• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a method for manufacturing an optical element intended to be integrated in a timepiece crystal. Such a method comprises the steps of providing a substrate (90) in a translucent or transparent material; and modifying the structure of at least one area of the substrate (90) with a laser to render said area more selective for chemical etching or for modifying the refractive index of said area.
    公开号:CH712016A2
    申请号:CH00013/17
    申请日:2017-01-05
    公开日:2017-07-14
    发明作者:Dordor Sebastien；Yoakim Nicolas
    申请人:Richemont Int Sa；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    TECHNICAL FIELD [0001] The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an optical element for a timepiece. The present invention also relates to an ice of a timepiece comprising such an optical element. By ice is meant not only the element so called and which, integrated into the watch case, allows to see the displays through, but also any other ice like an ice used inside the watch, like a dial or a similar display element or participating in the reading of information given by the mechanism of the watch. Such an optical element may be formed alone, or in combination with other optical elements, such as an optical system modifying the path and / or properties of the light in the optical element.
    STATE OF THE ART [0002] For the manufacture of optical elements, the methods used are limited. Essentially, machining and polishing methods are used (see, for example, US 6,406,769). In this way, however, optical elements can only be made by modifying the relief of the surface of the ice, and thus obtain only simple optical elements, by formation of a single diopter or by formation of a lens of which the two dioptres form the two opposite faces of the ice.
    For some materials, ultraviolet ray lithography is performed (see for example US 2,628,160), which greatly limits the application to specific classes of glasses, often doped with elements impacting their appearance. optical.
    Moreover, we can not change the refractive index of ice, which greatly limits the optical systems used in watchmaking. To overcome this disadvantage in part, it is also possible to separately manufacture an optical system or part of the complex optical system and add it, for example by driving, to the watch crystal. However, this solution remains limited to certain geometries of optical systems and some arrangements of optical systems in the ice. Furthermore, this solution has many drawbacks including a more complex manufacturing, a modified appearance and a seal made more fragile.
    BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0005] An object of the present invention is to propose a solution making it possible to manufacture a timepiece crystal with at least one optical element, free from the limitations of known solutions.
    Another object of the invention is to provide a method of manufacturing an optical element to be integrated in a timepiece glass. Indeed the invention aims to produce a monoblock ice including one or more optical element (s) from the same material, or more precisely the same substrate as ice.
    Another object of the invention is to enable complex optical systems to be realized.
    Another object of the invention is to provide one or more optical element (s) disposed (s) either on one of the faces at least of the ice, or within the ice without extend to one side of the ice, either on at least one side of the ice and inside the ice. Such an optical element may in particular include single lenses, for example for magnification, or else lenticular networks, for example those used to produce various optical effects.
    Another object of the invention is to provide one or more optical element (s) whose refractive index is different from the rest of the ice material.
    Another object of the invention is to provide one or more optical element (s) having a portion opening at least on one side of the ice and / or substrate and having a relief contributing to the modification of the path of light.
    Another object of the invention is to provide a method of manufacturing an optical element easy to implement, whether for small series or large series.
    According to the invention, these objects are achieved in particular by means of a method of manufacturing an optical element intended to be integrated in a timepiece crystal, comprising the following steps: providing a substrate in a material translucent or transparent; and modifying the structure of at least one zone of the substrate with a laser in order to make said zone more selective for chemical etching and / or to modify the refractive index of said zone.
    It is understood that the laser beam changes the structure of the material of an area of the substrate in a way (either by increasing the reactivity to chemical etching or by changing the refractive index of the material of this area) which creates or contributes to creating an area in which the path of light is different from the path of light prior to this laser treatment.
    Thus, the optical element may result from the modification of the optical properties of the exposed area of the substrate and / or optical properties of the resulting geometry after removal of the exposed area, if appropriate.
    This optical element belongs to an optical system. Such an optical system can be simple, especially if it comprises only said optical element, or more complex, especially in the presence of several optical elements juxtaposed. In the latter case, there can be an association of optical elements of which one or more are born from the modification of the refractive index in one or more adjacent zones, and / or of which one or more others (in particular which lead to the substrate surface) result from a chemical etching creating a relief with depressions obtained by chemical etching and removal of the material from the laser-treated area.
    By "translucent or transparent" material is meant a material that passes all or part of the light rays having a wavelength visible to the human eye as well as the wavelength (s) of the laser used to modify the structure.
