system and method for optimizing exergy within a dissipative structure

专利摘要:
METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR OPTIMIZING EXERGY WITHIN A SINK STRUCTURE, METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR EXTRACTING EXERGY FROM A SINK STRUCTURE AND METHOD FOR CONDUCTING FLUID FLOW AND TRANSPORTING THERMAL ENERGY. In a limited system, by manipulating the built environment and using new combinations of technology, it is possible to develop an overall system design, manage process cycles and moderate entropy increases in relation to energy and matter across an environment. external that is structurally coupled. An example of realization concerns a projected ecosystem that moderates eight major systems - thermal management, atmospheric optimization, radiation control, hydrological systems, energy systems, material flows, systems management and building systems - with the aim of providing a homeostatic regulation of cascading matter and energy flows. Ideally, the system's symbiotic processes work through decentralized reciprocity and autonomy to form the unity of the system, which, in turn, balances resource use, reduces transport requirements, reduces cycles of water, minerals, and residual flows, and provides storage of surpluses and reserves. This system allows (...).
公开号:BR112016003568B1
申请号:R112016003568-2
申请日:2014-08-22
公开日:2021-05-18
发明作者:Kevin Hans Melsheimer
申请人:Kevin Hans Melsheimer；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[001] This invention is related to environmental and climate management systems, specifically aiming to improve the exergy flows, the entropy level of the systems and the use of resources. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[002] Since ancient times, humanity has been modifying its own environment to control the contributions of its surroundings and develop a more appropriate environment. Plantations like hedges blocked the wind. The marshy meadows held water for the plants. The chinampas created optimal environments for agricultural production. Mist collectors and condensers dehumidified the air and provided water. Buildings were positioned to moderate solar radiation, while walls of great thermal mass (inertia) captured the heat of the day and used it at night. Controlled fires provided additional heat. Windmills captured the energy of the wind and waterwheels used the energy of running water. With the development of translucent glass, greenhouses now have new ways of using solar radiation to control the climate even more. The discovery of fossil fuels and the beginning of the industrial revolution enabled new methods of climate control, equipment and processes, in addition to the creation of the modern industry of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC).
[003] Most modern climate control techniques use substantial amounts of energy and are limited, in terms of application, to the services they provide (typically heating, cooling, ventilation and humidity control). Improvements to these systems have been gradual and typically continue to cover only the aforementioned climate control areas.
[004] There are several prior techniques listed above that present many of these types of solutions for improving climate control. Virtually all of these designs focus on a single design goal: energy conservation. Few designs — some for space and research uses, such as US Patent No. 5,322,035 to Hawes et al., 1994, of a "Hydrological System for a Closed Ecological System", Cullingford, US Patent No. 5,005,787, Yang, US Patent No. 5,614,378 [closed ecological life support system (CELSS), or “closed life support system” in free translation] — present other aspects of climate management. The cited patents cover conditions in a closed environment and include additional conservation parameters not much observed in climate management, such as managing available resources through nutrient, carbon and water cycles. By expanding the design focus, going beyond the simple objective of conserving energy to the efficient use of resources, a new approach to environmental management becomes feasible.
[005] Some of these new approaches were developed at the New Alchemy Institute in New England by Dr. John Todd and his team, who subsequently had the assistance of William Irwin Thompson, Amory Lovins, and Buckminster Fuller. They developed pioneering work with a self-sufficient experimental structure called “The Ark” in the early 1970s. This group was one of the first to employ aquaculture in self-sufficient house projects. Later, Dr. John Todd went on to develop “Living Machines”, biological processes that purify wastewater.
[006] Arguably the best-known indoor project was the large structure of the "Biosphere II" in Arizona, which completely isolated eight people for two years, starting in 1991. The glass structure enclosed an area of approximately 1.2 hectares, in which 0.2 hectares were devoted to food production using 156 species of edible plants. The construction of the structure cost about 150 million dollars, the equivalent of 22,600 dollars per m2, making it inaccessible for any purpose other than scientific research. The experiment constituted the most detailed documentation of the time on the self-sufficiency of efficient food production in a confined space. Biosphere II included a mountain, a savannah, a rainforest, a desert, an ocean and many other different biomes in a huge glass structure. These biomes were reported to require air conditioning and movement, resulting in extremely high use of externally sourced energy. Furthermore, if the structure were to be without power for long periods of time, the increase in temperature would kill most animals and plants.
