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    • 专利摘要:
    "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CONTROLING PLASMA MAGNETIC FIELDS". Examples of a system for generating and confining a compact toroid are revealed. The system comprises a plasma generator to generate magnetized plasma, a flow conservator to receive the compact toroid, a source of energy to provide pulse current and a controller to actively control a pulse current profile to keep the plasma q-profile in the predetermined range. Examples of methods of controlling a magnetic life span of a magnetized plasma by controlling a profile of current from the current pulse are revealed.
    公开号:BR112017003327B1
    申请号:R112017003327-5
    申请日:2015-08-18
    公开日:2021-01-19
    发明作者:Ryan Walter Zindler；Jonathan Damian Fraser
    申请人:General Fusion Inc.；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    TECHNICAL FIELD
    [0001] The present disclosure relates in general to a system and method for controlling a plasma magnetic field decay time and particularly to a system and method for controlling plasma stability by controlling plasma magnetic field . BACKGROUND
    [0002] Unless otherwise indicated in the present invention, the materials described in that section are not state of the art for the claims in that application and should not be admitted as prior art by inclusion in that section.
    [0003] Plasma is a gas-like state of matter in which at least part of the particles is ionized. The presence of charged particles (for example, positive ions and negative electrons) makes plasma electrically conductive. Plasma with a magnetic field strong enough to influence the movement of charged particles is called magnetized plasma. A plasma torus is an independent magnetized plasma molded in a toroidal configuration (in the shape of a donut), with closed poloidal and toroidal closed magnetic field lines (in some cases). The toroidal magnetic field comprises lines of magnetic field that run parallel to a magnetic axis of the plasma torus. The toroidal field is generated by a current that flows in a poloidal direction around the magnetic axis of the plasma. Poloidal magnetic field comprises lines of magnetic field that go around the magnetic axis of the plasma torus and is generated by a current flowing in the toroidal direction, parallel to the magnetic axis. As a line of magnetic field extends many turns around the plasma in the toroidal and polyoidal direction, it defines a "flow surface" in a constant radius from the plasma magnetic axis. The extent of connection of the poloidal and toroidal magnetic fluxes defines a plasma torus helicality. Plasma torus contained in a simply connected volume is called a compact toroid (CT). The CT configuration can include, for example: a spheromak configuration that exists close to a stable hydrodynamic magnet balance with an internal magnetic field having both toroidal and poloidal components; or an inverted field configuration (FRC), which also has a toroidal magnetic topology, but can be more elongated in the axial direction with an external surface being similar to a prolate ellipsoid, and which has mainly a polyoidal magnetic field, without a field component. toroidal magnetic. Plasma CT can be formed in a range of magnetic configurations, including ones that exist in states that are between the spheromak and FRC states. Other magnetic plasma configurations include tokamaks, inverted field clamps (RFP) and stellarators, all of which use external coils to provide toroidal magnetic field on the wall of a plasma confinement chamber (flow conservation chamber). In contrast, spheromaks and FRCs do not have external coils to supply the plasma toroidal field and the magnetic fields are generated by the currents that flow in the plasma.
    [0004] Controlled thermonuclear fusion is based on the fusion of light nuclei present in the plasma to form a heavier nucleus. The plasma needs to confine nuclei for a sufficiently long time to allow a sufficient amount of such nuclei to melt. Therefore, stabilizing and maintaining the plasma in a stable configuration is very important to stop any fusion system and fusion scheme. In the case of magnetized plasma configurations, plasma magnetic field (poloidal and / or toroidal field component) is a major plasma property related to plasma stability and plasma performance. SUMMARY
    [0005] In one aspect, a system for controlling the decay of a plasma magnetic field is provided. The system comprises a controller comprising an input unit, a processing unit and an output unit. A plurality of probe probes positioned in various radial, axial and angular positions are configured to provide signals from at least one plasma parameter to the controller input unit. A power source is provided in communication with the controller output unit. The power source is configured to supply one or more additional axial current pulses to the system to increase a plasma toroidal field. The power source has a means of adjusting an inductance to resistance time constant (L / R) to adjust a current decay time of the current pulses. The controller has a memory that comprises a program code executable by the processing unit to process the signals obtained from the plurality of measurement probes to identify an irregularity in the signals obtained from the probes and drives the power source to supply the pulse of axial current when an irregularity is detected in a signal from at least one of the probe. The L / R time constant of the power system is set to be shorter than a shorter decay time for a plasma poloidal field.
