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    • 专利摘要:
      ANTENNA.An apparatus is revealed here for a cylindrically powered antenna and method for using it. In one configuration, the antenna comprises an antenna feed to enter a cylindrical feed wave and a tuned docking system coupled to the antenna feed.
    公开号:BR112016018882A2
    申请号:R112016018882-9
    申请日:2015-01-20
    公开日:2020-10-27
    发明作者:Adam Bily；Nathan Kundtz；Mikala Johnson
    申请人:Kymeta Corporation；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001] [0001] This patent application claims priority and incorporates by reference the corresponding US Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 941.801, entitled “Polarization and Coupling Control from a Cylindrically Fed Holographic Antenna” required on February 19, 2014 , as well as the corresponding Provisional US Patent Application No. 62 / 012,897, entitled “The Metamaterial Antenna System for Communications Satellite Earth Stations” required on June 16, 2014. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
    [0002] [0002] Configurations of the present invention report the antenna field, more particularly, the configurations of the present invention relate to an antenna which is fed cylindrically. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
    [0003] [0003] Thinkom products achieve double circular polarization in the Ka band using PCB-based approaches, usually using a Variable Inclined Cross Stump, or “VICTS” approaches with two types of mechanical rotation. The first type rotates a relative antenna system, and the second type rotates both in azimuth. The primary limitations are in the sweep range (Elevation between 20 and 70 degrees, no edge possible) and beam performance (sometimes limiting only to Rx).
    [0004] [0004] Ando et al, "Radial line slot antenna for 12 GHz DBS satellite reception" and Yuan et al., "Design and Experiments of a Novel Radial Line Slot Antenna by High-Power Microwave Applications", discuss several antennas. The limitation of the antennas described in both documents is that the beam is formed only at a static angle. The fed structures described in the documents are retracted, double layer, where the first layer accepts the pin feed and radiates the signal externally to the edges, bending the signal to the upper layer and the upper layer then transmitting from the periphery of the center, exciting the grooves fixed along the way. The grooves are typically oriented in orthogonal pairs, giving a circular polarization fixed in the transmission and opposite in the receiver mode. An absorber ends regardless of whether the energy remains.
    [0005] [0005] "Scalar and Tensor Holographic Artificial Impedance Surfaces", Authors Fong, Colburn, Ottusch, Visher, Sievenpiper. While Sievenpiper showed how a dynamic scanning antenna would be achieved, the polarization fidelity maintained during the scan is questionable. This is because the required polarization control is dependent on the required tensile impedance in each radioactive element. This will be more easily achieved by rotating the smart element. But as the antenna sweeps, the polarization of the elements changes, and then the required rotation also changes. Since these elements are fixed and cannot be rotated dynamically, there is no way to sweep and maintain polarization control.
    [0006] [0006] The industry standard approaches to achieve beam scanning antennas having polarization control usually use either mechanically rotated dishes or some type of mechanical movement in combination with electronic beam direction. The most expensive class of options is a complete phased antenna system. The dishes can receive multiple polarizations simultaneously, but require a support card to scan. More recently, the combination of mechanical movement on an axis with electronic scanning (scanning) on an orthogonal axis in structures with a high aspect ratio that requires less volume, but sacrifices beam performance or dynamic polarization control, such as the system Thunkom.
    [0007] [0007] Previous approaches use a guide to where and dividing power structure for feeding antennas. However, the waveguide configurations have impedance oscillating close to the lateral edge (a gap in the edge created by periodic structures of the wavelength-1), requiring connection with different CTEs; having an associated ohmic loss of the feeding structure; and / or having thousands of routes to extend to the ground plane. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
    [0008] [0008] A device being shown here for a cylindrically powered antenna and method for using it. In one configuration, the antenna comprises an antenna feed to enter a cylindrical feed wave and a system with tuned slots coupled to the antenna feed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
    [0009] [0009] The present invention will be better understood from the detailed description given below and the attached drawings of the various configurations of the invention, which however should not be considered as limiting the invention to the specific configurations, but being intended for explanation and understanding only, in which: - Figure 1 illustrates a top view of a configuration of a coaxial feed that is used to provide a cylindrical wave feed; Figures 2A and 2B illustrate side views of configurations of a cylindrically powered antenna structure; Figure 3 shows a top view of a configuration of a patched antenna coupled to a groove, or distributed; Figure 4 illustrates a side view of a slotted fed patch antenna that is part of the cylindrically fed antenna system; - Figure 5 illustrates an example of a dielectric material in which the supply wave is launched; - Figure 6 illustrates a configuration of an iris plate showing grooves and their orientations; - Figure 7 illustrates the way in which the orientation of an iris / patch combination is determined; - Figure 8 illustrates irises grouped in two sets, with a first set rotated at - 45 degrees relative to the power supply vector and the second set rotated at + 45 degrees relative to the power supply vector;
    [0010] [0010] Configurations of the invention include an antenna design architecture that feeds the antenna from a central point with an excitation
    [0011] [0011] Configurations of the invention include a holographic antenna based on the doubling of the density typically required to achieve holography and fill the opening with two types of orthogonal sets of elements. In one configuration, one set of elements is linearly oriented at +45 degrees relative to the supply wave, and the second set of elements is oriented at —45 degrees relative to the supply wave. Both types are illuminated by the same power wave, which, in one form, is a parallel plate mode launched by feeding a coaxial pin.