[007] Other types of climate and environmental control systems that focus on self-sufficiency and resilience have been developed in the United States, such as attached greenhouses (winter gardens) and enveloped houses. One of the world's best-known houses with an attached greenhouse is the ‘earthship’, developed by architect Mike Reynolds. These houses with low resource input requirements are built with recycled materials, especially car tires with crushed clay, which provide thermal mass for passive climate control. These systems incorporate many water and energy conservation techniques and are often built with considerable food production resources.
[008] A lesser-known climate control system is the one in the Greenhouse Village (“Greenhouse Village”), in the Netherlands. The Greenhouse Village project (Zonneterp in the Dutch language) consists of energy producing greenhouses. These energy-producing greenhouses increase vegetable production by 20%, while completely eliminating the use of fossil fuels. Greenhouse Village is one of the first systems to provide a completely decentralized solution to supply energy, recycle nutrients and carry out solid waste and wastewater treatment.
[009] The idea of vertical farms has become well known in recent years for offering the possibility of producing food in densely populated urban areas. As none were built, the functionality and practicality are still not well proven. The obvious problems are related to the fact that aerial crops can remain in the shade for most of the day, due to neighboring buildings. Furthermore, although photosynthesis takes energy from the sun, sunlight per unit of land area is the same at any elevation (the sun cannot 'pass through' the plants) — vertical stacking cannot change this fact.
[010] The most similar conception in terms of possible functions of the embodiments described in this document is George Chan's Dream Farm — although it is dependent and limited by local climatic conditions. The Dream Farm design has been updated to the Dream Farm 2 design by Mae-Wan Ho. This suggested model of a highly productive “zero emissions” and “zero waste” integrated farm maximizes the use of renewable energy and transforms waste into food and energy without using fossil fuels.
[011] When reviewing existing patents, a good place to start is US No. 20080000151, which characterizes the problems and prior art responses to the problems of managing a vegetable growing environment. Solutions for managing temperature levels include the exchange of air flows between the outdoor and indoor atmospheres. This is accomplished using active controls such as fans and a gas heating system supplemented with a thermal water storage tank, which captures heat as it cools the room. Later, when needed, it releases this stored heat. When the stove reaches the desired temperature levels, the air is recirculated through the systems.
[012] There are several problems and deficiencies in such climate control systems. The first resides in the exchange with outside air, which can contain unwanted atmospheric pollutants or pests that can adversely affect internal cultivation processes. Furthermore, the recirculation of certain proportions of atmospheric gases can be adversely affected by internal air circulation, as autotrophs (plants) consume all of the CO2 during respiration. Another problem lies in the variation in external environmental conditions. Although equipped with a gas heater for cold periods, the thermal storage tank cannot work very well to provide cooling when the attached outdoor environment is continuously heated. In addition, these systems require external inputs of fossil fuels and electricity to function.
[013] A patent that addresses some of these problems is U.S. Pat. no. 4,077,158. This patent portrays many of the complex issues involved in developing environmental control for growing environments.
[014] In this patent, it is presented a way to use a reversible thermosiphon to exchange heat with hot and cold thermal storage reservoirs. The hot reservoir also has a means to capture the sun's radiation. In addition, it includes a rainwater harvesting structure that can also affect the temperature levels of these thermal storage reservoirs. The cultivation system offers several features, such as segregation and filtration of the internal atmosphere to ward off pests. Reservoirs are multifunctional and can operate as a channel to transport plants grown within the system. Reservoirs also allow for aquaculture. It also complements the possible cooling provided by the thermal storage reservoir by directly irrigating plants to provide evaporative cooling and remove heat. In addition, it goes even further in controlling the environment for plants by aerating the roots and providing water and nutrients as needed.
[015] Next, these same problems and solutions will be reviewed in the discussion on the environmental resource and exergy management system. Before this approach, it is interesting to look at some other technologies that can be useful in solving these issues.
[016] The first of these technologies involves using water bodies as a thermal reservoir, presented in patent 20070295489. The main innovation of this patent is to drain previously unused thermal reservoirs — such as swimming pools and fire-fighting reservoirs — to reduce conditioning costs of air. How to carry out a heat exchange is discussed so that the fluid in the reservoir does not mix with the reservoir so as not to lose energy. Furthermore, it is discussed how to change the temperature of the thermal reservoir to keep it within the desired parameters, basically through the use of energy at non-peak times. One of the problems of this project includes the need to thermally condition the reservoir continuously with active processes. Furthermore, he does not suggest a solution for keeping water bodies, such as swimming pools, at a constant desired temperature without active inputs of energy. Some solutions to such problems will be discussed later.