    [0006] In another aspect the controller further comprises program code executable by the processing unit to calculate a ratio of the toroidal magnetic field to the poloidal plasma and compare the calculated ratio to a lower empirically derived threshold value. The controller activates the power source to supply the axial current pulse, additional when the calculated ratio is below the lower threshold value. The controller further comprises program code executable by the processing unit to maintain the magnetic field ratio between the lower threshold value and an upper threshold value.
    [0007] In one aspect, the controller further comprises program code executable by the processing unit to detect oscillations in the signals obtained from the plurality of probes. The additional axial current pulse is triggered when oscillations are detected in the signal obtained from at least one of the probes.
    [0008] The controller also comprises program code executable by the processing unit to calculate a plasma instability mode based on a phase of oscillations in the signals obtained from the probes positioned at different angular positions. The program code is additionally executable to adjust the timing of the drive of the axial current pulse based on the calculated instability mode.
    [0009] In another aspect, a method of controlling a plasma magnetic field decay time is provided. The method comprises adjusting an inductance time to resistance (L / R) constant to be shorter than a shorter decay time for a poloidal field of the magnetized plasma; measuring one or more parameters of the plasma by a plurality of probes positioned in various radial, axial and angular positions on a wall of a flow conservation chamber to detect the parameters at various angular and radial positions of a magnetic axis of the plasma; processing signals obtained from the plurality of probes; detect an irregularity in the obtained signals and activate the energy source to provide an additional pulse of axial current based on an irregularity detected in a signal from at least one probe.
    [0010] In addition to the aspects and modalities described above, additional aspects and modalities will become evident by reference to the drawings and study of the following detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
    [0011] In all drawings, reference numbers can be reused to indicate correspondence between referenced elements. The drawings are provided to illustrate the example modalities described here and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosures. Sizes and relative positions of elements in the drawings are not necessarily scaled. For example, the shapes of various elements and angles are not drawn to scale, and some of these elements are arbitrarily enlarged and positioned to improve design legibility.
    [0012] Figure 1 is a side view in cross section of an example of a system for generating and confining plasma comprising a plasma generator, a flow conservator and an energy source.
    [0013] Figure 2A is a graph showing poloidal plasma magnetic field lines obtained from several probes when too much axial current is triggered in the plasma confinement system.
    [0014] Figure 2B is a graph showing lines of plasma poloidal magnetic field obtained from several probes when not enough axial current is activated in a plasma confinement system.
    [0015] Figures 3A and 3B show, respectively, graphs of poloidal and toroidal plasma magnetic lines obtained from several probes when axial current is not activated in a plasma confinement system.
    [0016] Figures 4A and 4B show, respectively, graphs of poloidal and toroidal magnetic field lines of plasma obtained from several probes when axial current is activated in a plasma confinement system.
    [0017] Figure 5 is a schematic view of a controller for controlling and adjusting the plasma toroidal magnetic field.
    [0018] Figure 6A is a side cross-sectional view of an example of a flow conservator showing several measurement probes in various radial positions.
    [0019] Figure 6B is a top view of the flow conservator in figure 6A showing the radial and angular position of several measurement probes.
    [0020] Figure 7 is a graph showing a signal obtained from a visible light photosensor and its correlation with the plasma magnetic field. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC MODALITIES
    [0021] As mentioned earlier, the largest stop of the magnetic field in a magnetized plasma is created by currents that flow in the plasma itself and / or in the wall of the flow conservation chamber. The magnetic field in the magnetized plasma confines plasma energy by suppressing the transit of heat and particles from the plasma core to its edge. Since the path of charged particles in a magnetic field is confined to spirals that move along field lines, great care must be taken to ensure that the magnetic field lines extend in the toroidal and polyoidal direction, but not to the along the radial direction to avoid a direct path from the nucleus to the edge of the plasma. The toroidal to poloidal field ratio on a flow surface can best be described by drawing a field line and counting the number of toroidal turns you complete before completing a polyoidal turn and that number is called a safety factor or q factor. “Q-profile” as used here below means the value of the plasma factor q along its radius. Q-factor in the plasma core is generally different from the q-factor at the edge of the plasma, so q-profile is q-factor of plasma along its radius. In general, the safety factor is q = -, where m is oscillation in the poloidal direction and n n is oscillation in the toroidal direction. When q is a rational number (number expressed as a fraction of two integers m and n) and integers m and n have low values (For example, value of m and n less than 3) the plasma will resonate and develop an asymmetry. This asymmetry often revolves around the torus and can be detected by the phase of the signals obtained from the sensors as an oscillation in time. Such asymmetry can reduce the heat confinement of the plasma configuration.
