusoidal waveform rotation position signal based on an indicator of a rotor rotational position in an electric generator; detect a relative offset between the reference signal and the sinusoidal waveform rotation position signal; calculate a power angle of the electric generator using relative displacement
    15 between the reference signal and the sinusoidal waveform rotation position signal; and transmit an indication of the power angle through the communications port.
    [2]
    2. The IED of claim 1, further comprising a monitored equipment interface
    communicatively coupled to the control logic configured to receive status information from a piece of monitored equipment.
    [3]
    3. The IED of claim 2, wherein the monitored equipment interface is configured to receive an input from a magnetic sensor unit (MPU) configured to detect the passage of a plurality of teeth associated with a cogwheel coupled to the
    25 rotor of the electric generator; and in which the rotation position signal is based on the MPU input.
    [4]
    4. The IED of claim 3, wherein the rotation position signal is based, in a non-distinguishable manner, on the angular position of the rotation position indicator.
    [5]
    5. The IED of claim 3, wherein the teeth of the cogwheel are each substantially uniform.
    [6]
    6.  The IED of claim 2, wherein the monitored equipment interface is configured
    35 to receive an input from a Hall effect sensor configured to detect the passage of a plurality of teeth associated with a toothed wheel coupled to the generator rotor

    electric ; Yin which the rotation position signal is based on the MPU input.
    [7]
    7. The IED of claim 1, further comprising
    5 an external time input communicatively coupled to the control logic andconfigured to receive an external time signal.
    [8]
    8. The IED of claim 7, wherein the control logic is further configured for
    create a reference signal based on an external time signal received through the external time input.
    [9]
    9. The IED of claim 1, further comprising a sensor component configured to monitor a terminal voltage of a phase of the electric generator, and wherein the reference signal comprises the terminal voltage.
    [10]
    10. The IED of claim 1, wherein the control logic is further configuredfor:determine that the power angle exceeds a threshold; Ygenerate a control instruction to reduce the power angle.
    [11]
    11. The IED of claim 10, wherein the control instruction comprises one of an instruction to reduce the load connected to the generator, and an instruction to increase the generation capacity.
    A method for determining a rotational position of a rotor in an electric generator, comprising: generating a sine waveform rotation position signal based on an indicator of a rotor rotational position in a generator electric; generate a reference signal;
    30 detect a relative offset between the reference signal and the rotation position indicator; calculate a power angle of the electric generator using the relative displacement between the reference signal and the sinusoidal waveform rotation position signal; and transmit an indication of the power angle through a communications port.
    [13]
    13. The method of claim 12, wherein generating the signal from

    Reference includes operating the generator in a no-load condition.
    [14]
    14. The method of claim 13, wherein the determination of relative displacement comprises:
    5 connect the generator to a load; Ycompare the reference signal in the no-load condition for the position indicator ofrotation in a loaded condition.
    [15]
    15. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
    10 determine that the phase shift exceeds a threshold; and generate a control instruction to reduce the phase shift.
    [16]
    16. The method of claim 15, wherein the control instruction comprises
    one of an instruction to reduce the load connected to the generator, and an instruction to increase the generation capacity connected to the load.
    [17]
    17. The method of claim 13, wherein the calculation of the rotation positionof the rotor comprises:detect a zero crossing of the reference signal;
    20 detect a zero crossing of the terminal voltage; and determine a time difference between the zero crossing of the reference signal and a zero crossing of the terminal voltage.
    [18]
    18. The method of claim 13, wherein the operation of the generator in a
    No load configuration comprises selectively removing an operable excitation voltage to induce a magnetic field in the rotor.
    [19]
    19. The method of claim 12, wherein the reference signal comprises a signal generated based on an external time signal.
    [20]
    20. The method of claim 12, wherein the reference signal comprises a phase of the voltage of the terminal of the electric generator.
    [21]
    21. The method of claim 12, wherein the rotation position indicator 35 comprises a gearwheel coupled to the rotor shaft.

    [22]
    22. The method of claim 21, wherein the rotation position signal is non-distinguishably based on the angular position of the rotation position indicator.
    The method of claim 21, wherein the teeth of the cogwheel are each substantially uniform.
    [24]
    24. A procedure for developing a model of an electric generator made by a system comprising a processor and a readable storage medium
    10 per non-transient computer that stores instructions that when executed by the processor cause the processor to perform the procedure, the procedure comprising: generating a sine waveform rotation position signal based on an indicator of a rotation position of a rotor in an electric generator;
    15 generate a reference signal; detect a relative offset between the reference signal and the rotation position indicator; calculate a power angle of the electric generator using the relative displacement between the reference signal and the sinusoidal waveform rotation position signal; Y
    20 determine a parameter of an electric generator model based on the calculated power angle.






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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    AU2013305685B2|2015-02-26|
    MX2015001655A|2015-05-11|
    BR112015003708A2|2017-07-04|
    ES2543370R1|2015-12-03|
    WO2014031895A2|2014-02-27|
    US20140055126A1|2014-02-27|
    US8912792B2|2014-12-16|
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    法律状态:
    2016-12-14| FC2A| Grant refused|Effective date: 20161207 |
    优先权:
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    US13/594,269|US8912792B2|2012-08-24|2012-08-24|Systems and methods for rotor angle measurement in an electrical generator|
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    PCT/US2013/056271|WO2014031895A2|2012-08-24|2013-08-22|Systems and methods for rotor angle measurement in an electrical generator|
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