MASSIVE SCALE HETEROGENEOUS DATA INGESTION AND USER RESOLUTION

专利摘要:
this disclosure refers to the association of data, attribution, annotation, and interpretation systems and the respective methods of effectively organizing heterogeneous data on a massive scale. the input data is received and extracted for identification information ("information"). Multiple dimensionality reduction functions are applied to the information, and based on the function's results, the information is grouped into similar sets of information. filtering rules are applied to sets to exclude mismatch information in sets. the sets are then merged into groups of information based on whether the sets contain at least one common information. a common link can be associated with information in a group. if the input data includes the identifying information associated with the common link, the input data is assigned to the common link. in some embodiments, the input data is not changed, but assigned to the domains.
公开号:BR112019015920A2
申请号:R112019015920-7
申请日:2018-01-31
公开日:2020-03-31
发明作者:Rege Anukool；Kumar Sahay Prashant；Lally Mervyn；Kumar Shirish；Sahay Sansksar
申请人:Experian Information Solutions, Inc.；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

MASSIVE-SCALE HETEROGENEOUS DATA INGESTION AND USER RESOLUTION
FIELD [0001] This invention relates to data interpretation, annotation, attribution and association systems and related methods of efficient organization of heterogeneous data elements associated with users on a massive scale. Systems and methods can be implemented to provide real-time access to historical user data elements that were not previously available.
FUNDAMENTALS [0002] Credit events can be collected, compiled, and analyzed to provide an individual's credibility in the form of a credit report, which typically includes multiple credit attributes, such as a credit score, credit account information , and other information related to the financial credibility of users. For example, a credit score is important as it can establish the necessary level of trust between transaction entities. For example, financial institutions such as lenders, credit card providers, banks, car dealers, brokers, or the like can more safely enter into a business transaction based on credit scores.
SUMMARY [0003] Systems and methods are disclosed related to the system of interpretation, annotation, attribution and association of data and related methods of
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2/96 efficient organization of heterogeneous data on a massive scale.
[0004] A general aspect includes a computer system for determining account holder's identities for collected event information, the computer system including: one or more hardware computer processors; and one or more storage devices configured to store software instructions configured for execution by one or more hardware computer processors to cause the computer system to: receive, from a plurality of data sources, a plurality of event information associated with a corresponding plurality of events; for each event information: access a data store including associations between data sources and identifier parameters, the identifier parameters including at least one indication of one or more identifiers included in the event information from the corresponding data source; determine, based on at least the data source identifiers of the event information, identifiers included in the event information as indicated in the accessed data store; extract identifiers from event information based on at least the corresponding identifier parameters, where a combination of identifiers includes the unique identity associated with a unique user; access a plurality of hash functions, each associated with a combination of identifiers; for each unique identity, calculate a plurality of hashes by evaluating the plurality of functions
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3/96 hash; based on whether unique identities share a common hash calculated with a common hash function, selectively group unique identities for sets of unique identities associated with common hashes; for each set of unique identities: apply one or more matching rules including criteria for comparing unique identities within the set; determine a corresponding set of unique identities such as those satisfying one or more of the matching rules; merge corresponding sets of unique identities each including at least one common unique identity to provide one or more fused sets that do not have a unique identity in common with other fused sets; for each merged set: determine an inverted personal identifier; associate the inverted personal identifier with each of the unique identities in the merged set; for each unique identity: identify event information associated with at least one of the combinations of identifiers associated with the unique identity, and associate the inverted personal identifier with the identified event information. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding computer systems, apparatus, and computer programs recorded on one or more computer storage devices, each configured to perform the actions of the methods.
[0005] Implementations may include one or more of the following features. The computer system where hash functions include at least: a first hash function that evaluates a first combination of at least portions of
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4/96 a first identifier and at least portions of a second identifier extracted from the event information; and a second hash function that evaluates a second combination of at least portions of the first identifier and at least portions of a third identifier extracted from the event information; The computer system where the first hash function is selected based on the identifier types of one or more of the first identifier or the second identifier. The computer system where the first identifier is a user's social security number and the second identifier is a user's last name, and the first combination is a concatenation less than all digits of the social security number and less than all the characters from the user's last name. The computer system where a first set of events includes a plurality of events associated with the first hash and a second set of events includes a plurality of events each associated with the second hash. The computer system where identifiers are selected from: first name, last name, middle name initial, middle name, date of birth, social security number, taxpayer ID, or national ID. The computer system where the computer system generates an inverted map by associating an inverted personal identifier with each of the remaining unique identities in the merged sets and stores the map in a data store. The computer system further including, based on the inverted personal identifier designated for the remaining unique identities, designating the personal identifier
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5/96 inverted for each of the plurality of event information including the remaining unique identities. The computer system where hash functions include location-sensitive hashing. The computer system where one or more match rules include one or more identity resolution rules that compare one or more sets with account holder information in an external database or CRM system to identify matches with one or more more matching rules. The computer system where the identity resolution rules include criteria that indicate criteria of correspondence between the account holder information and the identifiers. The computer system where the fusion sets includes, for each of one or more sets, repeating the process of: matching each unique identity in a set with another unique identity in the set to create unique identity pairs; determine a single common identity in pairs; and in response to the determination of the common single identity, grouping non-common unique identities from peers with the common single identity until lists of unique identities contained within the resulting groups are mutually exclusive between resulting groups. The computer system where the determination of the common common identity in pairs further includes classifying the unique identities in pairs. Implementations of the techniques described may include hardware, a method or process, or computer software in a computer-accessible medium.
[0006] Another general aspect includes a computer system including: one or more computer processors
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6/96 hardware, and one or more storage devices configured to store software instructions configured for execution by one or more hardware computer processors to cause the computer system to: receive a plurality of events from one or more data sources, where at least some of the events have heterogeneous structures; store events in heterogeneous structures for access by external processes; for each of the data sources; identify a domain based at least in part on the data structure or data from the data source; access a vocabulary associated with the identified domain; and for each event; determine if the event matches part of a vocabulary or an entire vocabulary; associate the event with the corresponding domain or vocabulary; associate one or more labels with portions of the event based on the given domain. Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding computer systems, apparatus, and computer programs recorded on one or more computer storage devices, each configured to perform the actions of the methods.
[0007] Implementations may include one or more of the following features. The computer system including software instructions, when executed by one or more hardware processors, are configured to make the computer system: receive a request for information associated with a user in a first domain; run one or more domain analyzers configured to identify events associated with the
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7/96 user having one or more bookmarks associated with the first domain; and provide at least part of the events identified to a requesting entity. The computer system where at least part of the identified events includes only those portions of the identified events associated with the one or more markers associated with the first domain. Implementations of the techniques described may include hardware, a method or process, or computer software in a computer-accessible medium.
[0008] Another general aspect includes a computerized method including, through a computer system having one or more computer processors: receiving a plurality of event information from one or more data sources, where the plurality of event information it has heterogeneous data structures; determining a domain for each of the one or more data sources based at least in part on one or more of the data sources, a data structure associated with the data source, or event information from the data source; access a domain dictionary associated with the given domain including domain vocabulary, domain grammar, and / or annotation criteria; note one or more portions of event information from the given domain with domain vocabulary where it is based on the annotation criteria; receive a request for event information or data included in the event information; interpret the event information based on one or more annotated portions of the event information; and provide the requested data based on the interpretation. Others
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Embodiments of this aspect include corresponding computer systems, apparatus, and computer programs recorded on one or more computer storage devices, each configured to carry out the actions of the methods.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0009] Certain embodiments will now be described with reference to the following drawings. Through the drawings, reference numbers can be reused to indicate the correspondence between referenced elements. The drawings are provided to illustrate example embodiments described here and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention or the claims.
[00010] FIG. IA illustrates an example of a credit data system of the present invention, according to some embodiments.
[00011] FIG. 1B illustrates an example of credit data generation, flow and storage, according to some embodiments.
[00012] FIG. 2A illustrates an example of sequential processing of a collection of heterogeneous events, according to some embodiments, according to some embodiments.
[00013] FIG. 2B illustrates an example of a credit data system interfacing with various applications or services, according to some embodiments.
[00014] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a credit data system structure for the simultaneous creation of the
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9/96 credit status and credit associates for analysis, according to some embodiments.
[00015] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a batch indexing process, including identity extraction, identity matching, and identity stamping in this embodiment.
[00016] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of identity extraction, according to some embodiments.
[00017] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a process for reducing the dimensionality of data using hashing algorithms, according to some embodiments.
[00018] THE FIG. 7 illustrates a example of process in resolution ofachievements • identity, of wake up with some [00019] THE FIG. 8 illustrates a example of process in set fusion , in according to some embodiments.[00020] THE FIG. 9 illustrates a association example in
inverted personal identifiers (inverted PIDs) with unique identities, according to some embodiments.
[00021] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of stamping of inverted PIDs for credit events, according to some embodiments.
[00022] FIGS. 11A-11D illustrate an example of implementing a sample identity matching process.
[00023] FIG. 12 is a flowchart of an example method for efficiently organizing heterogeneous data on a massive scale, according to some embodiments.
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10/96 [00024] FIGS. 13A-13C illustrates example data models showing probability of defect associated with data such as data flows from data ingestion to data consumption.
[00025] FIG. 14 illustrates various types of data sources that can provide heterogeneous event information with respect to an individual, which can be accessed and analyzed in the various embodiments.
[00026] FIG. 15 illustrates example domains and their associated vocabularies, according to some embodiments.
[00027] FIG. 16 illustrates an example of a system for and marking event information and then uses the event information marked in the provision of data insights, according to some embodiments.
[00028] FIG. 17 is a flowchart of an example method for interpreting input data in order to minimize the impact of a defect in the system, according to some embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE CONCRETIZATIONS [00029] This invention presents several architectures and embodiments of systems and methods related to data interpretation, annotation, attribution and association systems and related methods of efficient organization of heterogeneous data on a massive scale. The systems and methods disclosed can be implemented to provide credit data based on intelligent and efficient architectural credit data.
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11/96 [00030] More accurate and reliable credit-related information can further boost the confidence levels of entities that review credit-related information. For example, the accurate and reliable provision of credit reporting, cash flow, balance sheet reporting, credit scores, or other credit attributes can more accurately show an individual's credibility. Ideally, collecting all credit-related information related to an individual and updating the credit attributes of the individual whenever credit-related information is collected can provide such more accurate and reliable credit attributes. However, there are very real technical challenges that can make it difficult to have more timely, accurate and reliable credit attributes. The same or similar challenges can apply to other types of collection, storage, data analysis, etc. For example, systems may also suffer from timely resolution of large masses of event data associated with travel-related events, crime-related events, education-related events, etc. for private individuals. Thus, any discussion here of technical problems and solutions in the context of credit-related information is equally applicable to other types of information.
[00031] A technical challenge refers to dealing with a large volume of credit events that need to be collected, analyzed, stored, and made accessible to requesting entities. For example, if there are 40 million people and each person has 20 accounts (for
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12/96 example, bank accounts, mortgages, car rentals, credit cards), there are 800 million accounts that are constantly generating credit events. By a modest hypothesis, if each credit event contains 1000 bytes of data, a large volume of gross credit events for 12 months can be approximately 10 terabytes or more of data. If some internal guidelines or external regulations require 5 years of credit events to be archived, the volume can approach 50 terabytes. The challenge is further complicated by the tendency to increase digital transactions from both the growing population and the adoption of increased digital transactions. Traditional data collection models where data collection and analysis are treated as separate steps in a side process may fail to satisfy the demand for rapid analysis, declarations, and records.
[00032] Another technical challenge concerns dealing with various formats of event data. Events can be received from various entities, such as lenders, credit card providers, banks, car dealers, brokers, or the like. Entities generally provide credit events in their ownership data structure or scheme. The collected data is usually stored in a database, such as a relational database, which, while providing benefits of structured organization with standard data structures, may be poorly equipped in data collection having heterogeneous structures. In addition, such databases may need heavy resource
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13/96 extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL). ETL operations often also need extensive programming efforts to incorporate data structures from new data sources.
[00033] Even when collected data are successfully transformed to conform to the database schemas provided by the databases, the database schemas are generally very rigid to accommodate the information. Expanding database schemas can quickly become a huge task as new data sources with different data structures continue to become available. Appropriately, database managers are pitted against decisions to (1) trim extra information that may become important at some point (essentially cutting to fit square data in a round scheme), or (2) disregard information not as available even though the future analysis will be inaccurate. Both approaches are less than ideal since both approaches introduce incompleteness or imprecision.