    [0022] A current in a magnetic field will experience a force (Lorentz force) that is proportional to the resistance of the magnetic field and the magnitude of the current flowing perpendicular to the magnetic field vector. This can be expressed in a vector equation like:

    [0023] Only if the current / is flowing parallel to the magnetic field B then you will not experience a Lorentz F force.
    [0024] When Lorentz force is applied to plasma (or any non-rigid body) it will accelerate the plasma until there is no more liquid force applied to it, at which point the plasma is in equilibrium or in a state without force. In the case of a CT (which is a self-magnetizing plasma with internal currents and a magnetic field) this balance is the point at which currents flow parallel to the magnetic field.
    [0025] Therefore, there is a specific relative current profile in which the current and the magnetic field are in equilibrium everywhere and no portion of the plasma experiences forces. As used here, "current profile" means the value of a current (as a function of lightning) flowing in the system over a period of time. In general, magnetized plasma is characterized by a poloidal field and a polyoidal current (current and field are in the same direction) and a toroidal field and a toroidal current. The poloidal current generates the toroidal field and the toroidal current generates the poloidal field. If the plasma had a uniform temperature everywhere, the magnetic life span of Tmag plasma would rank as:

    [0026] Where Te is an electron temperature. However, the plasma does not have a uniform temperature which means that the rate of current decay at the plasma edge (where the plasma is cooler) is faster than in the plasma core. The magnetic life span of inhomogeneous plasma is described as:

    [0027] As the edge current decays, balance is lost and the plasma is pushed by magnetic forces. As the current at the edge dissipates, current from the plasma core is carried to the edge, which draws the core current faster than would have been expected from a Spitzer resistivity (electrical resistivity that is based on ion collisions of electron).
    [0028] Therefore, to improve plasma confinement, it has been suggested that an additional current be passed in a flow conservation chamber to increase the plasma toroidal field and thereby increase the plasma q-profile. Such additional pulse or current pulses are triggered in the flow conservator and are triggered after a plasma-forming current pulse decays. The additional current pulse is activated through the flow conservator wall and along a central rod (see the central rod 14a in figure 1) that extends through the axis of the toroid. This additional current pulse (s) is (are) called an axial current pulse (s) and is (are) defined here as a current that passes through the wall and central rod of a flow conservation chamber, which is activated after the plasma formation current pulse decays.
    [0029] Plasma torus confinement becomes unstable whenever a plasma q-factor reaches a rational number, such as V, 1 3/2, 2 etc. Experiments with certain plasma generator prototypes that are under construction at General Fusion, Inc. (Burnaby, Canada) show that the poloidal field decays with a decay of the plasma current while the toroidal field decreases with time constant L / R (inductance / resistance) of the plasma confinement system (eg plasma generator). Since the poloidal and toroidal magnetic fields decay at different rates, the q-factor rises or falls until it reaches a rational fraction, at which time plasma instability develops causing plasma confinement collapse. Figure 2A illustrates a plot of the poloidal plasma field over time obtained from different probes (one curve per probe) when too much axial current is triggered in the flow conservator. As can be seen from the graph in figure 2A, when too much current is activated in the flow conservator, the toroidal field increases and the q-profile can rise to, for example, 1 (in the case of the initial plasma q-profile being between ^ and 1) causing circular motion (200 oscillations) in the plasma resulting in destroyed flow surfaces, rapid energy loss and shortening of the plasma life span. Thus, when the poloidal field decreases faster (or the toroidal field increases faster than the decay of the polyoidal field), the q-profile will increase and when it reaches q rational number (ieq = 1) the plasma becomes unstable (For example, n = 1 mode of instability). This is called "over-sustained" plasma. Figure 2B illustrates a plasma poloidal field plot over time obtained from different probes (one curve per probe) when not enough axial current is activated in the flow conservator. When insufficient axial current is activated in the flow conservator, the toroidal field falls faster than the poloidal field, and the q-profile will decrease and may reach q = ^ (if the q-profile of the initial plasma was between ^ and 1) which can lead to plasma instability, shown as oscillations 210 (for example, n = 2 instability mode). This is called “sub-sustained” plasma. As can be seen from the graph, n = 2 mode of instability may not collapse the plasma (not as bad as n = 1 mode), but it shortens the life of the plasma that can be seen by compare the graph in figure 2B with the graph in figure 4A that shows a magnetic field of sustained plasma (plasma that exists when one or more pulses of axial current are activated in the flow conservator). How can the lifetime of the magnetic field be perceived of plasma in the graph in figure 4A is much longer (n = 2 instabilities are avoided) compared to the time of view of the plasma magnetic field shown in figure 2B.