    The invention also relates to a monobloc timepiece crystal comprising at least one optical element obtained by the manufacturing method according to the present invention.
    The present invention also relates to a timepiece, including a watch, comprising a one-piece mirror comprising at least one optical element obtained by the manufacturing method according to the present invention.
    This solution has the advantage over the prior art of allowing to modify in any area of the substrate, on the surface, in the heart, both in surface and heart, according to any geometry (Shape and desired dimensions) the structure of the material constituting this area to contribute to the formation of an optical element in this area.
    Preferably, a laser is used whose pulse duration is between 1 femtosecond and 1000 femtoseconds.
    According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing an optical element intended to be integrated into a timepiece crystal, comprising the following steps: providing a substrate in a translucent or transparent material ; modifying the structure of at least one zone opening on one of the faces of the substrate by a laser in order to make said zone more selective for chemical etching; and performing a chemical etching of said zone to form a geometric patterning contributing to the realization of said optical element.
    In this case it is understood that the optical element is selectively manufactured by removal of material in said area.
    In one embodiment, said zone opens onto one of the faces of the substrate, the modification of the structure renders said zone more selective to chemical etching, and the method further comprises a step of etching said zone to to form a geometric structuring contributing to the realization of said optical element. Thus, said optical element is selectively manufactured.
    According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing an optical element intended to be integrated in a timepiece crystal, comprising the following steps: providing a substrate in a translucent or transparent material ; and modifying the structure of at least one area of the substrate with a laser to modify the refractive index of said area.
    In this case it is understood that the optical element is selectively manufactured by differentiating the refractive index between said area and the rest of the substrate. More specifically, said zone has a refractive index modified by the laser radiation and all around said zone, the material has an unmodified refractive index and is equal to that of the material constituting the starting substrate.
    In one embodiment, the first aspect of the invention is implemented in a first zone of the substrate and the second aspect of the invention is implemented in a second zone of the substrate which is different from the first zone of the substrate. zoned. In this case, at least one optical element is formed in a first zone of the substrate by removal of material in said first zone of the substrate and at least one optical element is formed in a second zone of the substrate by modifying the refractive index.
    In another embodiment, the second aspect of the invention is implemented in a second zone of the substrate and the first aspect of the invention is implemented in a first zone of the substrate which is at least partially included in the first zone. In this case, at least one optical element, which is located in a location common to the first zone and the second zone, is formed both by removal of material and by modification of the refractive index.
    Advantageously, the substrate material is one of the following materials: glass, mineral glass, corundum, quartz, sapphire, synthetic ruby, polycrystalline ruby, silica, a glass ceramic, a ceramic and a polymer.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES [0029] Examples of implementation of the invention are indicated in the description illustrated by the appended figures in which: FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an enlarged and partial sectional view of an ice with an optical element being obtained, according to a first embodiment of the invention; figs. 2A illustrate in top view two variants of an ice with an optical element being obtained, and 2B according to the first embodiment of the invention; fig. 3 is a partial enlarged sectional view of an ice with an optical element, according to a second embodiment of the invention; fig. 4 is an enlarged sectional view of an ice with two optical elements, according to a third embodiment of the invention; fig. 5 is an enlarged sectional view of an ice with two optical elements, according to a variant of the third embodiment of the invention; fig. 6 illustrates in partial section of an ice with two variants of an optical element, according to a fourth embodiment of the invention; fig. 7 illustrates in partial section an ice with a series of optical elements forming a complex optical system, according to a fifth embodiment of the invention; fig. 8 illustrates in partial section an ice of the prior art with an antireflection layer; and FIG. 9 illustrates in partial section an ice according to a sixth embodiment of the invention having an antireflection layer.
    Example (s) of Embodiment of the Invention [0030] FIGS. 1, 2A and 2B illustrate a first embodiment of an ice 100 in which the manufacturing method according to the first aspect is used to form a polarizing layer as an optical element. For this purpose, the manufacturing method according to the invention is used to form a geometric patterning in the form of stripes 101 which will guide the polarizing particles of a layer (not shown) which is deposited on the upper face of the ice 100 by covering the stripes 101.