[00034] In addition to the challenges in data collection, there are also technical challenges related to analysis. For example, such systems can be very slow to generate a credit report for an individual. From multiple terabytes of data (per year), the systems search for correspondence of records through individual request in order to generate the credit statement. Such systems can take days or weeks to calculate credit statements for 40 million people. Not only
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14/96 makes the delayed generation of the statements not reflect the current state of the individual, but it also indicates that a significant amount of computing resources is linked with the task of generating the statements. This provides a non-optimal mechanism for detecting fraud through credit data, as data in credit reports can be several days late with the time provided to the user. Additionally, even when the fraudulent transaction has been removed, it can take multiple days, weeks, or more for the change to be indicated in an updated credit report. Appropriately, it is not an exaggeration to say that credit statements generated from these registration systems can be misleading in their reflections of an individual's real credibility.
[00035] The delay in obtaining results is not the only challenge in the analysis. Generally, personally identifiable information from individuals is inaccurate or is not up to date. For example, someone can use a street address with 101 Main Street for a credit card, but use 101 Main St. for their mortgage account or, as is very common, change the phone number. Credit events from one financial institution may have an updated phone number while credit events from another financial institution may have an out-of-date phone number. Such irregularities and out-of-date personally identifiable information prove to be a unique challenge for a data analyst, such as how to precisely resolve a user's credit events from multiple sources based on information from
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15/96 personal identification that does not correspond between these events.
[00036] Credit data analysis and storage systems can implement data models where rigorous ETL processes are placed close to data ingestion in order to standardize input data, where ETL processes involve restructuring, transforming, and interpreting. As will be described, early interpretation can mean the early introduction of defects to the data flow, and the extended life cycle of each defect before data consumption provides ample opportunity for the defect to spread. In addition, as such systems update ETL processes for each new input data with new data structures, significant engineering and software efforts are spent to incorporate the new input data. Eventually, a marginal effort to keep the interpretation upstream can overload such a system. In addition, ETL processes can transform the original data or create a substantially similar copy of the original data. When a defect in the interpretation process is found after the original data has been transformed from a standard way, there can be a serious loss of information. Alternatively, when original event data is substantially copied, there is a waste of storage space and a severe impact on the processing capabilities of the largest data set. In various implementations of credit data systems, one or more of the following technical problems or challenges may be encountered:
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16/96 • Data integration approaches, such as data warehouses and data centers, attempt to extract significant items of data from input data and transform them into a standardized target data structure;
• When the number of data sources grow up, O software required to transform data The leave in multiple types of sources also grows in size and complexity;• 0 effort marginal to bring a new . source in
data becomes increasingly large as incorporating new data sources and new formats requires that existing software be modified;
• The incorporation of new data sources and types can cause the target data structure to be modified, requiring the conversion of existing data from one format to another;
• The complexity of software modifications and data conversions can lead to defects. If defects go unnoticed for a long period of time, significant effort and cost must be spent to undo the effects of defects through additional software modifications and data conversions, and the cycle can continue;
• These data integration approaches can have high defect leverage as they attempt to interpret and transform data closer to the point of ingestion.
[00037] Therefore, such credit data systems (and other high-volume data analysis systems) are technically challenging at least in their lack of
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17/96 agility, adaptability, precision, reliability, interoperability, defect management and storage optimization.
Definitions [00038] In order to facilitate an understanding of the systems and methods discussed here, a number of terms are defined below. The terms defined below, as well as other terms used here, must be interpreted to include the definitions provided, the common and customary meaning of the terms, and / or any other meaning implied for the respective terms. Thus, the definitions below do not limit the meaning of these terms, but provide only exemplary definitions.
[00039] The terms user, individual, consumer, and customer should be interpreted to include individuals alone, as well as groups of users, such as, for example, married couples or domestic partners, organizations, groups, and business entities. Additionally, the terms can be used interchangeably. In some embodiments, the terms refer to a user's computing device instead of, or in addition to, a real human operator of the computing device.
[00040] Personally identifiable information (also referred to here as PII) includes any information regarding a user that alone can be used to uniquely identify a particular user for third parties. Depending on the implementation, and the combination of user data that must be provided to a third party,
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18/96
PII can include first and / or last name, middle name, address, email address, social security number, IP address, passport number, vehicle registration plate number, credit card numbers , date of birth, and / or home / work / mobile phone number. In some embodiments, user IDs that can be very difficult to associate with private users should still be considered PII, just as if the IDs were unique to the corresponding users. For example, users' digital Facebook IDS can be considered PII for Facebook and third parties.
[00041] User Input (also referred to as Input) generally refers to any type of input provided by a user that is intended to be received and / or stored by one or more computing devices, to cause an update to the data that are displayed, and / or to cause an update to the way the data is displayed. Non-limiting examples of such user input include keyboard inputs, mouse inputs, digital pen inputs, voice inputs, finger touch inputs (for example, via the touch sensitive display), gesture inputs (for example, hand movements, finger movements, arm movements, movements of any other appendix, and / or body movements), and / or the like.
[00042] Credit data in general refers to user data that is collected and maintained by one or more credit agencies (for example, Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax), as well as data that affects the credibility of a
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19/96 consumer. Credit data may include state or transaction data, including but not limited to, credit requests, mortgage payments, loan situations, bank accounts, daily transactions, number of credit cards, utility payments, etc. Depending on the implementation (and possibly regulations of the region in which credit data is stored and / or accessed), part of the data or all credit data may be subject to regulatory requirements that limit, for example, the division of credit data to requesting entities based on the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) regulations in the United States of America and / or other similar federal regulations. Regulated data, as used here, generally refers to credit data as an example of such regulated data. However, regulated data may include other types of data, such as medical data regulated by HIPPA. Credit data can describe each of the user data item associated with a user, for example, an account balance, account transactions, or any combination of the user data items.
[00043] Each credit file and credit report in general refers to a collection of credit data associated with a user, as can be provided to the user, to a requesting entity that the user has authorized to access the user's credit data, or to a requesting entity that has a permissible purpose (for example, under the FCRA) to access users' credit data without the user's authorization.
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20/96 [00044] Credit event (or event) generally refers to information associated with an event that is reported by an institution (including a bank, a credit card provider, or other financial institutions) to one or more credit bureaus and / or the credit data system discussed here. Credit events may include, for example, information associated with a payment, purchase, due date, invoice payment, bank transaction, credit requests, and / or any other event that can be reported to a credit agency. Typically a credit event is associated with a single user. For example, a credit event can be a specific transaction, such as details regarding the purchase of a particular product (for example, Target, $ 12.53, grocery, etc.) or a credit event can be information associated with a line of credit (for example, Citi credit card, $ 458 balance, $ 29 minimum payment, $ 1000 credit limit, etc. In general, a credit event is associated with one or more unique identities, where each unique identity includes one or more unique identifiers associated with a particular user (for example, a consumer). For example, each identifier can include one or more parts of the user's PIT, such as all or some part of a user name, physical address, social security number (SSN), bank account identifier, e-mail address, telephone number, national ID (for example, passports or driver's license), etc.
[00045] Inverted PID refers to a unique identifier that is assigned to a particular user
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21/96 to form a one-to-one relationship. An inverted PID can be associated with a user identifier, such as a private PII (for example, a 555-55-5555 SSN) or a combination of identifiers (for example, a John Smith name and a 100 Connecticut address Ave) to form a one-to-many relationship (between the PID and each of multiple combinations of identifiers associated with a user). When the event data includes an identifier or a combination of identifiers associated with the particular inverted PID, the particular inverted PID can be associated with (referred to as stamped here) the event data. Appropriately, a system can use inverted PIDs and their associated identity information to identify event data associated with a particular user based on multiple combinations of user identifiers included in the event data.
Credit data systems [00046] Credit data associated with a user is generally requested and considered by entities such as lenders, credit card providers, banks, car dealers, brokers, etc. when determining whether to extend credit to the user, whether to allow the user to open an account, whether to rent the user, and / or in making decisions regarding many other relationships or transactions in which credit credibility can be a factor. An entity requesting credit data, which may include a request for a credit report or a credit score, can submit a credit request to a credit agency or credit reseller. O
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22/96 credit report or a credit score can be determined at least based on the analysis and computation of credit data associated with bank accounts, daily transactions, number of credit cards, situations
loan, etc. of user Additionally, a previous request from a different entity can also affect the report of credit or credit score user credit. [00047] Entities (for example, institutions
may also wish to acquire more up-to-date credit data from a user (for example, credit score and / or credit report) in order to make a better decision as to whether to extend credit to the user. However, there may be a substantial delay in generating a new credit report or credit score. In some cases, the credit bureau may update only one credit report or user score once a month. As described above, the substantial delay can be caused by the large amount of data that a credit bureau needs to collect, analyze and compute in order to generate a credit report or credit score. The credit data collection process that can affect a user's credibility, such as a user's credit score, from credit events in general is referred to here as data ingestion. Credit data systems can perform data ingestion using lateral flow of data from system to system, such as using a batch ETL process (for example, as briefly discussed above).
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23/96 [00048] In an ETL data intake system, credit events associated with multiple users can be transmitted from different data sources to a database (Online System), such as one or more databases relational data. The online system can extract, transform and load raw data associated with different users from different data sources. The online system can then normalize, edit, and write the raw data through multiple tables in the first relational database. As the online system inserts data into the database, it must match the credit data with the identification data about consumers in order to link the data with the correct consumer records. When new data enters, the online system needs to repeat the process and update the multiple tables in the first relational database. As input data, such as names, addresses, etc. they generally contain errors, they do not conform to established data structures, are incomplete, and / or have other data integrity or quality problems, it is possible that new data may initiate the reevaluation of certain previously determined data links. In such cases, the online system can unlink and reconnect credit data with new records and / or historical consumer records.
[00049] In some cases, certain event data must be excluded from a credit data store, such as if there is an error detected in the data file provided by the data source, or a defect in the credit data system software that may have processed historical data
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24/96 incorrectly. For example, a non-smart credit data system that stores data in the MM / DD / YYYY date format can accept input data from a data source that uses the DD / MM / YY date format, which it can enter error in a user credibility calculation. Alternatively, such data may cause the credit data system to reject the data all together, which may result in an incomplete and / or inaccurate calculation of a user's credibility. Worse yet, where the erroneous data has already been consumed by the credit data system to produce a user credibility metric (however inaccurate), the credit data system may need to address the complexities of not just deleting the erroneous data , but also unfolding all the effects of the erroneous data. Failure to do so can leave the online database in an inconsistent or inaccurate state.
[00050] Such incremental processing logic makes the data ingestion process complex, prone to error, and slow. In ETL implementations, the online system can send data to a batch system including a second database. The batch system can then extract, transform and load the data associated with a user's credit attributes to generate credit scores and analytical reports for account review and promotional purposes. Due to the time it takes to extract, transform and load data into the batch system, credit scores and analytical reports can delay the online system for hours or even days. The batch system of delay, in the event of an update
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25/96 for user identification data, may continue to reflect old and potentially inaccurate user identification data such that links between credit entry data and user data can be broken, thereby providing inaccurate credit data until connections are corrected and propagated to the batch system.
Overview of the Enhanced Credit Data System [00051] The present invention describes a faster and more efficient credit data system addressing the technical problems noted above. The credit data system can perform sequential processing of a collection of heterogeneous events, simultaneous creation of a credit status and credit attributes for analysis, a batch indexing process, and / or real-time credit creation profiles merging credit status with real-time events, each of which is described in further detail below.
[00052] A batch indexing process can more efficiently associate credit events to correct users on a massive scale by efficiently grouping unique identities by first reducing the dimensionality of original credit events, identifying false positives, and providing a whole validated set of unique identities that can be associated with a user. Using an inventive combination of processes in a particular order, the credit data system solves the particular problem of efficiently identifying credit events that belong to a particular user in
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26/96 efficiency in power of magnitudes. Additionally, inverted PID designation allows for a new and more efficient data arrangement that the credit data system can use to provide requested credit data belonging to a faster user in magnitude powers. The improved credit data system can generate various analyzes of a user's status and activities (such as a credit report) based on updated credit events associated with that user.