    [0012] [0012] In the following description, numerous details are established to provide a broader explanation of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to a person skilled in the art, with knowledge of the state of the art, that the present invention can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in the form of a block diagram, in order to avoid obfuscation of the present invention.
    [0013] [0013] Some parts of the detailed description that follow will be presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of the operations in bits of data inside the memory of a computer. These descriptions of algorithms and representations are the means used by that technician in the subject,
    [0014] [0014] It should be kept in mind, however, that all these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and merely convenient labels applied to those quantities. Unless specifically stated, contrary to what is apparent in the following discussion, it will be appreciated that in the entire description, discussions using terms such as “processing” or “computing”, or “calculating”, or “determining” or “revealing” or others, will be referred to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the registers and memories of a computer system into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within records or memories of computer systems or others as information storage, transmission and display devices.
    [0015] [0015] Configurations of an antenna system of a metamaterial for communication satellite earth stations will be described. In one configuration, the antenna system is a component or subsystem of a satellite earth station (ES) operating on a mobile platform (for example, aeronautical, marine, terrestrial, etc.) that operates using Ka-band frequencies or Ku-band frequencies for commercial civil satellite communications. Note that antenna system configurations can also be used at ground stations that are not on mobile platforms (for example, fixed or transportable ground stations).
    [0016] [0016] In one configuration, the antenna system uses surface dispersion metamaterial technology to form and transmit and receive beams directed through separate antennas. In one configuration, antenna systems are analogous systems, in contrast to antenna systems that employ digital signal processing to electrically form targeted beams (such as phased antenna systems).
    [0017] [0017] In one configuration, the antenna system is comprised of three functional subsystems: (1) a wave propagation structure consisting of a cylindrical wave feed architecture; (2) a wave-propagating metamaterial unit cell system; and (3) a control structure to command the formation of an adjustable radiation field (beam) of the propagation elements of the metamaterial using holographic principles. B. Examples of Wave Propagation Structures
    [0018] [0018] Figure 1 illustrates a top view of a coaxial feed configuration that is used to provide a cylindrical wave feed. Referring to Figure 1, the coaxial supply includes a central conductor and an external conductor. In one configuration, the cylindrical wave feed architecture feeds the antenna from a central point with an excitation that spreads externally in a cylindrical manner from the feed point. Thus, a cylindrically powered antenna creates a concentric power wave traveling externally. In addition, the shape of the cylindrical feed antenna around the cylindrical feed may be circular, square or any shape. In another configuration, a cylindrically powered antenna creates a power wave traveling internally. In this case, the power wave most naturally comes from a circular structure.
    [0019] [0019] Figure 2A illustrates a side view of a configuration of a cylindrically powered antenna structure. The antenna produces a wave traveling internally using a double layer feed structure (that is, two layers of a feed structure). In one configuration, the antenna includes a circular outer shape, although it is not required. Thus, internally non-circular traveling structures can be used. In one configuration, the antenna structure in Figure 2A includes a coaxial supply from Fig. 1.
    [0020] [0020] Referring to Figure 2A, a coaxial pin 201 is used to excite the field at the lower level of the antenna. In one configuration, the coaxial pin 201 is a 500 that is quickly made viable. The coaxial pin 201 is coupled (for example screwed) to the bottom of the antenna structure, which is a conductive ground plane 202.
    [0021] [0021] Separated from the conductive ground plane 202 is an interstitial conductor 203, which is an internal conductor. In one configuration, the conductive ground plane 202 and the interstitial conductor 203 are parallel to each other. In a configuration, the distance between the ground plane 202 and the interstitial conductor 203 is 0.1 - 0.15 ”. In another configuration, this distance may be N2, where Aé is the wave length of the wave traveling at the frequency of the operation.
    [0022] [0022] Ground plane 202 is separated from interstitial conductor 2023 by means of a spacer 204. In one configuration, spacer 204 is a foam or air-type spacer. In a configuration 204 it comprises a plastic spacer.
    [0023] [0023] At the top of the interstitial conductor 203 is the dielectric layer 205. In one configuration, the dielectric layer 205 is plastic. Figure 5 illustrates an example of the dielectric material on which a supply wave is launched. The purpose of the dielectric layer 205 is to decrease the traveling wave relative to the speed of free space. In one configuration, the 205 dielectric layer decreases the traveling wave by 30% relative to free space. In one configuration, the range of refractive indices that are suitable for beam formation are
    [0024] [0024] An RF-system 206 is at the top of the 205 dielectric. In one configuration, the distance between the interstitial conductor 203 and the RF-system is 01-015. In another configuration, this distance may be Aet / 2, where Aer is the effective wavelength in the middle at the design frequency.
    [0025] [0025] The antenna includes sides 207 and 208. The sides 207 and 208 are angled to motivate the feeding of the travel wave from the coaxial pin 201 to be propagated from the area below the interstitial conductor 203 (the spacer layer) to the area above the interstitial conductor 203 (the dielectric layer) via reflection. In one configuration, the angle of the sides 207 and 208 is at 45º. In an alternative configuration, the sides 207 and 208 can be replaced with a continuous radius to achieve reflection. While Figure 2A shows angular sides that have 45º angles, other angles that accompany the transmission signal from the lower level supply to the upper level supply may be used. Thus, given that the effective wavelength in the lower feed will generally be different than in the upper feed, some deviation from the ideal 45º angles can be used to assist in the transmission of the lower than the higher feed level. For example, in another configuration, the 45º angles are replaced with a single step as shown in Figure 20. Referring to Figure 20, steps 2002 and 2002 are shown at one end of the antenna around the dielectric layer 2005, the interstitial conductor 2003 and the spacer layer 2004. The same two steps are found at the other ends of these layers.