[017] Another interesting patent that presents technology relevant to environmental controls is U.S. Pat. No. 7,997,079, which consists of using a thermal gradient in a heat-sensitive thermal reservoir. While the temperature gradient is very useful, it suffers from potential media mixing problems. In addition, the thermal energy carrier fluid only travels from a reservoir to the customer through the use of active sensors. Other problems involve the fact that it only provides a cool, warm reservoir. An alternative design will be proposed to eliminate these limitations.
[018] In patent WO 2013070396 A1, another interesting technology is introduced. This is possibly the first published patent to discuss the advantages of thermal storage for a cascade panel. This technology was created essentially to solve the problems of storing the thermal energy of a solar concentrator. The interesting technology for environmental management is the use of phase change materials (MMFs) to store heat and the cascade process of charged MMFs that carry the rest. Such a design has many benefits, but it is not able to use sensitive storage techniques in addition to latent heat isothermal units. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[019] The environmental resource and exergy management system aims at the efficient use of resources, given the simple goal of conserving energy in conventional HVAC systems. A realization (or configuration) of the apparatus offers considerable improvements, including: thermal control, atmospheric optimization, radiation control, use of water and materials, energy systems, system management interface and holistic systems built. Such improvements allow a better use of the resources available to use in the conditioning of spaces, devices or processes. These objects and advantages, as well as additional objects and advantages, will become evident in a consideration of the description and subsequent drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[020] FIG. 1 is a diagram to illustrate the pressure swing adsorption cycle that is used to separate and concentrate atmospheric gases (courtesy of Wikipedia).
[021] FIG. 2 is a diagram to illustrate the cascading nature of thermal reservoirs.
[022] FIG. 3 is a diagram to illustrate thermal storage using multiple heat exchangers corresponding to different temperature gradients.
[023] FIG. 4 is a diagram of an aquaponic system in which air channels traverse roots for air purification purposes.
[024] FIG. 5 is a diagram of urine and faeces waste showing catabolic and anabolic processing to create food.
[025] FIG. 6 illustrates an integrated biochemical biomass processing system using a photoperiod algae bioreactor (APBR - Algae Photo Bioreactor), aerobic and anaerobic digestion, enzymatic hydrolysis from mycelium, and a biodiesel reactor.
[026] FIG. 7 is a diagram to illustrate thermochemical processing producing syngas and bio-oils in conjunction with the thermal reservoir management and control system.
[027] FIG. 8 is a diagram to illustrate the relationship between heat consumers/producers with the thermal reservoir system.
[028] FIG. 9 is a diagram to illustrate the possible arrangement of a storage system for the different qualities of inputs, in particular a thermal storage system ranging from relatively cold temperatures to relatively hot temperatures with stored gradients.
[029] FIG. 10 is a diagram to illustrate a potential realization (embodiment) of the integrated exergy and environmental resource management system in a housing unit.
[030] FIG. 11 is a diagram to illustrate a side profile of a potential realization integrated into a housing unit, with the incorporation of water tanks with fish in the rear of the building.
[031] FIG. 12 is a diagram to illustrate a side profile of a potential embodiment of the exergy and environmental resource management system, both integrated into a housing unit with three levels of common solar chimneys, and with pathways that integrate an extended network offering potential for additional mass and energy.
[032] FIG. 13 is a diagram of the literal translation of FIG. 101 for an interconnected built environment, which, in some embodiments, can extend into a wider network offering additional mass and energy potentials.
[033] FIG. 14 illustrates how the stairways connecting the individual units of the built environment can be improved through connecting lines for agri-food harvesting and forest plantations within the courtyard, and also through concentrated solar panels.
[034] FIG. 15 illustrates a larger built and interconnected environment that moves mass through a system of ramps and lanes for bicycles and for the rapid transit of people. Also illustrated is a tension-type greenhouse that can protect ground-level geothermal storage from possible rain intrusion.
[035] FIG. 16 illustrates the layout of a larger environment built and structurally coupled to an external environment. The lines drawn between the hexagons are transit systems with different elevations for mass and/or energy transfers. Patios formed from such designs can be designed with a view to creating specific microclimates and also for the segregation of mass and energy gradients. Although this example is in 2-D, it can also be designed in 3-D by coupling hydrogen or other floating means that bond to system components and offer additional options such as inflatable harvesters, or even the placement of a radiation and guidance system. (communication networks).
[036] FIG. 17 illustrates the integration of wetlands into chinampas. Also shown is an elevated focal point of solar energy to reflect the panels that track the sun's trajectory.