[00053] The credit data system can implement a slow data interpretation, in which the system does not alter the heterogeneous input data from multiple data sources, but annotates or marks the data without performing ETL processes on the data. By performing only minimal processing close to data ingestion, the credit system minimizes complexity and software size close to data ingestion, thereby greatly reducing defect formation and problems with defect management. Additionally, by ending ETL processing and preserving data in its original heterogeneous form, the system can accept any type of data without losing valuable information. Domain categorization and domain vocabulary annotation provides new data structures that allow for late positioning of interpretation components, such as analyzers. The late positioning of analyzers improves on existing systems by reducing the impact of a global defect in the system and allowing for easy addition or adaptation of analyzers.
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27/96 [00054] While some embodiments of a credit data system or other similarly named systems are discussed here with reference to the various features and advantages, any of the features and advantages discussed can be combined or separated into the additional limitations of a credit system. credit data.
[00055] FIG. IA illustrates an example of a credit data system 102 of the present invention, which can be implemented by a credit agency or authorized agent of a credit agency. In FIG. IA, the credit data system 102 receives credit events 122A-122C associated with different users 120A-120C. The credit data system 102 may include components such as an indexing engine 104, an identification engine 106, an event cache engine 108, a rating engine 110, and / or a credit data store 112. As will be further described in detail, the credit data system 102 can efficiently correspond to specific credit events with corresponding appropriate users. The credit data system 102 can store credit events 122A-122C, credit data 114, and / or associations between different users and credit events 122A122C or credit data 114 in the credit data store 112, which it can be a credit database of a credit agency. In some embodiments, the credit database can be spread across multiple databases and / or multiple credit data stores 112. Thus, the processes of ingesting and storing credit data, components, architecture, etc. discussed here
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28/96 can be used to largely replace existing credit data storage systems, such as batch systems. In response to the receipt of a credit application from an external entity 116 (for example, the financial institution, lender, potential owner, etc.), the credit data system 102 can quickly generate any requested credit data 118 ( for example, a particular transaction, credit report, credit score, custom credit attributes for the particular requesting entity, etc.) based on updated credit event data from the target user.
[00056] Additionally, the credit data system can implement a batch indexing process. Incorporating the batch indexing process can eliminate the need for ETL data from different credit events to conform to a particular database or data structure and therefore can reduce or even eliminate bottlenecks associated with ETL from events credit. The batch indexing process, as will be described in further detail through this application, uses the indexing engine 104, the identification engine 106, the event cache engine 108, the classification engine 110, and / or data storage credit cards 112, which are components of the credit data system 102. The indexing engine 104 can designate hash values for unique identities (further detailed with respect to FIGS. 4 to 10) to facilitate the grouping of similar unique identities. The identification engine 106 can apply rules of
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29/96 correspondence to solve any problems with the grouped unique identities, thus generating a subset containing only the validated unique identities associated with a user. The classification engine 110 can fuse the subsets into groups of unique identities associated with the same user. The event cache engine 108 can generate an inverted personal identifier (inverted PID) and associate each unique identity in a group with the inverted PID. The credit data system 102 can store the association between inverted PIDs and unique identities as an inverted PID map in the credit data store 112 or any other accessible data store. Using the inverted PID map, the credit data system 102 can then stamp credit events containing any of the unique identities in a group with the inverted PID associated with the user. The credit data system 102 can store pattern associations 140 related to credit events 122A-122N belonging to a user in a flat file or a database. Each component and its internal work will be further detailed with respect to FIGs. 4 to 10.
Unchanged Processing of Heterogeneous Credit Events [00057] FIG. 1B illustrates an example of heterogeneous credit event generation, flow and storage, according to some embodiments. A user 120 conducts transactions with one or more business entities 124A-124N (such as merchants). Transactions may include buying, selling, lending, renting, or the like and transactions may generate
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30/96 credit events. For example, a user 120 who purchases an item on credit using a credit card generates the credit transaction data that is collected by financial institutions 126A-126B (such as VISA, MasterCard, American Express, banks, mortgage collectors, etc. .). Financial institutions 126A-B can share such transactions with a credit data store 112 as credit events 122A-122N.
[00058] Each 122A-122N credit event can contain one or more unique identities that associate the 122A-122N credit event with a private user 120 who generated the 122A-122N credit event. The unique identity can include various user identification information, such as a name (first, middle, last, and / or full name), address, social security number (SSN), bank account information, email address, mail, phone number, national ID (passport or driver's license), etc. Unique identities can also include partial names, partial address, partial phone number, partial national ID, etc. When financial institutions 126A-126B provide credit events 122A-122N for collection and analysis by a credit data system, credit events can generally be recognized as being associated with a particular user through a combination of identifying information user. For example, there may be multiple people who share the same first name and last name (consider James Smith) and so first name and last name may be excessively inclusive of other user credit events. However, combinations of
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31/96 user identification information, such as full name plus phone number, can provide satisfactory identification. While each financial institution 126 can provide credit events 122A-122N in different formats, credit events are likely to include user identification information or combinations of user identification information that can be used to associate with which user the credit event credit must be associated. Such user identification information or combinations of user identification information form the user's unique identity. Appropriately, multiple unique identities can be associated with a particular user.
[00059] The credit data system can work with heterogeneous credit events 122A-122N having different data structures and provide different unique identities together with credit events 122A122N. For example, a credit event from a mortgage financial institution may include SSN and national ID, where a VISA credit event may include name and address, but not SSN or national ID. The credit data system, instead of performing ETL on credit events 122A-122N to standardize credit events 122A122N for storage in credit data storage 112, can perform a batch indexing process (as described later in detail with respect to Figures 4 to 10) to arrive with an inverted PID for a set of unique identities likely to be
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32/96 associated with user 120. in Inverted PID can be assigned for credit events 122A-122N.
[00060] As will be described in further detail, the batch indexing process reduces or eliminates significant computing resource overhead associated with heterogeneous formats ETL, significantly cutting through processing overhead. In addition, assigning an inverted PID to a credit event is beneficial in that, since the correct inverted PID is assigned to a credit event, the credit data system 120 no longer needs to manage credit events based on unique identities contained. In other words, once the credit data system 120 has identified a user associated with a credit event, he does not need to perform the search operation to find unique identities in credit events 122A-122N but simply look for credit events 122A-122N designated inverted user PID. For example, in response to receiving a request for credit data 118 from an external entity 116 (such as the financial institution, the creditor, potential owner, etc.), the credit data system with the indexing process by batch you can quickly compile a list of a user's credit events 120 with the user's inverted PID and provide any requested credit data 114 almost instantly.
Example Processing Sequential Collect in Heterogeneous Events[00061] FIGS. 2A-2B illustrates a example in processing sequential a collection of events
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33/96 heterogeneous. The credit data system can receive raw credit events from high yield data sources 202 through a high yield intake process 204. The credit data system can then store raw credit events in storage 206. The credit data system can conduct a high-yield clearing process 208 on gross credit events. The credit data system can then generate and store canonical cleaning events in a 210 data store. The credit data system can conduct a high-throughput identity and key-stamping process 212. The credit data system credit can store events identified with key stamping in a 214 data store. The credit events identified can then be classified in process 216 and stored in an event collection data store 218.
[00062] The credit data system can also generate agency views in process 220. In process 220, the credit data system can load a user event collection (events identified in data store 214 that may optionally have been sorted by sorting process 216) associated with a user in memory in process 222 from storing event collections data 218. The system can then calculate attributes 224, score models 226, and generate nested agency views 228. The system credit data can then store the allocation calculation in an analytical (columnar) 230 data store. The analytical data can
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34/96 be used in 234 applications to generate a credit score for the user. The nested branch view can be stored in the credit status data store 232 (KV Container). Data in the state of credit data storage can be used in the data administrator application process 236 and credit request service 238.
[00063] During sequential processing, credit events can remain in the same state as they are transmitted to the credit data system by financial institutions. Financial data can also remain the same.
Example of Simultaneous Creation of a Credit Status and Credit Attributes for Analysis [00064] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a credit data structure for simultaneous creation of credit status and credit attributes for analysis. The data structure 300 can be virtually divided into three interactive layers: a batch layer 302, a service layer 320, and a speed layer 340. In the batch layer 302, high-throughput data sources 304 can transmit events from raw credit for a 310 data store through a high yield 306 ingestion process. The credit data system can cure and stamp PID 312 raw credit events and store cured credit events in a 314 data store The credit data system can then pre-comput 316 the cured credit events associated with each user to generate a credit status and store
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35/96 each user's credit status in a 322 data store. The credit data system can store all the credit attributes associated with each user in a 324 data store. The credit attributes associated with a user can then be accessed by multiple 326 credit applications.
[00065] In the speed layer 340, several high frequency data sources 342 can transmit new credit events to the credit data system through a high frequency 344 ingestion process. The credit data system can conduct a low latency curation process 348 and then store the new credit events associated with multiple users in a 350 data store. The new credit events associated with a user can cause changes in the user's credit status. The new credit status can be stored in a 328 data store. The credit data system can then conduct a credit profile observation service process 330 to fetch a watermark to find the associated stored credit status. with the user. In some embodiments, the event cache engine is configured to allow even very recent credit events that have not yet been recorded for the user's full credit status to be included in the credit attributes that are provided for third party borrowers. For example, while event data is being added for credit data storage (for example, which can take hours or even days to complete), the event stored in the new storage events for
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36/96 credit data 350 can store the most recent credit events and be accessed when credit applications are received. Thus, requested reports / scores may include credit events within milliseconds of receiving the event from a creditor.
[00066] The credit data system can use several 332 branch applications to calculate a credit score or generate a credit report for the user based on the new credit status. In addition, the credit data system can send instructions for the high frequency ingestion process 344 through a high frequency message channel 352. The new credit events can be transmitted by the high frequency ingestion process 344 to a file writing process 346. The credit data system can then store the new credit events for a batch of event 308. The new credit events can then be stored for data storage 310 through the high intake process. yield 306.
[00067] The credit data system can store credit events in their original form, generate a credit status based on the credit events and calculate attributes for a user. When a new credit event is transmitted from the financial institution, or an error is detected in an existing credit event by the financial institution, the credit data system can conduct a credit profile search service to make changes to the state credit or merge the credit status with real-time events. The credit data system
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37/96 can generate an updated credit profile based on the updated credit status.
[00068] Simultaneous creation of credit status and credit attributes can monitor changes in a user's credit status and update credit attributes when changes are detected. Changes in the user's credit status can be caused by a new credit event or an error detected in an existing credit event. Credit events can remain at least partially the same as the credit data system does not extract, transform and load data into the database. If there is an invalid event detected later by the credit data system, the credit data system can simply exclude the invalid event from future creation. Thus, real-time reporting of events can be reflected in a user profile within minutes with the help of the credit data system.
Batch Indexing Process Example [00069] FIG. 4 illustrates a batch indexing process, which includes processes for: identity extraction 402, identity correspondence 410, and identity stamping 440, according to some embodiments. The batch indexing process can be an especially powerful process in identifying and grouping different user unique identities (for example, a credit event from VISA with an outdated phone number can be grouped with a credit event to American Express with an updated phone number). A benefit of grouping
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38/96 different identities is that a user's credit data can be accurate and complete. The batch indexing process can make the credit data system much more efficient and responsive.
[00070] The identity extraction process 402 extracts identity fields (for example, SSN, national ID, phone number, email, etc.) from credit events. The credit data system can partition 404 credit events by different financial institutions (for example, credit card providers or creditors) and / or accounts. The credit data system can then extract 406 identity fields from partitioned credit events without modifying credit events. The identity extraction process 402 may include a specialized extraction process for each different credit event format provided by different financial institutions. In some embodiments, the identity extraction process 402 may conduct a deduplication process 406 to remove the same or substantially similar identity fields before generating the unique identity, which may be a combination of identity fields, associated with the credit event. This process will be further detailed with respect to FIG. 5.
[00071] In the identity matching process 410, the credit data system can perform a process that reduces the dimensionality of the unique identities determined in the identity extraction process 402. For example, the location-sensitive hash process 412 can be such a process. The locale-sensitive hash process,
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39/96 depending on the hash process design, you can calculate hash values (for example, 414 identity hashes) that increased or decreased the likelihood of collision based on similarity of the original hash keys (for example, 408 unique identities) . For example, a well-designed hash process can take different but similar unique identifiers, such as John Smith, 1983/08/24, 928332983 and Jonathan Smith, 1983/08/24, 92833 (full name, date of birth, and Codes and digest the different but similar unique identifiers for the same hash value. Based on the division of the common hash value, the two unique identities can be grouped into a set as potentially corresponding matching unique identities for a user (the details of the hash-based grouping process will be further detailed with respect to FIG. 6) .