    [0030] It is necessary to control and adjust the plasma q-factor in a desirable range to keep the plasma stable. Accurate tuning and adjustment of the plasma q-profile can result in low plasma fluctuations and improved plasma confinement. The measurement of the plasma q-profile and its control in real time is a complex exercise that requires complex modeling. However, the inventors found that the toroidal to poloidal field ratio of plasma can be used as a proxy for q-profile measurements. The ratio of the toroidal to poloidal field can be actively and in real time, controlled and maintained at an empirically determined optimum value that refers to a predetermined q-value. This can be achieved, in an implementation, by adjusting the external current drive. For example, when the magnetic field ratio falls to some empirically determined value (For example, the q-factor approaches the rational number, for example, ^), the toroidal field can be increased, for example, by driving a polyoidal current. (axial current) in the flow conservation chamber, which will increase the magnetic field ratio, maintaining the plasma q between critical values (1/2 <q <1).
    [0031] Figure 1 schematically shows an example of a system 10 for generating and confining plasma having a plasma generator 12, a target chamber as a flow conservator 14 and a power source 22 having a forming power supply subsystem. 22a and a supporting power supply subsystem 22b. The flow conservator 14 comprises an axial central rod 14a. Power source 22 may be a pulsed energy source comprising one or more capacitor banks to provide the forming pulse and one or more capacitor banks to provide additional energy pulse, such as the current pulse (s) axial flow through the central rod 14a and a wall of the flow conservator 14. In one implementation, one or more banks of capacitors that provide the forming pulse can also provide the axial / additional current pulse. The generator 12 is configured to generate magnetized toroidal plasma, such as, for example, a spheromak or any other suitable magnetized plasma configuration. The generator 12 may include an external electrode 16 and an internal coaxial electrode 15. The internal and external electrodes 15 and 16 define an annular plasma formation channel 17 between them. The plasma generator 12 can be, for example, a Marshall pistol of one stage or a Marshall pistol of two or more stages that can include acceleration section (s) in addition to the forming section to accelerate the plasma torus formed towards the flow conservator 14. Figure 1 shows a one-stage Marshall pistol without an acceleration section, however, a person skilled in the art would understand that the plasma generator 12 can be any other known plasma generator configured to generate and / or accelerate the plasma torus towards flow conservator 14 without departing from the scope of the invention.
    [0032] The generator 12 further comprises a series of magnetic coils 18 configured to provide a radial filling magnetic field to form the poloidal plasma field (see figure 2a). A power source (other than power source 22) can be used to supply current to the coils 18. A predetermined amount of gas is injected into the annular channel 17 through a ring of valves 20 that are located around the periphery of the housing. a generator (only two valves 20 are shown in figure 1 and the rest is omitted for clarity). Each of the valves 20 is in fluid communication with a gas reservoir (not shown) and is operable to provide a substantially symmetrical introduction of gas into the formation channel 17. The injected gas can be, for example, one or more isotopes light elements, that is, isotopes of hydrogen (for example, deuterium and / or tritium) and / or isotopes of helium (for example, helium-3) or any other gas or gas mixture. Symmetrical introduction of gas causes an annular cloud of gas to form in channel 17. System 10 can additionally be at least partially evacuated using a pumping system connected to a pumping port 24. Several display holes can be provided in several axial positions along the plasma generator 12 and / or flow conservator 14 to accommodate multiple measuring probes / detectors. A set of diagnostics can be provided to measure plasma parameters (for example, magnetic field, temperature, density, impurities) at various radial or axial positions, as well as system parameters (for example, current, voltage, etc.). A person skilled in the art would understand that any other configuration of a plasma generator, coils or gas valves can be used without departing from the scope of the invention.