    [0026] [0026] In operation, when a power wave is fed from the coaxial pin 201, the wave travels externally in a concentric way oriented from the coaxial pin 201 in the area between the floor plane 202 and the interstitial conductor 203. The waves leaving concentrically, they are reflected by the sides 207 and 208 and travel internally in the area between the interstitial conductor 203 and the RF 206 system. The reflection of the edge of the circular perimeter motivates the wave to remain in the phase (that is, being a phase in reflection). The traveling wave is delayed by the dielectric layer 205. At this point, the traveling wave initiates the interaction and excitation with elements in the RF 206 system to obtain the desired dispersion.
    [0027] [0027] To end the travel wave, a 209 termination will be included in the antenna at the geometric center of the antenna. In one configuration, termination 209 comprises a pin termination (for example, a pin 500). In another configuration, the termination comprises an RF absorber that terminates the unused energy to prevent reflections of the unused energy back through the power structure of the antenna structure. This can be used on top of the RF 206 system.
    [0028] [0028] Figure 2B illustrates another configuration of the antenna system with an output wave. Referring to Figure 2B, two ground planes 210 and 211 are substantially parallel to each other with a dielectric layer 212 (for example, a plastic layer, etc.) between ground planes 210 and RF absorbers 213 and 214 (for example, resistances) coupled on the two ground planes 210 and 211 together. A coaxial pin 215 (for example, 500) powers the antenna. An RF 216 system is at the top of the dielectric layer 212.
    [0029] [0029] In operation, the power wave is fed through the coaxial pin traveling concentrically externally and interacting with the elements of the RF 216 system.
    [0030] [0030] The cylindrical feed on both antennas of Figures 2A and 2B improves the angular service of the antenna. Instead of an angular service of plus or minus forty-five degrees azimuth (+ 45º azimuth) and plus or minus twenty-five degrees elevation (+ 25º E1), in one configuration, the antenna system has an angular service of seventy and five degrees (75º) of the viewing diameter in all directions. As with any beam forming antennas comprised of many individual radiators, the total gain of the antenna is dependent on the gain of the constituent elements, which are themselves dependent angles. When using common radiation elements, the total gain of the antenna typically decreases when the beam is aimed outside the viewing diameter. At 75 degrees outside the viewing diameter, significant gain degradation of approximately 6dB is expected.
    [0031] [0031] Antenna configurations having a cylindrical supply solves one or more problems. This includes dramatically simplifying the power structure compared to antennas fed with a corporate dividing network and thus reducing the total required antenna and the antenna feed volume; decreasing sensitivity for manufacturing and error control by maintaining high beam performance with greater controls (extending all the way through simple binary control); giving a more advantageous lobe pattern compared to rectilinear feeds compared to cylindrically oriented feeding waves resulting in spatially diverse lateral lobes in the distant field; and allowing polarization to be dynamic, including linear polarizations, left lateral circular and right lateral circular, while not requiring a polarizer. Wave Dispersion Element System
    [0032] [0032] The RF 206 system of Figure 2A and the RF system of Figure 2B include a wave dispersion subsystem including a group of patched (i.e., scattered) antennas that act as radiators. This group of patched antennas comprises a system of dispersion metamaterial elements.
    [0033] [0033] In one configuration, each dispersion element in the antenna system is part of a unit cell that consists of a lower conductor, a dielectric substrate and an upper conductor that incorporates a complementary electric inductive capacitive resonator ("electric complementary LC" or “CELC”) that is recorded in or deposited on the upper conductor.
    [0034] [0034] In one configuration, a liquid crystal (LC) is injected into the gap around the dispersion element. The liquid crystal is encapsulated in each unit cell and separates the lower conductor associated with a groove from an upper conductor associated with its patch. The liquid crystal has a permissiveness which is a function of the orientation of molecules comprising the liquid crystal, and the orientation of the molecules (and thus the permissiveness) can be controlled by adjusting the voltage bias across the liquid crystal. Using this property, the liquid crystal acts as an on / off switch for transmitting guided wave energy to the CELC. When switched and on, the CELC emits an electromagnetic wave as a small electrical dipole antenna.
    [0035] [0035] Controlling the thickness of the LC increases the speed of switching the beam. A fifty percent (50%) reduction in the gap between the upper and lower conductor (the thickness of the liquid crystal) results in a quadruple increase in speed. In another configuration, the thickness of the liquid crystal results in a beam switching speed of approximately fourteen milliseconds (14 ms). In one configuration, the LC is tampered with in a manner well known in the art to improve the response so that a requirement of seven milliseconds (7 ms) can be met.
    [0036] [0036] The CELC element is responsive to a magnetic field that is applied parallel to the plane of the CELC element and perpendicular to the complement of the CELC slot. When a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal in a metamaterial dispersion cell unit, the magnetic field component of the guided wave induces a magnetic excitation of the CELC, and in turn produces an electromagnetic wave at the same frequency as the guided wave.
    [0037] [0037] The phase of the electromagnetic wave generated by a single CELC can be selected by the position of the CELC in the guided wave vector. Each cell generates a phase wave with the guided wave parallel to the CELC. Because CELCs are smaller than the wavelength, the output wave has the same phase as the guided wave phase when it passes under the CELC.