    [0031] Preferably, the geometric structuring comprises nanometric stripes. Indeed, scratches having nanoscale dimensions, at least for the width and depth of the stripes 101, are suitable for the formation of a polarizing layer. These stripes 101 constitute hollows, in the form of indentations, notches or furrows dug in the face of the starting substrate 90 thanks to the structure modification made by the laser in each point of material to be removed to dig the stripes by chemical etching.
    Preferably, the scratches 101 of the ice 100 according to the invention are produced by the technique "Selective Laser-induced Etching" (SLE) or "In-Volume Selective Laser-induced Etching" (ISLE).
    For this purpose, the stripes 101 are obtained as follows: a) there is provided a disk-shaped substrate 90, obtained by machining or polishing, intended to form the ice; b) a laser is provided with a pulse duration that can range from femtosecond (10-15 seconds) to picosecond (10-12 seconds); c) the structure of the substrate 90 is modified throughout the volume of material to be removed to form the stripes 101; d) providing a liquid chemical agent which allows the substrate volume material whose structure has been modified by the laser in the previous step, to dissolve more rapidly than the other material zones whose structure has not not changed; e) the substrate 90 is immersed with the modified structure volume in a bath composed of the liquid chemical agent, the substrate 90 is maintained for a predetermined time in the bath so that the whole of the material of the structure volume amended is dissolved; and f) the piece 100 thus formed is taken out of the bath and washed to remove any trace of the chemical agent and thereby stop the chemical reaction between the liquid chemical agent and the substrate material.
    The ice 100 shown in FIG. 1 with an upper face having stripes 101.
    The modification of the structure of the substrate 90 in step c) is only possible by using a material for the substrate 90 which is transparent to the laser. In practice, one travels with the focal point of the laser, point to point, the entire volume of the substrate 90 for forming the stripes, comprising a portion of the face of the substrate or close to the surface of the substrate. The structure of the material is thus modified by multiphoton absorption, which requires a particularly high energy density.
    In step d), the local modification of the structure by the laser makes it possible to choose a liquid chemical agent that is more reactive in the modified structure volume than in the other unmodified zones.
    Thus, preferably, the stripes 101 of the ice 100 according to the invention are obtained by a selective chemical etching process, implemented after a preliminary step of modifying the structure of a three-dimensional zone of the substrate before to be engraved.
    Next, the manufacturing method of the optical element further comprises an additional step of depositing a polarizing layer on the geometric structuring, namely on the stripes 101.
    This polarizing layer (not shown) preferably comprises dichroic compounds, at least a portion of the dichroic compounds being molecules or molecule fragments with planar structures and forming a crystal lattice in the polarizing layer.
    [0040] Advantageously, as can be seen in FIG. 2A and in FIG. 2B, the stripes 101 are distributed in groups of stripes substantially parallel to each other.
    In general, the use of the ISLE technique allows to very precisely control the orientation of the stripes 101 and therefore, by controlling the polarizing effect by setting a high definition polarizing effect.
    In addition, thanks to the manufacturing method according to the first aspect of the invention, one can form scratches on any type of material. Indeed, traditionally, scratches are obtained by surface saturation on a few nanometers, with a ceramic powder, whose hardness is insufficient to treat a sapphire substrate.
    Also, by virtue of the manufacturing method according to the first aspect of the invention, a multitude of different optical elements can be constituted in a timepiece crystal, and in particular birefringent, polarizing optical elements.
    FIG. 3 illustrates a second embodiment of an ice 100 in which the manufacturing method of the invention according to the first aspect is used to form as an optical element a diopter 102 on the surface of the substrate 90 forming the ice For this purpose, the manufacturing method is used to form a geometric structuring in the form of selective material shrinkage.
    In the example shown in FIG. 3, the geometric structuring comprises a non-planar diopter 102 made on the lower face 100a of the ice 100. It acts in this case a convex diopter 102. It is understood that other types of non-planar diopter are very easily achievable through the manufacturing method according to the invention.
    In an embodiment not shown, the geometric structuring comprises reliefs forming signs and graphic symbols. Thus, for example, these reliefs represent a logo and / or a number, a letter, a symbol so that by assembling these graphic signs can be included information in relation to the timepiece, the coin series. watchmaking, or other referencing. In particular, the geometric structuring forming these reliefs can be made on the lateral face 100b of the ice 100 forming the wafer (see FIGS.