    [0033] The coils 18 assemble the magnetic filling field before the gas is injected into the annular channel 17 and before the current is discharged between electrodes 15 and 16. For example, the magnetic filling field can be applied a few seconds before the discharge . After the gas has diffused to at least partially fill the formation channel 17, the formation subsystem 22a of the power source 22 (for example, the formation capacitor group) can be activated by causing a pulse of formation current to flow between electrodes 15 and 16. The current passes through the gas in a substantially radial direction, ionizing the gas and forming the plasma. This current can create a toroidal magnetic field in the plasma, and the magnetic pressure gradient can exert a force (Lorentz force) IxB that can cause the plasma to move down from the annular channel 17 towards the flow conservator 14. As the Plasma moves towards the flow conservator 14, interacts with the magnetic filling field generated by the coils 18. The force that displaces the plasma towards the flow conservator 14 has sufficient strength to overcome the tension force of the magnetic filling field. so that the filling field is weakened and deformed by the advancing plasma (bubbling stage). Eventually, the plasma is released so that the magnetic field can envelop the plasma forming a torus of magnetized plasma with a poloidal magnetic field and a toroidal magnetic field. After generator 12 (for example, the plasma gun) ceases to inject toroidal flux, the magnetic fields in the plasma quickly organize themselves to form the plasma torus, for example, spheromak.
    [0034] After the formation pulse decays, the support subsystem 22b (group of support capacitors) of the source 22 can be activated to supply the additional pulse or current pulses so that the current continues to flow in the flow conservator 14 (axial stem 14a and chamber wall 14). Such an additional axial current pulse is at a reduced level compared to the initial forming pulse. For example, the formation current pulse can be approximately 500 - 900 kA for approximately 10 - 40 μs. The additional current pulse can be approximately 150 - 250 kA and can be designed to decay with an L / R (inductance / resistance) time constant of approximately 100 μs - 5 ms depending on the system parameters. A person skilled in the art would understand that different values for L / R currents or time scales can be provided without departing from the scope of the invention. The L / R time scales can be changed by properly selecting L and / or R, for example, by selecting the resistance R for a given value of the L inductance of the system 10.
    [0035] Figure 3A illustrates examples of a poloidal plasma field, obtained in experiments conducted at General Fusion Inc., when no additional axial current is activated in flow conservator 14, and figure 4A illustrates the polyoidal field when additional current (axial) is activated in the flow conservator 14. Figure 3B and figure 4B illustrate the toroidal field of such unsustained plasma and sustained plasma, respectively. As can be seen when no additional axial current pulse is provided, the plasma magnetic field lasts at most approximately 200 μs (see figure 3A) where with the additional axial current pulse (s) (see figure 4A) the plasma lasts much longer (for example, about 600 μs). As shown in figure 4A, when the additional axial current pulse is triggered in addition to the formation pulse, the plasma torus experiences some turbulence at the beginning during the formation period, but after that initial turbulence it becomes very calm (stable) until that the turbulence develops in 600 μs that finishes the discharge and the plasma.
    [0036] During the plasma stabilization / relaxation period, the plasma q will rise or fall depending on whether the toroidal or polyoidal field decays faster. Normally, the poloidal field (from the poloidal current in the plasma) decays faster than the toroidal field, which can be maintained by the axial current. By reducing the inductance so that q drops during stabilization, axial current discharge can be used to keep q away from racial number values. To actively control the axial current pulse, additional to keep the plasma stable for a longer time, a 501 controller (see figure 5) was provided. Since the rate of decay in the poloidal field changes from load to load (decays with the decay of the plasma current), the toroidal field needs to be controlled and adjusted to match the rate of polyoidal decay, so that the profile q of plasma can be approximately constant, at a value different from the rational fraction, such as between ^ and 1 (1/2 <q <1). Controller 501 includes an input unit, an output unit and a processing unit and can be located remotely from system 10. Controller 501 is in communication with several probes 502. Probes 502 can provide signals for plasma parameters throughout of time. For example, probes 502 can be magnetic probes (for example, b-point probes or any other suitable magnetic probes) that can be positioned on the wall of the flow conservator 14 and / or plasma gun 12 and can be configured to provide signals from the poloidal and toroidal field in the plasma. Magnetic probes can provide data on the plasma magnetic field (poloidal and toroidal component) in various axial / radial and / or angular positions over time. Figure 6A illustrates an example of the flow converter 14 showing a number of probes 502a positioned on an upper portion of the flow conservator 14 (upper portion of the stem 14a) and a number of probes 502b positioned on a lower portion of the flow conservator 14 (lower portion of stem 14a). Probes 502a and 502b can be magnetic probes and each of these probes can provide a signal for the plasma poloidal field and another signal for the plasma toroidal field. For example, each of the probes 502a, 502b can comprise two separate coils located near the tip of the probe. One of the coils can be oriented so that it will capture the signal from the plasma poloidal field and the other coil can be directed to measure the plasma toroidal field. Each of the probes 502a, 502b has a different radial, axial and / or angular position so that the magnetic field at various radial, axial and / or angular positions in the plasma can be measured over time. Based on the signals from multiple probes at various radial / angular positions, the poloidal and toroidal field lines of the plasma can be modeled and the plasma q-profile can be extrapolated. Figure 6B shows the positions of the probes and their position can vary without departing from the scope of the invention. In one implementation, probes 502 can be voltage or current measurement probes that can provide signals for both poloidal and toroidal plasma currents. In another embodiment, probes 502 can be an interferometer, x-ray photodiode, an image detection sensor or any other sensors that can provide plasma parameter information. For example, figure 7 illustrates an example of the signal obtained from a visible light sensor (ie, optical fiber) that detects light radiating from the plasma and its correlation to the plasma magnetic field. As can be seen when plasma experiences some turbulence / instabilities, shown as oscillations 710 in the magnetic field signal 700, the visible light signal 800 shows activities (oscillations 810) as well. Therefore, controller 501 can receive signals as input from sensors other than magnetic probes and can process such signals to detect any irregularities (or oscillations) in such signals. In one implementation, controller 501 can be fed with signals from all sensors used in system 10.