    [0038] [0038] In one configuration, the geometry of the cylindrical feed of this antenna system allows the CELC elements to be positioned at angles of forty-five degrees (45º) of the wave in the wave feed. This position of the elements makes it possible to control the polarization of the free space wave generated by or received by the elements. In one configuration, CELCs are arranged with an inter-element spacing that is less than a free space wavelength of the operating frequency of the antenna. For example, if there are four dispersion elements per wavelength, the elements on the 30 GHz transmitting antenna will be approximately 2.5 mm (that is, 4 mm from the free space wavelength of 30 GHz).
    [0039] [0039] In one configuration, CELCs are implemented with patched antennas that include a patch placed over a groove with the liquid crystal between the two. In this sense, the metamaterial antenna acts as a guide to where it fits (dispersion). With the plug-in wave guide, the phase of the output wave at the slot position depends on the slot position in relation to the guided wave.
    [0040] [0040] Figure 3 illustrates a top view of a configuration of a patched antenna, or dispersion element. Referring to Figure 3, the patched antenna comprises a patch 301 co-located over a slot 302 with liquid crystal (LC) 303 between patch 301 and slot 302.
    [0041] [0041] Figure 4 illustrates a side view of a patched antenna that is part of a cylindrically powered antenna system; Referring to Figure 4, the patched antenna is above dielectric 402 (for example, a plastic insert, etc.) that is above interstitial conductor 203 in Figure 2A (or a ground conductor as in the case of the antenna of Figure 2B).
    [0042] [0042] A 403 iris plate is a ground plane (conductor) with a number of grooves, such as groove 403a at the top and on the dielectric 402. A groove can be referred to here as an iris. In one configuration, the grooves on the 403 iris plate are created by engraving. Note that in one configuration, the highest density of the grooves, or cells of which they are part, is NV2. In one configuration, the cell / groove density is N / 3 (that is, 3 cells per À). Note that other cell densities can be used.
    [0043] [0043] A patched plate 405 containing a number of slots, such as a slot 405a, is positioned on the iris plate 403, separated by an intermediate dielectric layer. Each of the patches, such as patch 405a, are placed with one of the grooves in the iris plate 405 being a layer of liquid crystal substrate 404. The liquid crystal acts as a dielectric layer between each patch and its co-located groove. Note that the substrate layers other than LC can be used.
    [0044] [0044] In one configuration, the patched plate 405 comprises a printed circuit board (PCB), and each patch comprising metal on the PCB, where the metal around the patch has been removed.
    [0045] [0045] IN one configuration, the patch plate 405 includes tracks for each patch that is on the side of the patch plate opposite the side where the patch is facing its co-located slot. The pathways are used to connect one or more tracks to a patch to supply voltage to the patch. In one configuration, the matrix unit is used to apply voltage to the patches to control them. The voltage is used to tune or tune individual elements to effect the beam formation.
    [0046] [0046] In one configuration, the patches may be deposited on the glass layer (for example, a glass typically used for LOC screens (LCDs), such as,
    [0047] [0047] In one configuration, a cover (for example a plug) covers the top of the patched antenna stack to provide protection.
    [0048] [0048] Figure 6 illustrates a configuration of the 403 iris plate. This is a lower conductor of the CELCs. Referring to Figure 6, the iris board includes a variety of grooves. In one configuration, each groove is oriented either at + 45º or —45º relative to the supply wave interfering in the central position of the groove. In other words, the layout pattern of the dispersion elements (CELCs) are arranged at +45 degrees to the wave vector. Below each groove is a circular opening 403b, which is essentially another groove. The groove is at the top of the iris plate and the circular or elliptical opening is at the bottom of the iris plate. Note that these openings, which may be approximately 0.001 ”or 25 mm in depth, are optional.
    [0049] [0049] The plug-in system is directionally loaded. By individually rotating the slots on or off, each slot is tuned to provide the desired dispersion in the operating frequency of the antenna (that is, being tuned to operate at a certain frequency).
    [0050] [0050] Figure 7 illustrates the way in which the orientation of a combination iris (groove / patch) is determined. Referring to Figure 7, the letter A denotes a solid black arrow showing the power supply vector from a cylindrical power position in the center of an element. The letter B denotes dashed orthogonal lines showing perpendicular axes relative to "A, and the letter C denotes a groove surrounding a rectangle rotated 45 degrees relative to" B "
    [0051] [0051] Figure 8 illustrates irises (grooves) grouped in two sets, with the first set rotated at —45º relative to the power supply vector and the second set rotated at + 45º relative to the power supply vector. Referring to Figure 8, group A includes grooves whose rotation relative to a feed vector is equal to -45º, while group B includes grooves whose rotation relative to a feeding vector being = 45º.
    [0052] [0052] Note that the designation of a global coordinated system is not important, and therefore rotations of positive and negative angles are important only because they describe relative rotations of elements between themselves and the direction of the supply wave. To generate circular polarization of the two sets of linearly polarized elements, the two sets of elements are perpendicular to each other and simultaneously having equal amplitude excitation. Turning them to +/- 45 degrees relative to the excitation of the power wave achieves both desired characteristics once. One set rotated at 0 degrees and the other at 90 degrees will reach the perpendicular target, but not the same amplitude excitation metal.