[00072] However, because hash functions can result in unintended collisions, hash-based sets can contain false positives (for example, wrongly associating some credit events not associated with a user with the user. For example, a of John's unique identities can have the same hash value with one of Jane's unique identity and, after hashing value association, can be grouped into the same set of unique identities associated with Jane). The credit data system may apply a matching rule application 416 on the sets of unique identities to remove the false-positive unique identities from the sets. Various matching rules can be
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40/96 designed to optimize the chance of detecting false positives. An example of a matching rule might be just exact match of national ID, which can remove, from a set of unique identities associated with a user, unique identities that do not include the national ID in the file. Another matching rule can be a minimum match in both name and postal code, where the minimum can be determined based on a calculated score of correspondence in both name and postal code compared to the minimum threshold score. Once false positives are removed from each set, the resulting matched identity subsets 418 contain only the unique identities that are validated.
[00073] In some embodiments, the matching rules can be designed with the reliability of each user identifier in mind. For example, a driver's license number from the Department of Motor Vehicles may be associated with a high level of confidence and you may not need to inspect the driver's license numbers much more for an exact match. On the other hand, a postal code provides a lower level of trust. In addition, the matching rules can be designed to take into account the history associated with a particular record. If the registration comes from an established bank account with a long history, the correspondence rule need not apply strict scrutiny. On the other hand, if the record comes from a newly opened account, a stricter matching rule may be
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41/96 required to remove false positives (for example, identifying records in a set that are likely to be associated with another user). This process will be further detailed with reference to FIG. 7. Matching rules can be applied to part or all sets. Similarly, part of the rules or all the matching rules can be applied to a set.
[00074] Subsets 418 of unique identities can then be merged with other subsets containing other unique identities of the user. Each subset 418 contains only the unique identities that correctly identify a user. However, subsets 418, due to possible false negatives from the dimensionality reduction process, are not guaranteed to digest to the same hash value. Appropriately, some unique identity associated with a user can, when grouped based on hash values, be placed in different subsets 418. With the pool merging process 420, when common subset unique identities, the data system of credit can merge the two subsets into one group (for example, 422 matched identities) containing all the unique identities associated with a particular user.
[00075] The credit data system can then assign an inverted PID to each unique identity in the merged group. From the designations, the credit data system can then create 424 an inverted PID map 426 where each inverted PID is associated with multiple identities
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42/96 unique in the group associated with a particular user. This process will be further detailed with respect to FIG. 9.
[00076] In the example of identity stamping process 440, the inverted PID map 426 can be used to stamp partitioned credit events 404 to generate PID stamped credit events 430. In some embodiments, the inverted PID stamping leaves the credit events associated with the reversed PID unchanged. This process will be further detailed with respect to FIG. 10.
Identity Extraction Example [00077] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of an identity extraction process, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the credit data system can curate heterogeneous credit events 510 (for example, el, e2, e3, e4, e5, ...) received from various financial institutions. Curation can be considered as a process of repairing obvious problems of equality. For example, a street address can be 100 Main Street or 1059 St. The credit data system can recognize the obvious quality problem of not having a space between the street number and the street name, and / or modifying St. To read Street, or vice versa. The curation process can intelligently correct some identified quality problems while not repairing some other identified quality problems. For example, while an address above may be a candidate for curation, curating usernames may be less than ideal.
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43/96
Truncating, replacing, or otherwise modifying usernames can cause more problems than leaving the information complete. Appropriately, in some embodiments, the credit data system can selectively curate 502 credit events.
[00078] The credit data system can partition 504 credit events by different financial institutions and / or accounts. The credit data system can extract 406 identity fields from credit events and can optionally conduct a deduplication process to eliminate redundant identity fields. The credit data system can then generate unique identities based on the extracted identity fields. The identity extraction process starts with credit events 510 and extracts unique identities 512. In the example of FIG. 5, credit events el, e2, e3, e4, e5. . . 510 can contain the records: rl, r2, r3, r4. . . . 512. Records, in turn, may contain part of or all of the unique identity.
[00079] FIG. 5 describes the benefits of an identity extraction process. Where there are 40 million people each having 20 accounts that generate credit events (each occupying 1000 bytes per event) over 10 years, there are approximately 96 terabytes of credit event data. On the other hand, where there are the same number of people having the same number of accounts, only approximately 3.2 terabytes is occupied by the identity attributes of the credit events. Whether the correct association between credit events and a particular user can be made with the naked unique identities 408 (which include 1/30 of the credit data
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44/96), a credit data system has a significantly narrowed universe of data that needs to be analyzed for association with the particular user. Therefore, the credit data system already has significantly reduced computational overhead from the next identity matching process.
Identity Matching Example: Hash sensitive to location [00080] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a process for reducing the dimensionality of data using hashing algorithms, according to some embodiments. Records containing unique identities (rl-rl6) from the identity extraction process are listed in the rows and different hash functions (hl-hk) are listed in the columns. The tabular presentation having rows and columns is for illustrative purposes only and the process can be implemented in any reasonably applicable methods. In addition, the collision rate (that is, application of the hash function on different records resulting in the same hash values) in the illustration does not reflect the collision propensity when real credit events are referred to.
[00081] Multiple hash functions (for example, hl 602, h5 604, etc.) can be applied to each record (for example, rl-rl6) to generate hash values (for example, hl '606, h5' 608, hl '610, hl 612, etc.). Here, each row-column combination re-presents the column hash function being applied to a row record to generate a row-column combination hash value. For example,
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45/96 has the function hl 602 applied to the unique identity r2 620 generates hash value hi '610.
[00082] In some embodiments, each hash function can be designed to control a collision probability for a given record. For example, hl 602 may be the hash function that focuses on finding similar first names causing collision with other records having similar first names. On the other hand, h5 604 may be the hash function focusing on SSN, where the propensity of collision is less than the hash function focusing on finding similar first names hl. Various hash functions can be designed to better control the propensity of collision. One of the benefits of the disclosed credit data system is its ability to replace or supplement various hash functions. The credit data system does not require a particular type of hash function, but allows the user (for example, a data engineer) to experiment with and build to improve the overall system by simply interfacing different hash functions. This advantage can be significant. For example, when the data engineer wants to migrate the credit data system to another country using another character set, say Chinese or Korean, the data engineer can substitute hash functions directed at the English alphabet for hash functions that provide best results for Chinese or Korean characters. In addition, where national ID is of different format, such as Korea using 12 digit numbers for SSN as opposed to 9 digit SSN in US, the best suited hash function for 12 digit numbers can replace the 9 digit hash function .
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46/96 [00083] While FIG. 6 illustrates rl-rl6 records without modification, some embodiments may pre-process the records to invent modified records that are better suited for a given hash function. For example, a first name in a record can be concatenated with a last name in the record to form a temporary record for use by the hash function that specializes in such a modified record. Another example may be truncating the SSN number 9 to the last 4 digits before applying the hash function. Similarly, a user can modify records to better control collision propensity and results.
[00084] FIG. 6 illustrates the hash function hi that generates two different hash values, hi '606 and 610 and hl 612. The records {rl, r2, r3, r4, and r5] are associated with the hash value hl' 606 while records {rl2, rl3, rl4, rl5, and rl6] are associated with the hash value hl 612. Based on the association with a particular hash value, records can be grouped into sets. For example, the illustration shows hash value group 630 hl 'and hash value group 632 hl containing the associated records. Similarly, FIG. 6 identifies and presents a total of six sets of records based on common hash values associated with the records. The hash values hl '606 and h5' 608 show for the rl record, each record can be associated with multiple hash values each for each hash function.
[00085] As described with reference to FIG. 4, records having a common hash value can be grouped (grouped) together. For example, the records {rl, r2, r3, r4,
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47/96 r5} share a common hash value hl 'and are grouped for a set 630. Similarly, records {r2, r7, rl5} share a common hash value of h4' and are grouped for a set 632. As the two groups show, part of the records (for example, r2) can be grouped for more than one set, while some records are grouped for one set.
[00086] Such hashing value-based grouping can be an incredibly fast grouping process that doesn't require a lot of computing resources to perform. The hash function has low operational complexity and the calculation of hash values for a massive amount of data can be performed in a relatively short time. By grouping similar records into sets, the process of identifying which records are associated with a particular user is greatly simplified. In a sense, the universe of all credit events that requires membership for the user has been narrowed to just the records in the sets.
[00087] However, as briefly mentioned with reference to FIG. 4, using hash functions and resulting hash values to group records may be less than ideal since they may contain false positives. In some embodiments, the resulting sets can perform potential matches, but the sets may contain records that have not yet been rigorously validated in their association with the user. For example, the 630 set of records having a particular hi 'hash value, which are {rl, r2, r3, r4, r5] may contain records that are contained
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48/96 in set 630 not because of the virtue of having a similar unique identity, but because of the virtue of having a common hash value.
[00088] The credit data system then uses a rigorous identity resolution process (application of matching rules) to remove such false positives from each set.
Example of Identity Matching: Matching Rules [00089] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of an identity resolution process, according to some embodiments. After the grouping process described with reference to FIG. 6, the credit data system can apply as one or more identity resolution rules (matching rules) in the record sets remove false positive records from the sets. Several matching rules can be designed to optimize the chance of detecting false positives. An example of a matching rule might be just exact match of national ID, which you can remove from a set of potentially matching records associated with a user, such as records that had the same hash value that assigned them to the same set, but with the intersection by the correspondence rule, they are found to have different national ID. Matching rules can be based on exact match or similar match. For example, match rules can also include a perfect match in the national ID, the minimum match in the national ID and surname, a
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49/96 perfect match in national ID and similar match in surname.
[00090] In some embodiments, the matching rules can compute one or more confidence scores and compare against one or more associated thresholds. For example, a minimum match rule in both name and zip code may have a threshold score that determines the minimum match, and the match rule may discard a record having a score computed below the threshold value. Matching rules can inspect record identifiers (for example, names, national IDs, age, date of birth, etc.), format, length, or other record properties and / or attributes. Some examples include:
• Content: reject unless the national ID provides an exact match.
• Content: accept when there is a minimum match in the national ID and last name.
• Content: accept when there is an exact match in the national ID and similar match in the first name.
• Format: reject when user identification information (for example, SSN) does not contain 9 digits.
• Length: reject when user identification information does not match length of user identification information in the associated file.
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50/96 • Content, format, and length: reject when driver's license does not start with CA and followed by X number of digits.
Matching rules can also be any other combinations of such criteria.
[00091] The resulting subsets 418 after the application of the matching rules contain the same or less records if compared with the original sets. FIG. 7 illustrates the original sets (e.g. 702 and 704) after the hash value grouping process of FIG. 6 and the resulting subsets (for example, 712 and 714) after applying the matching rules. For example, in their respective order, sets associated with hl ', h2', h3 ', h4', hl, h2 'originally contained, respectively, 5, 6, 4, 3, 5, and 3 records. After applying the matching rules, the resulting subsets contain, respectively, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, and 2 records, all of which were previously contained in the original sets. The use of matching rules boosts confidence that all remaining records are associated with the user.
Identity Matching Example: Pool Fusion [00092] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of an assembly fusion process, according to some embodiments. As discussed with respect to existing systems, users sometimes change their personally identifiable information. An example has been provided for a user who has not updated his phone number associated with a
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51/96 mortgage. When the user updated his phone number with a credit card provider, such as VISA, the credit events reported from the mortgage and VISA will contain different phone numbers while other information is the same. Such irregularities are a unique challenge for a data analyst since, while both credit events must be associated with a particular user, the associated unique identities can be different and thus the hash function may not group them together in the same set. When the records containing the unique identities are not grouped for the same set, the matching rules cannot fix the false negative (the records must be placed in the same set but they have not been). Thus, there is a need to identify such irregular records generated by the same user and correctly associate the records for the user. Assembly fusion process provides a solution that efficiently addresses the problem.
[00093] After the process of matching FIG. 7, each resulting subset contains records that can be associated with a user with high confidence. In FIG. 8, there are 6 such subsets. The first subset 802 contains {rl, r3, r5} and the second subset 804 contains {r3, r5, rl5}. The two subsets may have become separate subsets since all hashing functions do not result in a common hash value.