    FIG. 4 illustrates a third embodiment of an ice 100 in which the manufacturing method according to the second aspect of the invention is used to form an optical fiber 110 as optical element. For this purpose, the method of fabrication is used to form a geometric structuring as a modification of the refractive index of the substrate.
    More specifically, there is a substrate 90 made of a material with a refractive index n3. In this case, the modification of the structure makes a first modification of the refractive index of a first zone (with a modified refractive index n1) and a second modification of the refractive index of a second zone (with a a modified refractive index n2) surrounding said first zone. The modified refractive index is lower in the second zone than in the first zone (n2 <n1). The first zone forms the core 111 of an optical fiber 110 and the second zone forms the sheath 112 of the optical fiber 110.
    Thus, in a first step, the structure is modified by the laser in a first zone intended to form the core 111 of the optical fiber 110, and having a refractive index n1. Preferably, the heart 111 of the optical fiber has a circular section. Then, in a second step, the structure is modified by the laser in a second zone intended to form the sheath 112 of the optical fiber 110, and having a refractive index n2 different from n1. Preferably, n1> n2. Preferably, the sheath 112 of the optical fiber has an annular section.
    The order of the first step and the second step can be reversed during the manufacture of the optical fiber 110.
    The path of the light in the optical fiber 110, within the heart 111 of the optical fiber, is indicated by the reference sign 20.
    In FIG. 4, the ice 100 is shown with two optical fibers 110 rectilinear and parallel to each other extending from one edge to the other of the ice, opening on the side face 100b forming the edge.
    Preferably, at least one end of the optical fiber opens on one side of the substrate 90. In FIG. 4, for each optical fiber 110, the two ends of the optical fiber 110 open on one side of the substrate, in particular on the side face 100b.
    The use of laser structuring makes it possible to control very precisely the dimensions and the refractive index of each part of the optical fiber, namely the core 111 and the sheath 112, and allows the production to be carried out in situ in ice 100, optical fibers having all the orientations, sizes and possible geometries.
    Thus, in the case of the variant of the third embodiment of FIG. 5, the curved optical fibers 110 'are produced by means of the manufacturing method according to the invention. Two curved optical fibers 110 'were placed one above the other in the ice 100 of FIG. 5. In the upper part of fig. 5, the curved optical fiber 110 'has two ends that open on the side face 100b. In the lower part of fig. 5, the curved optical fiber 110 'has a smaller radius of curvature and has two ends that do not open on any face of the ice 100.
    In general, in the case of the variant of the third embodiment, can be achieved through the manufacturing method according to the invention an optical fiber having a non-rectilinear direction.
    Moreover, machining the optical fiber by structuring material directly in the ice makes it possible to achieve very small radii and complex geometries for the optical fibers.
    For example, such rectilinear optical fibers 110 or curves 110 'can be used alone, or in bundle to allow light guidance to present hidden elements, display elements in unconventional places (corners of a square watch, edge of the ice).
    FIG. 6 illustrates a fourth embodiment of a mirror 100 in which the manufacturing method according to the invention is used both in the first aspect and in the second aspect. By the implementation of the manufacturing method according to the first aspect, an optical element 122 is formed as an optical element on the surface of the ice 100, in particular on the lateral face 100b forming the edge of the ice 100.
    For this purpose, in order to conform the diopter 122 by removal of material in the substrate 90, it is necessary to make another modification of the structure of the substrate 90 which makes a third zone, not shown, located at the end of the optical fiber 110 by extending the diopter 122, more selective to chemical etching, and selectively to manufacture said diopter 122 as an optical element. For this, said manufacturing method according to the invention further comprises a step of etching said third zone in order to achieve a geometric structuring delimiting a non-planar diopter 122.
    In addition, by implementing the manufacturing method according to the second aspect, an optical fiber 110 is formed as an optical element with a core 111 having a first refractive index n1, surrounded by a sheath 112 having a second refractive index n2. As in the case of the third embodiment of FIG. 4, the optical fiber 110 is rectilinear and its two ends of the fiber open on the lateral face 100b of the ice 100. Furthermore, in the case shown in FIG. 6, said diopter 122 is convex and constitutes with the end of the optical fiber 110 a convergent lens forming a magnifying glass 123. Furthermore, said magnifying glass 123 extends the end of the core 111 of the optical fiber 110 to form an optical system 110 ".