    [0053] [0053] Figure 9 illustrates a patch panel configuration 405. This is an upper conductor of CELCs. Referring to Figure 9, the patched panel includes rectangular patches covering grooves and completing resonant pairs of linearly polarized grooves / patches to be turned on and off. The pairs are turned on or off by applying a voltage to the patch using a controller. The required voltage is dependent on the liquid crystal mix being used, the resulting threshold voltage required to initiate liquid crystal tuning and maximum saturation voltage (beyond which no higher voltage produces any effect except to eventually degrade or shorten the circuit through the liquid crystal). In one configuration, the matrix unit is used to apply voltage to the patches in order to control the coupling. Antenna System Control
    [0054] [0054] The control structure has 2 main components; the controller, which includes electronic units, for the antenna system, being below the wave dispersion structure, while the matrix unit switching the system is interposed through the entire RF radiation system so as not to interfere with the radiation. In one configuration, the electronic units for the antenna system comprise commercials outside the LCD controls used in commercial television sets that adjust the voltage bias for each dispersion element by adjusting the amplitude of an AC bias signal for that element.
    [0055] [0055] IN a configuration a controller controls the electronics using control software. In one configuration, polarization control is part of the antenna control software and the pre-programmed polarization to match the signal polarization that comes from the satellite service with which the ground station is communicating or being pre-programmed to match the polarization of the receiving antenna on the satellite
    [0056] [0056] In one configuration, the controller still contains a microprocessor running the software. The control structure may also incorporate sensors (nominally including a GPS receiver, a three-axis compass and an accelerometer) to provide position and orientation information to the processor. Orientation and position information may be provided to the processor by other systems at the ground station and / or may not be part of the antenna system.
    [0057] [0057] More specifically, the controller controls which elements are off and which elements are on the frequency of the operation. The elements are selectively defined for frequency operation by applying voltage. A controller supplies a variety of voltage signals to the RF radiation patches to create a modulation, or control pattern. The control pattern causes the elements to be turned on or off. In a configuration. The control pattern looks like a square wave in which elements along a spiral (LHCP or RHCP) are "on" and those elements beyond the spiral are "off" (ie, binary modulation pattern). In another configuration, multi-state control is used in which several elements are turned on and off to vary the levels, in addition to approximating a sinusoidal control pattern, as opposed to the square wave (ie, sinusoidal gray shadow modulation pattern). Some elements radiate more strongly than others, better than some elements radiate and others do not. Variable radiation is achieved by applying specific voltage levels, which adjust the permissiveness of the liquid crystal to varying amounts, thus defining variable elements and motivating some elements to radiate more than others.
    [0058] [0058] The generation of a beam focused by the variety of metamaterial elements can be explained by the phenomenon of constructive and destructive interference. Individual electromagnetic waves summarize, (constructive interference) whether they have the same phase when they are in a free space and canceling waves between themselves (destructive interference) if they are opposite in an opposite phase when they find a free space. If the grooves in a patched antenna are positioned so that each successive groove is positioned at a different distance from the excitation point of the guided wave, the wave of which the elements have a different phase than the wave of the previous groove. If the grooves are spaced a quarter of the length of the guided wave apart, each groove will disperse a wave with a fourth phase after the previous groove.
    [0059] [0059] Using the system, the number of patterns of constructive and destructive interference that can be produced can be increased so that the beams can be theoretically pointed in any direction more or less ninety degrees (90º) in the view diameter of the system. antenna, using the principles of holography. Thus, by controlling that the metamaterial unit cells are switched on or off (that is, by changing the pattern in which the cells are switched on and off), a different pattern of constructive and destructive interference can be produced, and the antenna can change the direction of the frontal wave. The time required to turn the cells on and off dictates the speed at which the beam can be switched from one position to the other.
    [0060] [0060] The polarization and the aiming angle of the beam are both defined by the modulation, or control pattern specifying which elements are on or off. In other words, the frequency at which to point the beam and polarize it in the desired path, are dependent on the control pattern. Once the control pattern is programmed, the polarization can be programmed for the antenna system. The desired polarization establishes to be circular or linear for more applications. Circular polarization establishes spiral polarization states, mainly direct lateral circular polarization and left lateral circular polarization, which are shown in Figures 16A and 16B, respectively, for a supply wave from the center and traveling externally. Note that in order to have the same beam while switching feed directions (for example, going from an input feed to an output feed), the orientation or direction, or the spiral modulation pattern will be reversed. Note that the direction of the feed wave (ie, center or edge fed) is also specified when establishing that a certain spiral pattern of elements on and off results in a left and right lateral circular polarization.
    [0061] [0061] The control pattern for each beam will be stored in the controller or calculated on the trip, or some combination thereof. When the antenna control system determines where the antenna is positioned and where it is pointing, it then determines where the target satellite is positioned in reference to the antenna's viewing diameter. The controller then commands a pattern on and off of the individual unit cells in the system that corresponds to the pre-selected beam pattern for the satellite's position in the antenna's field of view.
    [0062] [0062] In one configuration, the antenna system produces a beam directed towards the uplink antenna in a beam directed towards the downlink antenna.
    [0063] [0063] Figure 10 illustrates an example of elements with patches in Figure 9 that are determined to be turned off at the frequency of the operation, and Figure 11 illustrates an example of elements with patches in Figure 9 that are determined to be turned on at the frequency of the operation. operation. Figure 12 illustrates the results of the total wave modeling that shows the response to the electric field to a modulation pattern on and off with respect to the elements of Figures 10 and 11.