[00094] A closer inspection of the first subset and the second subset reveals that both subsets contain at least one common record, r3. As
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52/96 each subset is associated with a single user, all records in the same subset can also be associated with the same single user. Logic dictates that if at least one common record exists in two different subsets that is associated with a single user, the two different subsets must both be associated with the single user and the two different subsets can be merged into a single group containing all records in the two subsets. Therefore, based on the common record, r3, the first subset 802 and the second subset 804 are combined to produce an expanded group containing the records (i.e., {rl, r3, r5, rl5} of the two subsets after the merger process) Similarly, another subset 808 containing {r2, rl5} can be merged into the expanded group based on the common register rl5 to form an additional expanded group 820 containing {rl, r2, r3, r5, rl5}. similarly, another group 822 containing {rlO, rl2, rl6} can be formed based on other subsets 806 and 810. After the set fusion process is complete, all resulting groups will be records that are mutually exclusive. can contain all records containing unique identities associated with a user.
Pool Fusion Process Example [00095] Pool fusion illustrated above can use several methods. The speed of fusion sets can be important when large volumes of records count millions or even billions. Here, an efficient grouping method is described.
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53/96 [00096] The first group algorithm reduces each set to grade 2 relationships (that is, pairs). The algorithm then groups the grade 2 relationship by the leftmost register. The algorithm then reverses or rotates grade 2 relationships to generate additional pairs. Then, the algorithm groups the grade 2 relations again by the leftmost register. Similarly, the algorithm repeats these processes until all subsets are merged into final groups. Each end group can be associated with a user.
[00097] For illustrative purposes, subsets in FIG. 7 after the matching rules are put through the algorithm. The subsets are:
{rl, r3, r5], {r3, r5, rl5], {rlO, rl2], {r2, rl5], {rl2, rl6], and {rl, r3}.
[00098] Starting with the subsets, pairs of records (that is, reducing each group to grade 2 relationships) are generated from the subsets. For example, the first subset containing {rl, r3, r5] can generate the pairs:
(rl, r3) (r3, r5) (rl, r5) [00099] The second subset containing {r3, r5, rl5] can generate the pairs:
(r3, r5) (r5, rl5) (r3, rl5) [000100] The third subset containing {rlO, rl2] can generate the pair:
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54/96 (rlO, r! 2)
[000101] 0 room subset containing {r2, rl5] can generate the pair:(r2, rl5)[000102] 0 fifth subset containing {rl2, rl6] can generate the pair:(rl2, rl6 [[000103] 0 sixth subset containing {rl, r3] can
generate the pair:
(rl, r3) [000104] The merger process example can list all pairs. Since duplicates do not contain any additional information, the duplicates have been removed:
rl, r3) r3, r5) rl, r5) r5, rl5) r3, rl5) rl 0, rl2 r2, rl5) r! 2, rl 6
[000105] Rotate or reverse each pair:
rl, r3) r3, rl) r3, r5) r5, r3) rl, r5) r5, rl) r5, r! 5
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55/96 (rl5, r5) (r3, rl5) (rl5, r3) (rlO, rl2) (rl2, rlO) (r2, rl5) (rl5, r2) (rl2, rl6) (rl6, rl2) [000106 ] Group by the first record where the first record is common among the pairs: {rl, r3, r5} {r3, rl, r5, rl5] {r5, r3, rl, rl5] - duplicate {rl5, r5, r3, r2 } {rlO, rl2] {rl2, rlO, rl6] {r2, rl5] {rl6, rl2] [000107] Another round of pair generation. Duplicates are not shown: (rl, r3) (r3, r5) (rl, r5) (r3, rl5) (rl, rl5) (r5, rl5) (rl5, r5) (r! 5, r3)
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56/96 (r! 5, r2) (r5, r2) (r3, r2) (rlO, rl2) (rl2, rlO) (rl2, rl6) (rlO, r! 6) (r2, rl5) (rl6, rl2) [000108] Rotate or reverse each pair. Duplicates are not shown:
(rl, r3) (r3, r5) (rl, r5) (r3, rl5) (rl, rl5) (rl5, rl) (r5, rl5) (r5, r3) (r5, rl) (r3, rl) (rl5, r5) (rl5, r3) (rl5, r2) (r5, r2) (r2, r5) (r3, r2) (r2, r3) (rlO, r! 2)
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57/96 (rl2, rlO) (rl2, rl6) (rlO, rl6) (rl6, rlO) (r2, rl5) (rl6, rl2) [000109] Group by the leftmost register where the first record is common among pairs: {rl, r3, r5, rl5] {r2, r3, r5, rl5] {r3, rl, r2, r5, rl5] {r5, rl, r2, r3, rl5] - duplicate {rlO, rl2, rl6 ] {rl2, rlO, rl6] - duplicate {rl5, rl, r2, r3, r5] - duplicate {rl6, rlO, rl2] - duplicate [000110] Another round of pair generation. Duplicates are not shown: (rl, r3) (rl, r5) (rl, rl5) (r2, r3) (r2, r5) (r2, r5) (r3, r5) (r3, rl5) (r5, rl5) (rl, r2) (r2, rl)
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58/96 (rlO, rl2) (rlO, rl6) (r! 2, r! 6) [OOOlll] Rotate or reverse each pair. Duplicates are not shown:
(rl, r3) (r3, rl) (rl, r5) (r5, rl) (rl, rl5) (rl6, rl) (r2, r3) (r3, r2) (r2, r5) (r5, r2) (r2, rl5) (rl5, r2) (r3, r5) (r5, r3) (r3, rl5) (rl5, r3) (r5, rl5) (rl5, r5) (rl, r2) (r2, rl) (rlO, rl2) (rl2, rlO) (rlO, rl6) (r! 6, rlO)
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59/96 (r! 2, r! 6) (rl6, rl2) [000112] Group by the leftmost register where the first record is common among the pairs:
{rl, r2, r3, r5, r! 5] {r3, rl, r2, r5, rl5] - duplicate {r5, rl, r2, r3, r! 5] - duplicate
{rlO, rl2, rl6]{rl2, rl 0, rl6] - duplicate {r! 6, rl 0, r! 2} - duplicate
[000113] By repeating the example process (1) creating pairs, (2) rotating or reversing each pair, (3) grouping by the leftmost register, the subsets merge into the resulting groups illustrated in FIG. 8, which are {rl, r2, r3, r5, rl5], and {rlO, rl2, rl6}.
Example of Creation of inverted PID and Event Identity Stamping [000114] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a process for associating inverted PIDs with identifiers, according to some embodiments. For each final group that is associated with a user, the credit data system can designate an inverted PID. The inverted PID can be generated by the credit data system in a sequential order. FIG. 9 provides two final groups, a first group 902 containing {rl, r2, r3, r5, rl5] and a second group 904 containing {rlO, rl2, rl6}. The first group is called an inverted PID of pl where the second group is called an inverted PID of p2. Each inverted PID is associated with all records contained within the designated group.
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60/96 [000115] The credit data system can create an inverted PID map 426 containing associations between records and inverted PIDs. The inverted PID map 426 can be stored as a flat file or in a structured database. The credit data system can, once an inverted PID map is generated, update map 426 in an enhanced manner. As noted with respect to FIG. 8, each group presents a collection of all records (and unique identities contained within the records) that are associated with a particular user. Therefore, whenever two records have the same inverted PID, the credit data system can determine which records to associate with a particular user regardless of the disparity in the records. Inverted PIDs can be used to stamp credit events.
[000116] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of an identity stamping process. The credit data process can access and provide creditor and / or account 404 partitioned events and the inverted PID map 426 as inputs to a stamping process 428 to generate PID 430 stamped events based on one or more unique identities contained within the associated records. The stamped credit events 430 can be stored in a data store.
[000117] From the hash functions that group similar records in potential correspondences for merging the set to stamp inverted PID for credit events, the credit data system maximizes the grouping. Grouping is used to narrow the universe
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61/96 analyzed credit events, and to quickly access credit events in the future. By using smart grouping instead of performing computationally cumbersome searches, the credit data system is enhanced by orders of magnitude. For example, retrieving credit events associated with a user with an inverted PID and generating a credit statement improves efficiency 100 times.
[000118] FIGS. 11A-11D illustrate, to facilitate the invention, the example of the identity matching process of FIG. 6 to FIG. 8 with hard data. FIG. 11A provides the example process of reducing the dimensionality of data using hashing algorithms applied to concrete values in a tabular form. The leftmost record column 11102 of the table in FIG. 11A lists rlrl6 records contained within credit events. For example, the rl record may be {John Smith, 111-22-3443, 10/06/1970, 100 Connecticut Ave, Washington DC, 20036} and the r2 record may be {Jonah Smith, 221-114343, 06/10 / 1984, 100 Connecticut Ave, YourTown DC, 20036} and so on.
[000119] These records contain user identification information (for example, record rl 654 contains user identification information John Smith (name), 111-22-3443 (SSN), 10/06/1970 (date of birth) , 100 Connecticut Ave (street address), YourTown DC (city and state), 20036 (postal code). User identification information was extracted from credit events (FIG. 4, 406) and optionally
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62/96 deduplicated. User identification information can, alone or in combination, provide the unique identity, which can associate the record, and the associated credit event, for a particular user. As illustrated, records can include unique identities.
[000120] Several financial institutions may provide more or less different user identification information. For example, VISA can provide only the first name and the last name (see, for example, rl) while American Express can provide the middle name in addition to the first name and the last name (see, for example, rl5). Some financial institutions may provide credit events that are missing one or more user identification information all together, such as not providing a driver's license number (for example, rl-rl6 does not include a driver's license number).
[000121] Although there is no limit on how many hash functions can be applied to the records, FIG. 11A illustrates three example hash functions, hi 11104, h2 11106, and h3 11108. As described, each hash function can be designed to focus (i.e., increase or decrease collision rates) on different personal identifiers or combinations of personal identifiers. Additionally, although not necessary, personal identifiers can be pre-processed to generate hash keys that facilitate the purpose of each of the hash functions. For example, the hi 11104 hash function uses the preprocessed hash key that adds SSN digits, uses last name, month of birth, day of birth in the month. The rl record can be pre-processed
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63/96 to provide a 2ISmithO610 hash key. Using preprocessing hl 11104, records r2, r3, r4, and r5 will also provide the same hash key 2ISmithO610. However, for the hl 11104 hash function, the rl4 register will provide a different hash key of 47Smith0610. Different hash keys are likely to result in different hash values. For example, the same hash key 2ISmithO610 from rl, r2, r3, r4, and r5 results in KN00NKL while the hash key 47Smith0610 results in some other hash value. Thus, according to the hash function hl 11104, the records share the same hash value KN00NKL (ie, rl, r2, r3, r4, and r5) are grouped as potential matches.
[000122] The hash function h2 11106 uses a different preprocessing, ie SSN, month of birth, day of birth in the month. Records r3, r5, and rl5, according to the h2 11106 preprocessing, produce a hash key of 111-22-34340610. Using the h2 11106 hash function, the hash keys calculate for VB556NB. However, hash functions can result in unintended collisions (in other words, false positives). Unintended collisions result in unintended registration in a set of potential matches. For example, record rl4, according to the preprocessing of a hash function h2 11106, results in a hash key of 766-8716420610, which is different with the hash key 111-2234340610 associated with r3, r5, and rl5 , but still computes for the same VB556NB hash value. Thus, when records are associated based on the division of the same
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64/96 hash value from the hash function, the potential set of records that belongs to a certain user may have unintentionally included a record that belongs to a different user. As described, and will also be illustrated with concrete samples in FIG. 7B, matching rules can help to resolve the identity of the false positive records in each set.
[000123] Each hash function can result in more than one set of potential match records. For example, FIG. 11A illustrates the hash function by computing two sets of hash values VB556NB and NH1772TT. Each set of hash values is a set of potentially corresponding records. According to the example, the hash function h2 11106 produces VB556NB hash value has a potentially corresponding record set {r3, r5, rl4, rl6] and NH1772TT hash value has a potentially corresponding record set {r8, r9, rlO , rl2}.
[000124] FIG. 11B illustrates sets 11202, 11204, 11206, 11208 of potentially corresponding records according to their common hash values. Based on FIG. 11A, the potentially corresponding record set 11202 associated with the hash value KN00NKL includes {rl, r2, r3, r4, r5}. Similarly, the potentially corresponding record set 11204 associated with the hash value VB556NB includes {r3, r5, rl4, rl6}. The potentially matching record set 11206 associated with the NH1772TT hash value includes {r8, r9, rlO, rl2}. Similarly, the record set potentially
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65/96 corresponding 11208 associated with the BBGT77TG hash value includes {rl2, rl3, rl4, rl5, rl6}.