    Two optical systems 110 "associating an optical fiber 110 and a magnifying lens 123 are thus made in the ice of Fig. 6. In particular, as shown in the optical system 110" of the upper part of FIG. 6, said magnifier 123 has a refractive index n1 identical to that of the first zone forming the core 111 of the optical fiber 110. Concerning the other optical system 110 "of the lower part of FIG 6, said magnifying glass 123 presents a refractive index n2 identical to that of the second zone forming the sheath 112 of the optical fiber 110.
    In this fourth embodiment of a mirror 100, a lens (integrated lens 123) is created (monobloc) to a waveguide fiber 110 having a chosen refractive index, which may be that of the core. fiber 111 (refractive index n1) or sheath fiber 112 (refractive index n2). This has the advantage of combining the magnifying effect and the guidance of the light on a solid element and having no set of assembly by its nature monobloc.
    According to a fifth embodiment of the manufacturing method according to the invention, implementing the second aspect, the modification of the structure makes a modification of the refractive index of said zone relative to the rest of the substrate, said zone delimiting a lens.
    In a first variant, the modification of the structure makes a first modification of the refractive index of a first zone forming a first lens and a second zone forming a second lens having the same optical axis as the first lens. lens and being contiguous with the first lens. Here is formed a first lens and a second lens having the same refractive index, different from that of the substrate 90.
    In a second variant, the modification of the structure makes a first modification of the refractive index of a first zone forming a first lens and a second modification of the refractive index of a second zone forming a second lens. lens having the same optical axis as the first lens and being contiguous with the first lens. In this second variant of the fifth embodiment, a first lens and a second lens having a refractive index different from each other and different from that of the substrate 90 are formed.
    By way of example to illustrate this fifth embodiment, FIG. 7 shows an ice 100 in which a complex optical system 130 comprising a series of lenses 131, 132, 133 and 134 aligned and contiguous to each other, having the same optical axis, has been manufactured directly in the material of the substrate 90. In this example, the two lenses 131 and 134 forming the ends of the complex optical system 130 are convex planar lenses, the planar face being rotated in the same direction for the lens 131 and for the lens 134 (in this case upwards). of Fig. 7). The convex face of the lens 134 is flush with the lower face 100a of the ice 100. A biconvex lens 132 is disposed under the upper end lens 131 and a third convex plane lens 133 is disposed between the biconvex lens 132 and the lens of the lens. lower end 134.
    In this way, we obtain a complex optical system 130 monobloc, manufactured with precision, which guarantees in particular the align lenses 131, 132, 133 and 134, and which is not fragile since it is integrated in the material of the substrate 90.
    Such complex optical systems 130 can be manufactured in a simple manner to produce a magnifying glass with a complex or compound geometry, notably making it possible to correct geometric and / or chromatic aberrations of simpler optical systems, such as a magnifying glass.
    We turn to figs. 8 and 9 showing a sixth embodiment of an ice making use of the manufacturing method according to the second aspect. In this case, the modification of the structure makes a modification of the refractive index of an area relative to the substrate 90, said zone delimiting an antireflection layer.
    [0071] Traditionally, as shown in FIG. 8, one or more antireflection layers are produced by the successive deposition of thin layers having different refractive indices. Thus, the layer 140 of thickness e has the refractive index n and is disposed on a substrate 90. The incident light 20 is thus reflected along the radius 20 'reflected on the surface of the layer 140 and the radius 20' reflected by the transition surface between the layer 140 and the substrate 90.
    In FIG. 9, there is obtained a layer 140 of constant thickness obtained by the manufacturing method according to the second aspect of the invention, which is located slightly below the upper face 100a. According to a variant not shown the layer 140 is located directly on the surface of the ice 100 and defines the upper face 100a. The modification of the refractive index of the substrate 90 (for example in sapphire or organic glass) by laser irradiation directly in the material allows the antireflection layer 140 to be made very simply and with great dimensional precision. manufacturing process free of complicated depositions to master.