    [0037] Signals from probes 502 are fed to controller 501 as an input through the input unit. In one implementation, controller 501 may comprise a memory with program code stored therein that is executable by the processing unit to process the signals and estimate in real time a toroidal to poloidal field ratio at each position and / or a value of average ratio. Experimentally, for a predefined parameter of system 10, an optimal threshold range was found for the reason for which the plasma extrapolated q-profile is kept between rational values (for example, between ^ and 1). Such experimentally found optimal value (optimal range) is entered in controller 501, so that controller 501 can compare the magnetic field ratio calculated based on the signals from the probes and the threshold value. If the measured signal of the magnetic field ratio is close to or below a value below the optimal empirical threshold, controller 501 sends an output signal to power source 22 to drive one or more of the support capacitor banks 22b to drive the axial current pulse to bring the toroidal field upwards in this way keeps the magnetic field ratio constant in the optimal range empirically found.
    [0038] In an implementation of system 10, the support subsystem 22b of the power source 22 is equipped with an inductor arrangement and / or a Crowbar 26 diode (s) (see figure 1) to adjust the time constant from inductance to resistance (L / R) and supply axial current in circulation on the wall of the flow conservator 14 and central rod 14a. The current can be adjusted to decay with an L / R time constant. this can be done by adjusting the inductor and / or the diodes 26. If the L / R time constant is set too long, then the toroidal field decays more slowly than the polyoidal field and the plasma magnetic field ratio will rise leading to plasma turbulence (n = 1 instability mode). If the L / R time constant is set too short, the toroidal field will decay faster than the poloidal field and the magnetic field ratio will decrease, leading again to plasma turbulence (n = 2 instability mode). To have a servo control of the current pulse the L / R time constant needs to be set to be shorter than the shortest decay time of the polyoidal field, so that the ratio of toroidal to polyoidal magnetic fields can drift downward. For example, for plasma with a magnetic life between 250 - 300 μs, the L / R time constant can be set at approximately 200 μs. Instead of firing all the capacitors on the support bank at the same time, several capacitors are kept in reserve. When controller 501 indicates that the estimated ratio falls below an empirically derived threshold, it can send a signal to power source 22 to drive another capacitor from the support bank 22b to reinforce the polyoidal current (toroidal field), and, therefore, it takes the ratio of the magnetic fields upwards. However, the additional current pulses (axial) actuated to control the magnetic field ratio are set so that the ratio never exceeds the upper threshold, for example, 0.9. A person skilled in the art would understand that the value of the L / R time constant and lower and upper threshold values can be different, depending on the plasma settings and thus the plasma profile-q in which you want to keep such plasma, without depart from the scope of the invention. In this way, the ratio of the magnetic fields (and indirectly q-profile of the plasma) can be maintained in the optimal threshold window regardless of the decay rate of the polyoidal field.
    [0039] When the plasma torus is unstable at q = ^, the instability appears with an n = 2 mode and can be determined by the phase of the signals obtained from the 5023 probes positioned at different angular positions that will show correlated instability. When the plasma torus becomes unstable at q = 1, the instability shows an n = 1 mode and can be determined by the phase of the signals from probes 502 positioned at different angular positions that will show the instability with anti-correlation.