    [0064] [0064] Figure 13 illustrates the formation of the beam. Referring to Figure 13, the interference pattern can be adjusted to provide arbitrary antenna radiation patterns by identifying an interference pattern corresponding to a selected beam pattern and then adjusting the voltage through dispersion elements to produce a beam according to the principles of holography. The basic principle of holography, including the terms "object beam" and "reference beam", as commonly used in connection with these principles is well known. RF holography in the context of forming a desired “object beam” using a travel wave as a “reference beam” is performed as follows.
    [0065] [0065] The modulation pattern is determined as follows. First, a reference wave (beam), sometimes called a power wave, is generated. Figure 19A illustrates an example of a reference wave. Referring to Figure 19A, 1900 rings are the front phases of the magnetic and electrical fields of a reference wave. They exhibit sinusoidal time variation. The 1900 arrow illustrates the external propagation of the reference wave.
    [0066] [0066] In this example, a TEM, or Electro-Magnetic-Transversal wave, travels internally or externally. The direction of propagation is still defined and by this example the external propagation of a central feed point being chosen. The plane of propagation is along the surface of the antenna.
    [0067] [0067] An object wave, sometimes called an object beam, is generated. In this example, the object wave is a TEM wave traveling in an unusual 30 degree direction to the antenna surface, with the azimuth set at 0 degrees. The polarization is still defined and for this example the right lateral circular polarization being chosen. Figure 19B illustrates an object wave generated. Referring to Figure 19B, the frontal phases 1903 of the magnetic and electric fields of the propagation of the TEM 1904 wave are shown. 1905 arrows are vectors of electric fields in each front phase, represented at 90 degree intervals. In this example, they adhere to the chosen right lateral circular polarization. Modulation or Interference Standard = Ref [A] Jx [B] *)
    [0068] [0068] When a sinusoidal is multiplied by the complex conjugate of another sinusoidal and the real part is taken, the resulting modulation pattern is also a sinusoidal. Spatially, where the maximum of the reference wave meets the maximum of the object wave (both varying amounts of sinusoidal time), the modulation pattern is a maximum, or a location radiating strongly. In practice, this interference is calculated at each dispersion position and depending on or not adjusting the position, but also the polarization of the element based on its rotation and the polarization of the object wave at the position of the element. Figure 19 is an example of the resulting sinusoidal modulation pattern.
    [0069] [0069] Note that a choice can be made to simplify the resulting gray sine wave modulation pattern into a square wave modulation pattern.
    [0070] [0070] Note that the voltage across the dispersion elements is controlled by adjusting the voltage applied between the patches and the ground plane, which in this context is the metallization at the top of the iris plate. Alternative Settings
    [0071] [0071] In one configuration, the patches and grooves are positioned in a beehive pattern. Examples of said pattern are shown in Figures 14A and 14B. Referring to Figures 14A and 14B, beehive structures are such that all other rows are switched to the right or left by a half-element spacing, alternatively, each other column being switched up and down by a half-space. element.
    [0072] [0072] IN a configuration, the patches and associated grooves are positioned in rings to create a radial layout. In this case, the central groove is positioned on the rings. Figure 15A illustrates an example of patches (and their grooves) being placed in rings. Referring to Figure 15A, the centers of the patches and grooves are found in the rings, and the rings being positioned concentrically relative to the termination or power point of the antenna system. Note that adjacent grooves positioned on the same ring are oriented at almost 90º with respect to each other (when evaluated in their centers). More specifically, they are oriented at an angle equal to 90º plus the angular displacement along the ring containing geometric centers of 2 elements.
    [0073] [0073] Figure 15B is an example of a control pattern for a ring based on a dispersion system, as shown in Figure 15A. The resulting near and far fields for a 30º beam pointing with LHCP are shown in Figure 15C, respectively.
    [0074] [0074] In one configuration, the power structure is formed to control coupling to ensure the energy being radiated or dispersed is constant rough through the full 2D opening. This is accompanied by the use of a linear thickness plug in the dielectric, or analog plug in the case of a rigid supply network, which motivates coupling close to the supply point and more coupling outside the supply point. The use of a linear candle at the height of the feed neutralizes the decay of 1 / r in the travel wave when it travels outside the feed point containing the energy in a smaller volume, which results in a greater percentage of the remaining energy in the dispersion of the feeding of each element. This is important in creating a uniform amplitude excitation through the opening. For symmetrical non-radial feeding structures, such as those having an external rectangular or square dimension, this tapering can be applied in a symmetrical non-radial manner to motivate the propagation of energy to be very constant through the opening. A complementary technique requires elements to be tuned differently in the system based on how far they are from the feed point.
    [0075] [0075] An example of a candle is implemented using a dielectric on a Maxwell fisheye lens producing an inversely proportional increase in radiation intensity to counteract 1 / r decay.
    [0076] [0076] Figure 18 illustrates a linear dielectric candle. Referring to Figure 18, a tapered dielectric 1802 is shown having a coaxial feed 1800 to provide a concentric feed wave to execute elements (patch / iris pairs) of the RF 1801 system. The 1802 dielectrics (for example, plastic) taper at a height of a greater height close to coaxial feed 1800 to a lower height at points even further away from the coaxial feed
    [0077] [0077] Keeping this idea, in a configuration, dielectrics are formed with a symmetrical non-radial shape to focus energy where needed. For example, in the case of a square antenna fed from a single power point as described above, the path length from the center to the corner of a square is 1.4 times longer than from the center to the center of a side of a square. Therefore, more energy should be focused in the direction of the 4 corners than in direction than in points halfway along the sides of the square and the energy dispersion rate must also be different. The symmetrical non-radial shape of the feed and other structures can accompany these requirements.