[000125] Each set can include false positives. For example, although the potentially matching record set 11202 associated with the hash value KN00NKL includes {rl, r2, r3, r4, r5], r2 and r4 does not appear to belong to the record set that should be associated with John (Frederick ) Smith since r2 has different SSN and year of birth and r4 has different first name, SSN, year of birth, address, city, state, and postal code. Determining whether any of rl, r3, or r5 are false positives is more complicated since there are only slight variations in SSN and year of birth (alternating two digits in SSN or year of birth which is just a year apart). Therefore, records r2 and r4 are likely to be false positives while rl, r3, r5 are true positives. Similarly, other sets can contain true positives and false positives.
[000126] FIG. 11C illustrates the application of one or more matching rules to resolve identity (i.e., remove such false positives) from the sets in FIG. 11B. The variety of matching rules has been disclosed with respect to FIG. 7. For example, applying such an exact match rule to the last name, rotations of up to two digits in SSN and year of birth less than 2 years apart can successfully remove possible false positives from the 11302 set, thus providing a subset containing only {rl, r3, r5}. In some embodiments, records in a set may
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6/96 be compared against the data in the user's file (for example, verified user identification information). In some embodiments, the records in a set itself can be compared with each other to determine the highly probable true positive personal identifiers first then apply the matching rules against the determined personal identifiers.
[000127] In some embodiments, the matching rules can calculate confidentiality scores and compare with limits for accepting or rejecting a record in a set. For example, set 11304 with hash value VB556NB can use a rule that calculates character match score in the name. The rl4 record has a full name Eric Frederick which in the best case, among other records in the 11304 set, corresponds to 9 characters of 18 characters of John Frederick Smith and / or John Smith Frederick. Therefore, a score of 50% can be calculated and compared against a minimum match limit of, say 70%, and the credit data system can reject rl4 from set 11304. Other match rules can be designed and applied to sets 11302, 11304, 11306, 11308 to remove rejected records and generate subsets. In some embodiments, some or all of these matching rules can be applied to different sets 11302, 11304, 11306, 11308. FIG. 11C illustrates, subsets containing {rl, r3, r5], {r3, r5, r! 5], {rlO, r! 2], and {r! 2, r! 6}.
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67/96 [000128] FIG. 11D illustrates the application of pool merging rules in subsets 11302, 11304, 11306, 11308 identified in FIG. 11C, thereby providing fused groups 11402, 11404. Each of the subsets 11302, 11304, 11306, 11308 from FIG. 11C contain records that can be associated with a user with high confidence. FIG. 11C, after applying the matching rules, provides 4 such subsets. The first subset 11302 contains {rl, r3, r5} and the second subset 11304 contains {r3, r5, rl5}.
[000129] A closer inspection of the first subset and the second subset reveals that both subsets contain at least one common record, r3. Since each subset is associated with a single user, all records in the same subset can also be associated with the same single user. Logic dictates that if at least one common record exists in two different subsets that are associated with a single user, the two different subsets must both be associated with the single user and the two different subsets can be merged into a single group containing all records in the two subsets. Therefore, based on the common record, r3, the first subset 11302 and the second subset 11304 are combined to produce a group 11402 containing all records (that is, {rl, r3, r5, rl5} of the two subsets after the Similarly, another 11404 group containing {rlO, rl2, rl6} can be formed based on other subsets 11306 and 11308. After the set fusion process is complete,
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68/96 all resulting groups will have mutually exclusive records. Each merged group can contain all records containing unique identities associated with a user.
[000130] When the algorithm described with respect to FIG. 8 is applied to the original subsets:
{rl, r3, r5], {r3, r5, rl5], {rlO, rl2], and, {rl2, rl6] [000131] Starting with subsets, pairs of records (that is, reducing each group to relationships of grade 2) are generated from the subsets. For example, the first subset containing {rl, r3, r5] can generate the pairs: (rl, r3) (rl, r5) (r3, r5) [000132] The second subset containing {r3, r5, rl5] can generate the pairs: (r3, r5) (r3, rl5) (r5, rl5) [000133] The third subset containing {rlO, rl2] can generate the pair: (rlO, rl2) [000134] The fourth subset containing {rl2, rl6] can generate the pair: (rl2, rl6) [000135] The merger process example can list all pairs. Since duplicates do not contain any additional information, the duplicates have been removed: (rl, r3)
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69/96 (rl, r5) (r3, r5) (r3, rl5) (r5, rl5) (rlO, rl2) (rl2, rl6) [000136] Rotate or reverse each pair:
(rl, r3) (r3, rl) (rl, r5) (r5, rl) (r3, r5) (r5, r3) (r3, rl5) (rl5, r3) (r5, rl5) (rl5, r5) (rlO, rl2) (rl2, rlO) (rl2, rl6) (rl6, rl2) [000137] Group by the first record where the first record is common between pairs:
{rl, r3, r5} {r3, rl, r5, rl5} {r5, rl, r3, rl5} {rlO, rl2} {rl2, rlO, rl6} {r! 5, r3, r5}
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70/96 {rl6, rl2] [000138] Another round of pair generation. Duplicates are not shown:
(r3, rl) (r3, r5) (r3, rl5) (rl, r5) (rl, rl5) (r5, rl5) (rlO, rl2) (rl6, rl2) (rlO, rl6) [000139] Rotate or reverse each pair. Duplicates are not shown:
(r3, rl) (rl, r3) (r3, r5) (r5, r3) (r3, rl5) (rl5, r3) (rl, r5) (r5, rl) (rl, rl5) (rl5, rl) (r5, rl5) (rl5, r5) (rlO, rl2) (rl2, rlO) (r! 6, r! 2)
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71/96 (rl2, rl6) (rlO, rl6) (rl6, rlO) [000140] Group by the leftmost register where the first record is common among the pairs:
{rl, r3, r5, rl5] {r3, rl, r5, rl5] - duplicata {r5, rl, r3, rl5] - duplicata {rlO, rl2, rl6] {rl2, rlO, rl6] - duplicata {rl5, rl, r3, r5] - duplicate {rl6, rl2, rlO] - duplicate [000141] After applying the set fusion algorithm, two groups {rl, r3, r5, rl5] and {rlO, rl2, rl6] each one containing mutually exclusive records remains.
[000142] FIG. 12 is a flowchart 1200 of an illustrative method for efficiently organizing heterogeneous data on a massive scale. The illustrated method is implemented through a computer system, which can be a credit data system. Method 1200 begins at block 1202, where the computing system receives a plurality of event information from one or more data sources. The source of event information data can be the financial institution. In some embodiments, event information may have heterogeneous data structures between event information from the same financial institution and / or from multiple financial institutions. The event information contains at least one personally identifiable information (field of
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72/96 identity or identifier) that associates the event information with an account holder who is associated with an account that generated the credit event. For example, credit event information (or for short, credit event) can contain one or more identity fields that
event credit common private user that generated O eventcredit credit through the execution of a transaction in [0 00143] 0 system computer can Access The plurali of information accessing event directly
a memory or data storage device where pre-existing event information from data sources is stored, or event information can be obtained in real time over a network.
[000144] In block 1204, the computer system can extract identity fields from account holders included in the event information. Extracting the identity field may involve formatting, transformation, correspondence, analysis or the like. Identity fields can include SSN, name, address, postal code, phone number, e-mail address, or anything that can be, alone or in combination, used to assign event information to an account holder. For example, name and address may be sufficient to identify an account holder. In addition, an SSN can be used to identify an account holder. When the event information account in the billions and is received from many data sources using heterogeneous formats, some accounts do not provide certain fields of identity and some fields of
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73/96 identity may contain incorrectly typed or incorrect information. Therefore, when working with a massive amount of event information, it is important to consider combinations of identity fields. For example, relying only on SSN to distinguish account holders can result in misidentification of associated account holders where SSN is misspelled. Trusting the other available identity fields, such as names and addresses, an intelligent computer system can correctly assign event information to the same user. Combinations of identity fields can form unique identities used to assign event information to users who are associated with the events.
[000145] In block 1206, the computer system can optionally deduplicate the unique identities to remove the same unique identities. For example, event information can provide, when extracted, John Smith, 555-555555 (SSN), jsmith@email.com (email), and 333-3333-3333 phone number. Another event can also provide John Smith, 555-55-5555 (SSN), jsmith@email.com (email), and 333-3333-3333 phone number. The unique identities of two event information are the same, so they can be candidates for deduplication. One of the unique identities can be removed in such a way that only non-duplicated unique identities are subject to operations in block 1208.
[000146] In block 1208, the computer system can reduce the dimensionality of unique identities with a plurality of dimensionality reduction processes. The objective of this block is to group unique identities based on
Petition 870190102926, of 10/14/2019, p. 80/118 in some similarities contained in the unique identities. An example of a process that can be used to reduce the dimensionality of unique identities based on contained similarities could be the location-sensitive hash function. The computer system can provide a plurality of such dimensionality reduction processes, each process focusing on an aspect of similarity contained within the unique identities, to provide multiple groupings of similar (and potentially attributable to a particular user) unique identities. When location-sensitive hash functions are used, unique identities are associated with hash values, where each applied hash function generates a hash value for a given unique identity. Appropriately, each unique identity can be associated with a hash value for each hash function.
[000147] In block 1210, the computer system groups the unique identities into sets based at least in part on the results of the dimensionality reduction functions having a common value. Grouping in sets is extensively detailed at an abstract level with FIG. 6 and with concrete sample values with FIG. 11B. As described with reference to FIG. 6 and FIG. 11B, the resulting sets contain potential matches and may also contain false positives.
[000148] In block 1212, the computer system, for each set of unique identities, applies one or more matching rules with criteria to remove false positives. After the application of the rules of
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75/96 matching resulting in the removal of false positives, sets can become subsets of their previous sets before applying matching rules including only verified unique identities.
[000149] In block 1214, the computer system merges the subsets to arrive in groups of unique identities. The pooling process includes identifying common unique identities in subsets, and when the computer system encounters at least one common single identity, it merges the subsets that contain the common single identity. The fusion of the set is extensively detailed at an abstract level with FIG. 8 and with concrete sample values with FIG. 11D. In addition, an example of an efficient method of pooling has been disclosed above. After the merger of the set, the merged groups include unique mutually exclusive identities.
[000150] In block 1216, the computer system provides a unique inverted PID for each of the groups. In a sense, this process is recognizing that each group represents a single account holder. In block 1218, the computer system designates the inverted PID provided for each group with all the unique identities contained within each associated group. In a sense, this process is recognizing that each of the unique identifiers, when found in the event information, can identify the event information to belong to the private account holder associated with the inverted PID.
[000151] In block 1220, the computer system inspects event information to find a single
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76/96 identifier and, when a single identifier is found, stamp the event information with an inverted PID associated with the unique identifier.
Ingestion and Consumption of Heterogeneous Data Collections (HDC) [000152] When a system is collecting and analyzing a massive amount of heterogeneous data, there is a possibility that some of the input data contains or leads to a defect. The defect can be broadly defined as any factor that leads to software modification or data conversion. For example, some financial institutions that report credit events may provide non-standard data that requires extensive ETL processing as part of data ingestion, in the ETL process, some defects can be introduced. An example could be phone numbers that use the format (###) ### - #### as opposed to the format ###. ###. ####. Another example is the date in the European format versus the date in the USA format. Another example may be the defects introduced as a result of the adoption of daylight saving time. In an appropriate manner, these defects can be introduced due to a software problem in the ETL process or lack of generalization of the project. Sometimes, human errors can also be a factor and can cause some forms of defects. Therefore, there is scope to improve existing systems that are inadequately prepared to address defect formation and manipulation.
[000153] Existing data integration approaches, such as data warehouses and data centers, attempt to
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77/96 extract significant items of data from input data and transform them into a standardized target data structure. Generally, when the number of data sources that provide heterogeneous data grows, software and engineering efforts needed to transform or otherwise address the growing number of heterogeneous data the collection also grows in size and complexity. Such system requirements and human requirements can grow to the point where marginal effort to modify an existing system and maintain the modified system can lead to further defects. For example, the incorporation of new data sources and formats may require that existing system data structures be modified, which may sometimes require the conversion of existing data from the old data format to a new data format. The conversion process can introduce new defects. If defects go unnoticed for a long period of time, significant effort and money must be spent to undo the effects of defects through software modifications and data conversions. Ironically, such additional software modifications and data conversions can also lead to defects.