    [0040] In an implementation, the processing unit can execute program code that processes the signals from the 502 probes, such as magnetic probes, interferometers, x-ray photodiodes, visible light detector or any other sensor to detect any oscillations in the signals (ie oscillations 200, 210 in figures 2A, 2B or oscillations 710, 810 in figure 7). These oscillations can indicate instabilities in the plasma caused by very little toroidal magnetic field. When the controller detects oscillations in the signals of one or multiple probes, it activates the power source 22 to provide additional current pulse to increase the plasma toroidal field. In one embodiment, the controller can comprise memory with program code stored in the same executable by the processing unit to calculate a plasma instability mode based on the phase of oscillations in the signals obtained from different probes at a different angular position around the flow conservator. 14. For example, if the oscillations identified indicate instability mode 2 (q = ^) the additional axial current pulse is triggered to increase the plasma toroidal field and bring the plasma q upwards above ^. If the instability mode identified is n = 1 the controller does not activate the power source, however it can adjust the L / R time constant. In another implementation, controller 501 may comprise program code executable by the processing unit that can process the signals obtained from the x-ray probes and when the signal drops indicating plasma cooling, controller 501 can send a signal to the source of energy 22 to drive the additional axial current pulse. In one embodiment, the processing unit can execute program code that can process any and all signals from all or any probes and can make a decision to trigger additional polyoidal current in chamber 14 if a signal from at least one of the probes indicates development of plasma instabilities.
    [0041] The modalities of a plasma generation system with a controller to control a plasma magnetic field decay time are revealed. Any of these modalities can be used to generate high energy density plasma suitable for applications in neutron generators, nuclear fusion, remediation of nuclear waste, generation of medical nucleotides, for materials research, for remote imaging of the internal structure of objects through neutron radiography and tomography, x-ray generator, etc.
    [0042] Although specific elements, modalities and applications of the present disclosure have been shown and described, it will be understood that the scope of the disclosure is not limited to them, since modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention, particularly to the light of the above teachings. Thus, for example, in any method or process disclosed here, the acts or operations composing the method / process can be performed in any suitable sequence and are not necessarily limited to any specific revealed sequence. Elements and components can be configured or arranged differently, combined, and / or eliminated in various ways. The various characteristics and processes described above can be used independently of each other, or can be combined in several ways. All possible combinations and sub-combinations are intended to be included in the scope of this disclosure. Reference throughout this disclosure to "some modalities", "a modality", or the like, means that a specific characteristic, structure, stage, process or aspect described in relation to the modality is included in at least one modality. In this way, appearances of the phrases "in some modalities", "in a modality", or similar, in all this revelation are not necessarily referring to the same modality and can refer to one or more of the same or different modalities. Indeed, the new methods and systems described here can be incorporated in a variety of other ways; in addition, various omissions, additions, substitutions, equivalents, reorganizations and changes in the form of the modalities described here can be made without departing from the spirit of the inventions described here.
    [0043] Various aspects and advantages of the modalities have been described where appropriate. It should be understood that not necessarily all of these aspects or advantages can be obtained according to any specific modality. Thus, for example, it must be recognized that the various modalities can be carried out in a way that obtains or optimizes an advantage or group of advantages as taught here without necessarily obtaining other aspects or advantages as they can be taught or suggested here.
    [0044] Conditional language used here, such as, among others, "can", "could", "should", etc., and the like, unless specifically mentioned otherwise, or otherwise understood in the context as used, it is generally intended to convey that certain modalities include, although other modalities do not include, certain characteristics, elements and / or stages. Thus, such conditional language is not generically intended to indicate which characteristics, elements and / or steps are somehow necessary for one or more modalities or that one or more modalities necessarily include logic to decide, with or without operator or stimulus input. , if these characteristics, elements and / or stages are included or should be carried out in any specific modality. No single characteristic or group of characteristics is necessary for or indispensable to any specific modality. The terms "comprising", "including", "having", and the like are synonymous and are used in an inclusive manner, in an unlimited manner, and do not exclude additional elements, characteristics, acts, operations, etc. Also, the term "or" is used in its inclusive sense (and not in its exclusive sense) so that when used, for example, to link a list of elements, the term "or" means one, some or all of the elements on the list.
    [0045] Conjunctive language as the phrase “at least one between X, Y and Z”, unless specifically mentioned otherwise, is understood otherwise with the context as used in general to convey that an item, term, etc. ., it can be X, Y or Z. Thus, such conjunctive language is not generally understood as indicating that certain modalities require at least one of X, at least one of Y and at least one of Z to be present.