    [0078] [0078] In one configuration, dissimilar dielectrics are stacked on a given feed structure to control the dispersion of energy from the feed to the opening when the wave radiates externally. For example, the intensity of magnetic or electrical energy may be concentrated in a particular dielectric medium when more than 1 dissimilar dielectric medium is stacked on top of each other. A specific example is the use of a plastic layer and a layer of air-type foam whose total thickness is less than the MAet / 2 at the operating frequency, which results in a greater concentration of magnetic field energy in the plastic than in the air-type foam.
    [0079] [0079] In one configuration, the control pattern is spatially controlled (by linking smaller elements at the beginning, for example) to determine patch / iris to control coupling over the opening and to disperse more or less energy depending on the desired feed direction opening excitation weighting. For example, in a configuration, the control pattern used at the beginning links smaller slots than the rest of the time. For example, at the beginning, only a certain percentage of the elements (eg 40%, 50%) (patch / iris pairs) near the center of the cylindrical feed that are going to be linked to form a beam are connected during a first stage and then remaining connected even outside the cylindrical feed. In alternative configurations, the elements can be connected continuously from the cylindrical feed when the wave propagates out of the feed. In another configuration, a rigid supply network replaces the dielectric spacer (for example, plastic spacer 205) and also allows to control the orientation of the propagation of the supply wave. Edges can be used to create asymmetric propagation in the feed (ie, the Poynting vector is not parallel to the wave vector) to neutralize the decay of 1 / r. In this way, the use of rims within the auxiliary direct energy supply where necessary. By directing more edges and / or edges of varying heights to low energy areas, more uniform lighting is created at the opening. This allows a deviation from a purely radial feed configuration in the direction of the feed wave propagation direction and may no longer be radially oriented. Grooves on one of the edges are tightly coupled, while those edges between the edges are loosely coupled. Thus, depending on the desired coupling (to obtain the desired beam), the use of the flange and the placement of grooves allows the control of the coupling.
    [0080] [0080] In another configuration, a complex power structure that provides a lighting opening that is not circularly symmetrical is used. Said application may be a generally square non-circular opening that is illuminated non-uniformly. In one configuration, a symmetrical non-radial dielectric that delivers more energy to some regions than others is used. Thus, the dielectric may have areas with different dielectric controls. An example is a dielectric distribution that looks like Maxwell's fisheye-shaped lenses. The lenses can deliver different amounts of energy to different parts of the system. In another configuration, a rigid power structure is used to deliver more energy to some regions than others.
    [0081] [0081] In one configuration, multiple sub-aperture antennas fed cylindrically of the type just described are organized. In one configuration, one or more additional power structures are used. In addition, in a configuration, distributed amplification points are included. For example, an antenna system may include multiple antennas such as those shown in Figures 2A or 2B in one system. The antenna system can be 3 x 3 (total of 9 antennas), 4 x 4, 5 x 5, etc., but other configurations are possible. In these provisions, each antenna may have a separate supply. Alternatively, the number of amplification points may be less than the number of feeds. Advantages and Benefits Improved Beam Performance
    [0082] [0082] An advantage of the architecture configurations of the present invention is better beam performance than linear feeds. The natural, built-in candle can help to achieve good beam performance.
    [0083] [0083] In system factor calculations, the FCC mask can be found from a 40cm opening with only on and off elements.
    [0084] [0084] With the cylindrical feed, configurations of the invention will have no impedance oscillation close to the side edge, no band gap created by periodic wavelength structures-1.
    [0085] [0085] Invention configurations have no diffraction mode problems when scanning outside the side edge.
    [0086] [0086] There are (at least) the design elements that can be used in the architecture described here: circularly polarized elements and pairs of linearly polarized elements. Using pairs of linearly polarized elements, the direction of circular polarization can be changed dynamically by phase, slowing or advancing the modulation applied to a set of elements relative to the second. To achieve linear polarization, the advanced phase of a set relative to the second (physically orthogonal set) will be 180 degrees. Linear polarizations can also be synthesized with only changes to the element pattern, providing a mechanism to track linear polarization.
    [0087] [0087] On-off modes of operation have opportunities for instantaneous and dynamic bandwidths extended compared to the operation mode does not require each element to be tuned to a particular part of its resonance curve. The antenna will be able to operate continuously through both amplitude and hologram parts of the phase of its range without significant performance impact. This puts the operating range much closer to the total of the tuned range.
    [0088] [0088] The cylindrical feeding structure may take advantage of a TFT architecture, which implies the operation of quartz or glass.
    [0089] [0089] Revealed architectures described here do not require machinery work and only a linkage stage in production. This, combined with the switch for electronic elements TFT, eliminates the cost of materials and some difficult needs.
    [0090] [0090] Considering many changes and modifications of the present invention, no doubt will become apparent to a person skilled in the art with knowledge of the state of the art after having read the above description, it should be understood that any and all configurations shown and described by this illustration should not be intended or considered as limiting. Thus, references to the details of the various configurations are not intended to limit the scope of the claims that properly recite only those characteristics considered essential to the invention.
    权利要求:
    Claims (24)
    [1]
    1. "ANTENNA, characterized by comprising an antenna supply to enter a cylindrical supply wave, and a tuned fitting system coupled to the antenna supply.