[000154] The credit data systems described here address the problem of defect management by implementing what can be called a late data interpretation, which is additionally detailed with respect to the defect models of FIGS. 13A-13C below. Defect Models
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78/96 [000155] FIG. 13A is a general defect model 13100 showing probability of defect associated with data such as data flows from data ingestion to data consumption (that is, from left to right) across multiple system states. A system can have an associated defect surface 13102, which can be defined as the probability distribution of defects for a given software component based on its functional scope and design complexity. The height of the surface defect 13102 may reflect the probability of defect P (D) for a combination of functional scope and design complexity. In other words, where the functional scope and design complexity of the software are high, the height of the surface defect 13102 will be high. Where the functional scope and design complexity of the software are low, the height of the surface defect 13102 will be low. The surface defect 13102 is mostly flat, indicating that the functional scope and design complexity of the software do not change across states.
[000156] FIG. 13A also illustrates a related concept of defect leverage. A defect leverage can be defined as the amount (or, distance) of downstream software components that can be impacted by a given defect. A defect close to 13104 data ingestion has a greater distance downstream and thus has greater defect leverage than a defect close to 13106 data consumption. From the probability of defect and defect leverage, a defect moment can be calculated, which is defined as:
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79/96
Defect Moment = Defect Probability * Defect Leverage.
[000157] The moment of defect can be understood as a probable impact of a defect in the system. An integrated sum of the defect moment can quantify the expected value of the defect quantity for the system. Therefore, minimizing the sum of the defect moment is desirable.
[000158] FIG. 13B illustrates a 13200 surface defect model for a system using ETL Processes. Restructuring, transformation, and standardization (all of which can be a part of ETL Processes) are provided for early data ingestion. In addition, interpretation occurs in the early ingestion as well as in order to assist the ETL process. The collection of ideas as part of analysis and reporting at the end of the data flow, close to data consumption.
[000159] As described, ETL processes can increase in complexity when dealing with heterogeneous data sources. Suitably, FIG. 13B illustrates a defect surface 13202 that is high (indicating high functional scope and software complexity) close to data ingestion and lower close to data consumption. The system displays the highest defect surface 13202 where the defect leverage is the highest (close to data intake) and the lowest defect surface 13202 where the defect leverage is the lowest (close to data consumption) .
[000160] This type of surface from high to low defect 13202 causes problems when the moment of defect is considered. Defect moment was defined as a product
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80/96 defect probability and defect leverage, where the integrated sum of the defect moment quantifies the expected value of the defect quantity for the system. In this existing system, as high values are multiplied with high values and low values with low values, the integrated sum of the products can be quite large. Appropriately, the expected value of the amount of defects can be quite large.
[000161] FIG. 13C illustrates a surface defect model for the credit data system. Unlike existing systems, the credit data system does not perform ETL processes (for example, restructuring, transformation, standardization, registration, etc.) but can limit its processing for validation, curation (for example, carrying out control quality), and corresponding / linking the input data. The validation, curation, and correspondence / linking processes are not as complex as the software components for the ETL process and have a low probability of defect. Thus, FIG. 13C illustrates the defect surface 13302 of the credit data system low near data intake and high near data consumption. Appropriately, the credit data system displays the lowest defect surface 13302 where the defect leverage is the highest (close to data ingestion) and the highest defect surface 13302 where the defect leverage is the most low (close to data consumption).
[000162] This type of low to high defect surface 13302 is quite beneficial when the moment of defect
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81/96 is considered. In the credit data system, as low defect probabilities are multiplied with high defect leverage and high defect probabilities are multiplied with low defect leverage, the integrated sum of products can be much less than in existing systems. Therefore, the credit data system provides improved defect management with respect to data ingestion and data consumption.
Late Data Interpretation [000163] A late interpretation system, instead of interpreting input data close to data ingestion (as the data model 13200 for traditional systems in FIG. 3B illustrates), delays interpretation as much as possible in the line of knowledge of data in order to minimize the moment of integrated defect. FIG. 13C illustrates an example of defect model 13300 of such a late interpretation system according to an implementation.
[000164] The late interpretation system can accept any type of event data, such as from data sources that have various types of data, formats, structures, meanings, etc. For example, FIG. 14 illustrates various types of event data related to an anchoring entity 1402, shown as a particular user in this example. An anchor entity can be any other entity for which event data resolution is provided. For example, an anchoring entity can be a private user and multiple data sources can provide heterogeneous event data, such as vehicle rental records 1404, mortgage records 1406,
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82/96 credit card records 1408, utility records 1410, DMV records 1412, court records 1414, tax records 1416, employment records 1418, etc., associated with the particular user.
[000165] In some embodiments, as new event data is accessed, the system identifies only the minimum information necessary to attach the data with a correct anchoring entity. For example, an anchoring entity can be a private user and the minimum information needed to attach the new data for the private user can be identifying information such as name, national ID, or address. When new data is received, the system can retrieve this minimal set of identifying information for the particular user from the data and attach the data with one or more user association markers (for example, where the anchoring entity is a user associated with credit, an inverted PID is an example of a marker associated with the user). For a given piece of data, the late interpretation system can later use the markers to identify a correct anchoring entity. The process of attaching a bookmark can be the matching / linking process in FIG. 13C. In some embodiments, the matching / linking process does not change the input data or data structure.
[000166] The dialing / correspondence / connection process can be similar to cataloging a book. For example, based on an International Standard Book Number (ISBN), book title, and / or
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83/96 author of a book, a librarian can place the book in a correct section and shelf. The content or plot of the book is not necessary in the cataloging process. Similarly, based on minimal information that identifies an anchoring entity, a vehicle rental record 1404 may be associated with a particular anchoring entity. In some embodiments, each record and / or data source can be associated with a domain (further described with reference to FIG. 15). For example, a vehicle rental record 1404 or the vehicle rental data source can be associated with a vehicle rental domain, a credit card record 1408 or the credit card data source can be associated with a credit domain, and a 1406 mortgage record or mortgage data source can be associated with a mortgage domain.
[000167] In some embodiments, the late interpretation system may include an anchor entity resolution (AER) process that corrects tags attached with the data received previously to be associated with the best anchor entity. The best known anchor entity can change dynamically based on information contained in the new input data, such as based on analysis of previously received data, or based on improvements in the anchor entity resolution itself. In some embodiments, the anchor entity resolution may update the previously attached markers. The docking entity resolution process can run periodically or
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84/96 continuously in the background or in the foreground, can be automatically triggered by the occurrence of a predefined event, and / or initiated by a system supervisor, requesting entity, or other user.
[000168] The late interpretation system limits the probability of a defect for the interpretation and manipulation of identification information. By doing this with traditional systems' ETL processes, the delayed interpretation system reduces the software and engineering efforts required to transform or otherwise address the growing size and complexity of the heterogeneous data collection. As FIG. 13C illustrates, the surface defect 13302 is reduced for states that are additionally upstream of states close to data consumption, thereby reducing the moments of defect.
Domain and Vocabulary Dictionary [000169] The late interpretation system may include one or more analyzers (FIG. 13C, 13304) for data interpretation. Unlike existing systems with the interpretation component (FIG. 13B, 13204) positioned close to data ingestion, the late interpretation system has an interpretation component (for example, analyzers) positioned further away for data consumption (FIG. 13C, 13304). Analyzers can be associated with domains, such as credit domain 1502, utility domain 1504, and / or mortgage domain 1506.
[000170] The late interpretation system can associate input data or data sources with one or more
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85/96 domains. For example, a 1408 credit card record or its data source may have been associated with the credit domain. Each domain includes a dictionary that includes vocabulary for the domain. FIG. 15 illustrates the domains and their associated vocabularies. For example, a 1502 credit domain can have an associated dictionary including vocabulary from @credit_limit, @current_balance, and @past_due_balance. Similarly, a 1504 utility domain can have an associated dictionary including vocabulary from @current_balance, and @past_due_balance As illustrated, vocabularies can be repeated across different domains, such as @current_balance and past_due_balance. However, each domain has its own sets of rules for interpretation and analyzers associated with a particular domain can properly interpret identical vocabulary in one domain differently from vocabulary in another domain based on each respective registration domain.
[000171] Based on the dictionary and the vocabularies contained within, the one or more analyzers inspect the contents of the records and mark fields or values with the corresponding vocabulary. The analysis process can be similar to scanning through books to identify / interpret relevant content. Similar to scanning history books for content relevant to George Washington and tagging content describing George Washington's place of birth, date of birth, age, or similar with @george_washington, a 1508 credit analyzer can scan records at
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86/96 from a credit data source or records in the credit domain and identify / interpret content that may be relevant to the credit limit and mark the content interpreted / identified with the @credit_limit marker (FIG. 16 illustrates examples tagging content identified with @credit_limit). Similarly, a 1510 utility domain analyzer can scan records, such as a utility invoice, from a data source or utility records in the utility domain and identify content that may be relevant to the past due to the balance and mark the contents identified with the @past_due_balance marker.
[000172] Once marked, downstream components including consistency check, insight, and / or reporting in FIG. 13C can analyze the contents of a record using the vocabulary for the record's domain. In some embodiments, a downstream component (for example, any 1512 insight calculation component) can interpret records from more than one domain for its use. For example, a mortgage scoring component may search for @credit_limit in the data from the credit domain before making a determination of a potential credibility of the mortgagee.
[000173] Advantageously, late interpretation provides the benefit of reducing the effects of defects. The interpretation described above by the analyzers is, like FIG. 13C, 13304 illustrates, closer to data consumption than existing interpretation systems offer. Therefore, defects in the late interpretation system
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87/96
have leverage limited, and so have impact reduced.[000174] Other benefit that the system late interpretation provides is that the system does not need
change the original or existing heterogeneous event data. Instead of ETL processing to standardize data for storage and interpretation, the system marks and defer interpretation for the analyzers. If one or more analyzers are found to introduce defects in a domain, a data engineer can simply update the one or more domain analyzers. Since the original or existing event data has not been changed, re-run analyzers can quickly eliminate defects without losing data. Additionally, in some embodiments, as the data is not copied through the data stream, a data engineer can cure, delete, or delete any data without having to update other databases.
[000175] Therefore, data intake from the late interpretation system does not need ETL processes and, therefore, the late interpretation system allows new data sources to be brought in quickly and at low cost.
[000176] FIG. 16 illustrates an example of a late interpretation process 1600 that uses some sample content, according to some embodiments. A domain 1602 dictionary can include a vocabulary from domain 1604 and grammar from domain 1606. The vocabulary from domain 1604 can include keyboard definitions for annotation (for example, markup as described with reference to FIG. 15) of
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88/96 data. The vocabulary of domain 1604 can include primary words and compound words. In some embodiments, the primary words are markers that are directly associated (or annotated) with some portion of the heterogeneous data. For example, the delayed interpretation system marks some portion of the 1610 input data with @CreditLimit and @Balance. Compound words are synthesized from one or more primary words or other variables with 1606 domain grammar. An example of 1606 domain grammar may be that an average balance for N records is equal to the sum of each account balance and dividing by N , which can be expressed in domain grammar 1606 with two primary words @Balance like @AverageBalance [n] = Sum (@Balance) / n).
[000177] The domain dictionary 1602 can also include predefined font templates 1608 for heterogeneous data sources. The 1608 font models act as a lens to expose important fields. For example, a simple example of model source can be for input data from source 1610 VISA data, ^the data field 6 is a @CreditLimit 7 and ^the data field is a @Balance. The annotation contributor 1612 can use one or more such source models 1608 to mark / annotate input data in a domain to generate annotated data 1614. In some embodiments, machine-learned models and / or other artificial intelligence can be used to supplement or replace 1608 font models in determining and exposing important fields.
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89/96 [000178] The late interpretation system may also include one or more 1616 domain analyzers. The 1616 domain analyzer can use annotations / bookmarks and rules incorporated in its software to present fully annotated data for applications. In some embodiments, the domain analyzer may, in addition to or in place of the annotations / markers that the annotation contributor 1612 provides, provide some annotations / markers to generate the fully annotated data. The domain analyzer 1616 can refer to the domain dictionary 1602 its presentation of the data fully annotated for the applications or in its own annotation / markup.
[000179] A 1618 score calculation application and a 1620 insight calculation application are provided as sample applications that can use the fully annotated data. The 1618 score calculation application, based on the annotated data, can calculate a credit score (or other sources) from one or more users and provide it to a requesting entity. Similarly, the 1620 Insight Calculation application can provide analysis or reports including balance sheet statements, cash flow statements, consumption habits, possible savings tips, etc. In some embodiments, a number of applications, including the 1618 score calculation application and the 1620 insight calculation application, can use the fully annotated data in conjunction with the inverted PID from the batch indexing process to quickly identify all records
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90/96 annotated that belong to a particular user and generate a record or analysis with respect to the user.