    Reference numerals used in the figures [0073] 90 Substrate 100 Ice 100a Top or bottom face 100b Side face 101 Scratches 102 Diopter not plane 110 Optical fiber rectilinear 110 'Optical fiber curve 110 "Optical fiber with magnifying glass 111 Heart of the optical fiber 112 Optical fiber sheath 122 Diopter not plane 123 Magnifier 130 Complex optical system 131 Convex plane lens 132 Biconvex lens
    权利要求:
    Claims (26)
    [1]
    133 Convex lens 134 Convex lens 140 Antireflective coating Claims
    A method of manufacturing an optical element to be integrated in a timepiece crystal (100), comprising the steps of: providing a substrate (90) in a translucent or transparent material, modifying the structure of a at least one area of the substrate (90) by a laser to make said area more selective to chemical etching or to modify the refractive index of said area.
    [2]
    2. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the duration of the pulses of the laser is between 1 femtosecond and 1000 femtoseconds.
    [3]
    3. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein said zone opens on one of the faces of the substrate (90), and further comprising a step of etching said zone to form a geometrical patterning.
    [4]
    4. The method of claim 3, wherein the geometric patterning comprises nanometric stripes (101).
    [5]
    5. The method of claim 4, further comprising an additional step of depositing a polarizing layer on the geometric patterning.
    [6]
    The method of claim 5, wherein said polarizing layer comprises dichroic compounds, wherein at least a portion of the dichroic compounds are molecules or molecule fragments with planar structures forming a crystal lattice in the polarizing layer.
    [7]
    7. The manufacturing method according to claim 4, wherein the stripes (101) are distributed in groups of stripes substantially parallel to each other.
    [8]
    8. The manufacturing method according to claim 3, wherein the geometric structuring comprises at least one non-planar diopter (102).
    [9]
    9. The manufacturing method according to claim 3, wherein the geometric structuring comprises reliefs forming graphic signs and symbols.
    [10]
    10. The manufacturing method according to claim 1 wherein the modification of the surface structure takes the form of lenticular network.
    [11]
    11. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the modification of the structure makes a modification of the refractive index of said zone relative to the substrate (90), said zone delimiting an antireflection layer (140).
    [12]
    12. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the modification of the structure makes a first modification of the refractive index of a first zone and a second modification of the refractive index of a second zone surrounding said first zone. zone, the modified refractive index being lower in the second zone than in the first zone, said first zone forming the core (111) of an optical fiber (110) and said second zone forming the sheath (112) of said optical fiber (110).
    [13]
    13. The method of claim 12, wherein at least one end of the optical fiber (110) opens on one side of the substrate (90).
    [14]
    The method of claim 13, wherein another modification of the structure makes a third zone, at the end of the optical fiber (110), more selective for chemical etching, said method further comprising an etching step. said third zone in order to achieve a geometric structuring delimiting a non-planar diopter (122).
    [15]
    15. The method of claim 14, wherein said diopter is convex and forms with the end of the optical fiber (110) a convergent lens forming a magnifying glass (123).
    [16]
    The method of claim 15, wherein said magnifying glass (123) extends the end of the heart (111) of the optical fiber (110).
    [17]
    17. The method of claim 15, wherein said magnifying glass (123) has a refractive index identical to that of the first zone forming the heart (111) of the optical fiber (110).
    [18]
    18. The method of claim 15, wherein said magnifying glass (123) has a refractive index identical to that of the second zone forming the sheath (112) of the optical fiber (110).
    [19]
    19. Method according to one of claims 12 to 18, wherein said optical fiber (110) has a non-rectilinear direction.
    [20]
    20. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the modification of the structure makes a modification of the refractive index of said zone relative to the rest of the substrate (90), said zone delimiting a lens (131, 132, 133). , 134).
    [21]
    21. The method of claim 20, wherein the modification of the structure makes a first modification of the refractive index of a first zone forming a first lens and a second zone forming a second lens having the same optical axis as the first lens and being contiguous with the first lens.
    [22]
    22. The method of claim 20, wherein the modification of the structure makes a first modification of the refractive index of a first zone forming a first lens and a second modification of the refractive index of a second zone forming a second lens having the same optical axis as the first lens and being contiguous with the first lens.
    [23]
    23. Method according to one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the material of the substrate (90) is one of the following materials: glass, mineral glass, corundum, quartz, sapphire, synthetic ruby, polycrystalline ruby, silica, a ceramic and a polymer.
    [24]
    24. Ice (100) integral piece of timepiece comprising an optical element obtained according to the manufacturing method according to one of claims 1 to 23.
    [25]
    25. Timepiece comprising an ice (100) according to claim 24.
    [26]
    26. Watch comprising an ice (100) according to claim 24.
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