    [0046] The calculations, simulations, results, graphs, values and example parameters of the modalities described here are intended to illustrate and not to limit the revealed modalities. Other modalities can be configured and / or operated differently than the illustrative examples described here. Indeed, the new methods and apparatus described here can be incorporated in a variety of other ways; in addition, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the methods and systems described here can be made without departing from the spirit of the inventions disclosed herein.
    权利要求:
    Claims (10)
    [0001]
    1. System for controlling the magnetic lifetime of a magnetized plasma characterized by the fact that it comprises: a controller comprising an input unit, a processing unit and an output unit; a plurality of probe probes positioned in various radial, axial and angular positions, each of the plurality of probe probes configured to provide signals from at least one plasma parameter to the controller input unit; and a power source communicating with the controller output unit, the power source configured to provide one or more additional current pulses to the system to increase a plasma toroidal magnetic field, and having the means to adjust a time constant from inductance to resistance (L / R) of the power source to adjust a current decay of the current pulses, the controller having a memory comprising program code executable by the processing unit to process the signals obtained from the plurality of probes of measurement to detect an irregularity in the obtained signals and activate the energy source to provide an additional current pulse based on an irregularity detected in the signal of at least one probe, in which the L / R time constant of the energy source is adjusted to be shorter than a shorter decay time for a poloidal plasma field.
    [0002]
    2. System according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the means for adjusting the L / R time constant is an inductor.
    [0003]
    3. System according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the controller further comprises program code executable by the processing unit to further calculate a ratio of the toroidal magnetic field to plasma poloidal, compare the calculated ratio with a threshold value lower empirically derived and trigger the energy source to supply the additional current pulse when the calculated ratio is below the lower threshold value.
    [0004]
    4. System according to claim 3, characterized by the fact that the controller further comprises program code executable by the processing unit to maintain the magnetic field ratio between the lower threshold value and an upper threshold value.
    [0005]
    5. System, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the controller further comprises program code executable by the processing unit to additionally detect any oscillations in any signals obtained from the probes, the additional current pulse being triggered when oscillations are detected in a signal obtained from at least one of the probes.
    [0006]
    6. System, according to claim 5, characterized by the fact that the controller also comprises program code executable by the processing unit to calculate a plasma instability mode based on a phase of oscillations in the signals obtained from the probes positioned in different angular positions, the program code executable additionally to adjust timing of the activation of the additional current pulse based on the calculated instability mode.
    [0007]
    7. Method for controlling the magnetic lifetime of a magnetized plasma characterized by the fact that it comprises: adjusting an inductance time constant for resistance (L / R) of an energy source to be shorter than a shorter decay time a poloidal field of the magnetized plasma; measuring one or more parameters of the plasma by a plurality of probes positioned in various radial, axial and angular positions on a wall of a flow conservation chamber to detect the parameters in various positions from a magnetic axis of the plasma; processing signals obtained from the plurality of probes and detecting an irregularity in the obtained signals; and triggering the power source to provide an additional current pulse based on an irregularity detected in a signal from at least one probe.
    [0008]
    8. Method, according to claim 7, characterized by the fact that the method also comprises calculating a toroidal magnetic field to poloidal plasma ratio, comparing the calculated ratio with an empirically derived lower threshold value and activating the energy source for provide the additional current pulse when the calculated ratio is below the empirically derived lower threshold value.
    [0009]
    9. Method, according to claim 7, characterized by the fact that the method further comprises detecting whether any oscillations are present in the signals obtained from the probes and triggering the additional current pulse when oscillations are detected.
    [0010]
    10. Method, according to claim 9, characterized by the fact that the method further comprises calculating a mode of plasma instability based on a phase of oscillations in the signals from the probes positioned in a different angular position, and adjusting a timing the activation of the additional current pulse based on the calculated instability mode.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    JP2017524237A|2017-08-24|
    US20170303380A1|2017-10-19|
    JP6429996B2|2018-11-28|
    WO2016026040A1|2016-02-25|
    RU2017108974A3|2019-03-20|
    EP3183944A1|2017-06-28|
    RU2688139C2|2019-05-20|
    CA2958399C|2017-07-04|
    RU2017108974A|2018-09-20|
    US9967963B2|2018-05-08|
    CN106664788B|2019-01-08|
    KR20170042781A|2017-04-19|
    CA2958399A1|2016-02-25|
    EP3183944A4|2018-01-03|
    CN106664788A|2017-05-10|
    EP3183944B1|2018-10-03|
    BR112017003327A2|2018-01-23|
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    法律状态:
    2020-05-05| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|
    2020-12-08| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|
    2021-01-19| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 18/08/2015, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |
    优先权:
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