[000180] FIG. 17 is a flowchart 1700 of an illustrative method for interpreting input data in order to minimize defect impact on the system, according to some embodiments. Depending on the embodiment, the method of Figure 17 can include fewer or more blocks and the blocks can be made in any order that is different from that illustrated.
[000181] Starting at block 1702, the system interpretation (for example, one or more components of the credit data system discussed elsewhere here) receives a plurality of event information (see, FIG. 14) from one or more more data sources. A data source can be a mortgage, credit card provider, utility company, vehicle dealer who provides vehicle rental records, DMV, courts, IRS, employer, banks, or any other source of information that can be associated with entities for which entity resolution is desired. In some embodiments, the data sources provide the plurality of event information in the heterogeneous data formats or structures.
[000182] In block 1704, the late interpretation system determines a category or type of information (also referred to here as a domain) associated with the data sources. The determination of a domain for a data source can be based on information provided by the data source. In some embodiments, the system may be able to determine (or confirm in situations where the data source
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91/96 provides domain information) the associated domain from the inspection of the data structure of the data source. In some embodiments, the event information may include some hints indicative of the domain of a particular data source and the system may be able to determine a domain for the data source based on the hints. For example, if event information (or a large portion of event information) includes the terms water or gas, the system can automatically determine that the data source must be associated with a utility domain.
[000183] In block 1706, the system accesses a domain dictionary for the given domain. The domain dictionary can include a domain vocabulary, domain grammar, and / or annotation criteria, examples that are described above with reference to FIG. 16.
[000184] In block 1708, the system notes event information from the domain determined with the domain dictionary. For example, based on the annotation criteria, the system evaluates the event information and identifies one or more portions that can be annotated with domain vocabulary. FIG. 16 illustrates the example of event information 1610 before annotation and then annotated event information 1614 with annotations associated with certain event information. In some embodiments, the event information is updated only with the domain annotations (as in the example of annotated event information 1614) and are otherwise unchanged. In some embodiments, once event information is noted, it is left undisturbed until the system receives a data request
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92/96 for event information, such as information associated with particular annotations (for example, requests for event information @Creditlimit data can be requested to calculate an overall credit limit across multiple consumer accounts, which can included in a credit report or similar consumer risk analysis report).
[000185] In block 1710, the system receives data requests for event information. Requests can be for event information (for example, all event information that includes a particular note or combination of notes) or for particular data included in the event information (for example, portions of event information specifically associated with a annotation). For example, with respect to the annotated event information 1614 of FIG. 16, a request can be for all the credit event information annotated or just @Balance data in the credit event information. The data request can be from another component of the system, such as scoring calculation application, discernment calculation application, or the like, or it can be from other requesting entities, such as a third party.
[000186] In block 1712, the system analyzes event information with one or more domain analyzers to identify the requested information. As described with reference to Figure 16, domain analyzers can use domain dictionaries to interpret event information. For example, a domain analyzer can use
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93/96 a vocabulary from the domain to find one or more primary words. The domain analyzer can then use a domain grammar to determine a compound word based on one or more primary words. In some embodiments, a domain analyzer may request another domain analyzer to provide data necessary for its interpretation. For example, a mortgage domain analyzer may request @credit_score from a credit domain analyzer when generating its compound word according to a domain grammar that requests a credit score. In block 1714, the system provides the requested data for a requesting application or for a requesting entity.
Additional Achievements [000187] It should be understood that not necessarily all objectives or advantages can be achieved according to any particular embodiment described here. Thus, for example, certain embodiments can be configured to operate in a way that achieves or optimizes an advantage or group of advantages as taught here without necessarily achieving other objectives or advantages as can be taught or suggested here.
[000188] All the processes described here can be incorporated, and completely automated, through software code modules executed through a computer system that includes one or more computers or processors. In some embodiments, at least some of the processes can be implemented using virtualization techniques such as, for example, cloud computing,
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94/96 application containerization, or Lambda architecture, etc., alone or in combination. The code modules can be stored in any type of non-transitory computer-readable medium or other computer storage device. Some or all of the methods can be incorporated into specialized computer hardware.
[000189] Many other variations other than those described here will be apparent from this invention. For example, depending on the implementation, certain acts, events, or functions of any of the algorithms described here can be performed in a different sequence or can be added, merged, or left together (for example, not all of the described acts or events are required for the practice of the algorithms). In addition, in certain embodiments, acts or events can be performed concurrently, for example, through multi-threaded processing, interrupted processing, or multiple processors or processor cores or in other parallel architectures, rather than in sequence. In addition, different tasks or processes can be performed by different machines and / or computing systems that work together.
[000190] Conditional language as, among others, can, could, should or can, unless specifically stated otherwise, are understood within the context as used in general to pass that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include , certain functionalities, elements and / or processes. So, such a conditional language
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95/96 is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and / or processes are in any way necessary for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or request, whether these functionalities, elements and / or processes are included or must be carried out in any particular embodiment.
[000191] Disjunctive language such as the phrase at least one of X, Y, or Z, unless specifically stated otherwise, is understood with the context as used in general to represent that an item, term, etc., it can be any of X, Y, or Z, or any combination of them (for example, X, Y, and / or Z). Thus, such disjunctive language in general is not intended to, and should not, imply that certain embodiments require at least one of X, at least one of Y, or at least one of Z for each to be present.
[000192] Any process descriptions, elements or blocks in the flow diagrams described here and / or represented in the attached figures should be understood as potentially representing modules, segments, or portions of code that include one or more executable instructions for implementing elements or functions specific logic in the process. Alternative implementations are included within the scope of the embodiments described here in which elements or functions can be deleted, executed out of order from the one shown, or discussed, including substantially concurrently or in reverse order,
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6/96 depending on the functionality involved as can be understood by the person skilled in the art.
[000193] Unless explicitly stated otherwise, articles such as one or one should generally be interpreted to include one or more items described. Appropriately, phrases such as a device configured for are intended to include one or more of the devices mentioned. Such one or more devices mentioned can also be collectively configured to perform the stated recitations. For example, a processor configured to perform recitations A, B and C may include a first processor configured to perform recitation A that works in conjunction with a second processor configured to perform recitations B and C.
[000194] It should be emphasized that many variations and modifications can be made to the embodiments described above, the elements of which should be understood to be within other acceptable examples. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included here within the scope of this invention.

权利要求:
Claims (17)
[1]
1. Computer system for determining the identities of account holders for collected event information, the computer system characterized by the fact that it comprises:
one or more computer hardware processors; and one or more storage devices configured to store software instructions configured to run by one or more hardware computer processors to cause the computer system to:
receive, from a plurality of data sources, a plurality of information about the event associated with a corresponding plurality of events;
for each information about the event:
access a data store including associations between the data sources and the identifier parameters, the identifier parameters including, at least, an indication of one or more identifiers of information included in the case of the corresponding data source;
determine, based on at least the data source identifiers of the event information, identifiers included in the event information, as indicated in the data store accessed; and extract identifiers from event information based on at least the corresponding identifier parameters, where a combination of identifiers comprises a unique identity associated with a unique user, access a plurality of hash functions, each associated with a combination of identifiers;
Petition 870190073710, of 7/31/2019, p. 23/32
[2]
2/7 for each unique identity, calculate a plurality of hashes by evaluating the plurality of hash functions;
based on whether unique identities that share a common calculated hash with a common hash function, selectively group unique identities into sets of unique identities associated with common hashes;
for each set of unique identities:
apply one or more rules, including criteria for comparing unique identities within the set; and determine a harmonization group of unique identities such as those that fulfill one or more of the rules;
merges the corresponding sets of unique identities each including at least one common unique identity to provide one or more built-in sets having no unique identity in common with other built-in sets;
for each cast set:
determine an inverted personal identifier; and associate the inverted personal identifier for each of the unique identities in the merged set;
for each unique identity:
identify information about the event associated with at least one of the combinations of identifiers associated with the unique identity; and associate the event information with the identified event information.
2. Computer system according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the hash functions include at least: a first hash function that evaluates a first combination of at least portions of a first identifier and at least portions of a second identifier extracted from information about the event; and
Petition 870190073710, of 7/31/2019, p. 24/32
[3]
3 / Ί a second hash function evaluates a second combination of at least portions of the first identifier and at least portions of a third identifier extracted from information about the event;
3. Computer system according to claim 2, characterized by the fact that the first hash function is selected based on the types of identifiers of one or more of the first identifier or the second identifier.
[4]
4. Computer system according to claim 2, characterized by the fact that the first identifier is a user's social security number and the second identifier is a user's last name, and the first combination is a smaller concatenation than all the social security number digits and less than all the characters of the user's last name.
[5]
5. Computer system according to claim 2, characterized in that a first set of events includes a plurality of events associated with the first hash and a second set of events includes a plurality of events associated with each second hash.
[6]
6. Computer system, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the identifiers are selected from: first name, last name, average initial, middle name, date of birth, social security number, taxpayer identification , or national identification.
[7]
7. Computer system, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the computer system generates an inverted map associating an inverted personal identifier to each of the remaining unique identities in the
Petition 870190073710, of 7/31/2019, p. 25/32 i / Ί built-in sets and stores the map in a data store.
[8]
8. Computer system, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that it also comprises, based on the inverted personal identifier assigned to the remaining unique identities, assigning the inverted personal identifier to each of the plurality of information about the event including the remaining unique identities.
[9]
9. Computer system according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the hash functions comprise location-sensitive hash.
[10]
10. Computer system according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that one or more matching rules include one or more identity resolution rules that compare u in one or more sets with account holder information in a bank. external data or CRM system to identify matches for one or more rules.
[11]
11. Computer system, according to claim 10, characterized by the fact that the identity resolution rules include criteria that indicate criteria of correspondence between the account holder information and the identifiers.
[12]
12. Computer system, according to claim 1, Computer system, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the fusion of sets comprises, for each one or more sets, repeating the process of:
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5/7 pair each unique identity in a set with another unique identity in the set to create pairs of unique identities;
determine a single common identity in pairs; and in response to the determination of the common single identity, grouping non-common unique identities from the peers with the common single identity until the lists of unique identities contained within the resulting groups are mutually exclusive among the resulting groups.
[13]
13. Computer system according to claim 12, characterized by the fact that the determination of a single common identity in pairs further comprises the screening of unique identities in pairs.
[14]
14. Computer system characterized by the fact that it comprises:
one or more hardware computer processors; and one or more storage devices configured to store software instructions configured to run by one or more hardware computer processors to cause the computer system to:
receive a plurality of events from one or more data sources, where at least some of the events have heterogeneous structures;
store events in heterogeneous access structures by external processes;
for each of the data sources:
identify a domain based, at least in part, on the data structure or data from the data source; and access a vocabulary associated with the identified domain; and
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6/1 for each event:
determine if the event matches some or all of a vocabulary;
associate the event with the corresponding domain or vocabulary; and associate one or more tags with portions of the event based on the given domain.
[15]
15. Computer system, according to claim
14, characterized by the fact that it also includes software instructions, which, when executed by one or more hardware processors, are configured to make the computer system:
receive a request for information associated with a user on a first domain;
run one or more domain analyzers configured to identify events associated with the user having one or more tags associated with the first domain; and provide at least some of the identified events to a requesting entity.
[16]
16. Computer system, according to claim
15, characterized by the fact that at least some of the identified events include only the parts of the identified events associated with the one or more tags associated with the first domain.
[17]
17. Computer implemented method characterized by the fact that it comprises, by a computer system having one or more computer processors:
receiving a plurality of information about the event from one or more data sources, where the plurality of information about the event has heterogeneous data structures;
Petition 870190073710, of 7/31/2019, p. 28/32
7/7 determine a domain for each of the one or more data sources based, at least in part, on one or more of the data source, a data structure associated with the data source, or information about the event data source;
access a domain dictionary associated with the given domain including domain vocabulary, domain grammar, and / or annotation criteria;
write down one or more pieces of information about the event of the given domain with domain vocabulary based on annotation criteria;
receive a request for event information or data included information about the event;
interpret event information based on one or more portions of annotated event information; and provide the requested data based on the interpretation.

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法律状态:
2021-10-13| B350| Update of information on the portal [chapter 15.35 patent gazette]|

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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US201762452701P| true| 2017-01-31|2017-01-31|

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US62/452,701|2017-01-31|

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PCT/US2018/016258|WO2018144612A1|2017-01-31|2018-01-31|Massive scale heterogeneous data ingestion and user resolution|

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