    [2]
    2. "ANTENNA" according to claim 1, characterized in that the locking system is dielectrically loaded.
    [3]
    3. "ANTENNA" according to claim 1, characterized in that the fitting system comprises a plurality of grooves and also that each groove is tuned to provide a desired dispersion at a certain frequency.
    [4]
    4. "ANTENNA" according to claim 3, characterized in that each groove in the plurality of grooves is oriented either at +45 degrees or at —45 degrees relative to the cylindrical feed wave impinging on a central position of each said groove, in so that the docking system includes a first set of grooves rotated at +45 degrees relative to the direction of propagation of the feed wave and a second set of grooves rotated at —45 degrees relative to the direction of propagation of the cylindrical feed wave.
    [5]
    5. "ANTENNA" according to claim 1, characterized in that the locking system comprises a plurality of grooves, a plurality of patches, where each of the patches is placed over and separated from a groove in the plurality of grooves, forming a patch / pair of grooves being turned on or off based on applying a voltage to the patch in the pair.
    [6]
    6. "ANTENNA" according to claim 5, characterized in that a dielectric is located between each groove of the plurality of grooves and their associated patch in the plurality of patches.
    [7]
    7. "ANTENNA" according to claim 6, characterized in that the dielectric comprises liquid crystal.
    [8]
    8. "ANTENNA", according to claim 6, characterized by still comprising a controller that applies a control pattern that controls which patches / pairs of grooves are on and off, thus causing the generation of a beam.
    [9]
    9. "ANTENNA" according to claim 8, characterized in that the control pattern binds only one patch substrate / groove pairs that are used to generate the beam during a first stage and then connect the remaining patch / groove pairs which are used to generate the beam during a second stage.
    [10]
    10. "ANTENNA" according to claim 5, characterized in that the plurality of patches are positioned in a plurality of rings, the plurality of rings are concentrated concentrically relative to the antenna feed of the docking system.
    [11]
    11. "ANTENNA" according to claim 5, characterized in that the plurality of patches is included in a patched plate.
    [12]
    12. "ANTENNA", according to claim 5, characterized in that the plurality of remedies is included in a layer of glass.
    [13]
    13. "ANTENNA" according to claim 1, characterized by still comprising a dielectric layer in which the cylindrical feed wave travels.
    [14]
    14. "ANTENNA", according to claim 13, characterized by still comprising a ground plane, a coaxial pin coupled to the ground plane to enter the feed wave in the antenna, where the dielectric layer is between the ground plane and the locking system.
    [15]
    15. "ANTENNA" according to claim 14, characterized in that it also comprises at least one RF absorber coupled to the ground plane and the locking system to terminate unused energy to prevent reflections of that unused energy back through the antenna.
    [16]
    16. "ANTENNA" according to claim 14, characterized by still comprising an interstitial conductor, where the dielectric layer is between the interstitial conductor and the interlocking system, a spacer between the interstitial conductor and the ground plane, and a lateral area coupling the ground plane to the fitting system.
    [17]
    17. "ANTENNA" according to claim 16, characterized in that the side area comprises two sides, each of the two angular sides to motivate the feed wave to propagate from the feed spacer layer to the feed dielectric layer.
    [18]
    18. "ANTENNA" according to claim 16, characterized in that the spacer comprises foam.
    [19]
    19. "ANTENNA" according to claim 13, characterized in that the dielectric layer comprises plastic.
    [20]
    20. "ANTENNA" according to claim 13, characterized in that the dielectric layer is tapered.
    [21]
    21. "ANTENNA" according to claim 13, characterized in that the dielectric layer includes a plurality of areas that have different dielectric constants.
    [22]
    22. "ANTENNA" according to claim 13, characterized in that the dielectric layer includes a plurality of distributed structures that affect the propagation of the supply wave.
    [23]
    23. "ANTENNA", according to claim 1, characterized by still comprising a rigid supply network in which the cylindrical supply wave travels.
    [24]
    24. "ANTENNA", characterized by comprising an antenna feed to enter a feed wave that propagates concentrically from the feed, a dielectric layer through which the feed wave travels, a plurality of grooves, a plurality of patches , where each patch is placed over and separated from a groove in the plurality of grooves using a liquid crystal layer and forming a patch / pair of grooves, each patch / pair of grooves being turned off or on based on the application of a voltage to the patch in the pair specified by a control pattern.
    类似技术:
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    EP3108538A1|2016-12-28|
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    TW201541714A|2015-11-01|
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    KR101864052B1|2018-06-01|
    JP6339215B2|2018-06-06|
    CN110492238A|2019-11-22|
    CN110492238B|2021-02-09|
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    法律状态:
    2021-02-23| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|
    2021-07-20| B350| Update of information on the portal [chapter 15.35 patent gazette]|
    2021-08-03| B350| Update of information on the portal [chapter 15.35 patent gazette]|
    2021-12-07| B350| Update of information on the portal [chapter 15.35 patent gazette]|
    2021-12-28| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|
    2022-02-22| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 20/01/2015, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    US201461941801P| true| 2014-02-19|2014-02-19|
    US61/941.801|2014-02-19|
    US14/550.178|2014-11-21|
    US14/550,178|US9887456B2|2014-02-19|2014-11-21|Dynamic polarization and coupling control from a steerable cylindrically fed holographic antenna|
    PCT/US2015/012077|WO2015126550A1|2014-02-19|2015-01-20|Dynamic polarization and coupling control for a steerable cylindrically fed holographic antenna|
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