[037] FIG. 18 illustrates a staircase that channels convective air through heat exchange elements. DESCRIPTION OF ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE INVENTION
[038] By controlling eight primary systems — thermal management, atmospheric optimization, radiation control, hydrological systems, energy systems, matter flows, system interfaces and built structures — it is possible to create an optimized manipulated ecosystem. This system provides homeostatic regulation of cascading matter and energy flows. Applied processes optimally improve system resilience by balancing resource usage; reduce transport demands and reduce cycles of water, minerals and waste streams; in addition to offering storage for surpluses and resource reserves.
[039] Thus, many of the advantages of one or more achievements consist of providing resource conservation, a safer/healthier environment, reduction and/or elimination of pollution, greater reliability, durability, improved lifecycles, and social and ecological benefits . The environmental exergy and resource management system can offer upgradeability, convenience, ease of use, accessibility compared to purely research-oriented systems, and quality choices through efficient decentralized processes of cascading matter and energy flows. System integration enables the use and processing of biomass near or at the production site to manufacture intermediate and end-use products. This creates shorter cycles of use of water, minerals and waste flows. It reduces storage and transport flow requirements, enables the manufacture of higher value products, and allows work efforts to be distributed continuously, as opposed to the typical seasonal work involved in activities of this type.
[040] Other advantages of one or more embodiments will become evident from consideration made to the descriptions and respective drawings below. ADVANTAGES OF THERMAL ENERGY MODERATION
[041] Without heat storage and/or distribution facilities, excess heat from moderate heating sources serves no useful purpose. Thermal storage provides a thermal buffer for cooling and heating processes and spaces. By employing multiple thermal reservoirs, individual temperatures can be matched to the desired consumption processes (ie ice for cooling, hot water for heating, steam production, pasteurization, mesophilic and thermophilic processes, etc.). Storage capacity can be scaled appropriately to system demand over temporal cycles such as daily (24 hours), in-between (days to weeks), and seasonal (winter, spring, summer, and fall) periods. This makes it possible to use thermal energy that would otherwise be lost.
[042] Auxiliary sources of heat production (ie boilers, nuclear fission, solar collectors, geothermal, electrical resistance, combustion, process heat, compost, rainwater, cogeneration, etc.) must be closely integrated with direct use for environmental conditioning. Excess thermal energy can also be optimally stored in a thermal storage medium containing thermal gradations to maximize efficiency and residual exergy.
[043] The exergy of the thermal system, by definition, corresponds to the maximum useful work possible during a process that leads the system to equilibrium with a thermal reservoir; when the surroundings are the reservoir itself, exergy is the potential for the system to cause a change by reaching equilibrium with the environment. Exergy is the energy available to be used. In contrast to energy, which according to the first law of thermodynamics is never destroyed during a process (it just changes from one form to another), exergy is responsible for the irreversibility of a process due to an increase in entropy, as described in the second law of thermodynamics. In a system in balance with its surroundings, exergy is nil.
[044] Possible uses include all devices, processes and/or applications that would benefit from supplemental heating or cooling. This system can provide simple and effective means of maintaining a desired thermal balance for a wide range of practical applications including engines, compressor-based devices, evaporators, biomass dryers, chemical and biological processes such as mesophilic or thermophilic biodigestion.
[045] One application for thermal management includes temperature moderation for optimal biomass growth, which works by limiting prolonged exposure to high or low temperatures, which can result in severe stress and lost productivity. Moderation of winter temperatures for many plants often requires low nighttime temperatures, which stop shoot growth and promote flowering. Temperature moderation during the flowering period can be adjusted within desired parameters to ensure optimal flowering.
[046] Moderation of temperature cycles with this system not only considerably saves the typical energy costs associated with thermal conditioning, but also shortens the growth cycle and increases the amount of biomass that can be grown throughout the season. Such applications for growing plants and mushrooms greatly benefit from this type of moderation. It is through such thermal management processes that this type of system advantageously provides thermal conditioning at levels of efficiency that were not previously available.
[047] With proper sizing, heat pumps combined with the described thermal reservoir can be operated in an optimal state, making it possible to reach a higher percentage of conditioning needs, reducing heat pump size and associated energy requirements. This is a simple way to combine waste heat recovery with certain processes, such as absorbent cycles, to form hybrid systems to replace or supplement conventional solutions for space heating and cooling. Other applications can be improved by using a thermosiphon to reduce or replace the need for motorized exergy conveyors (pumps) or blowers for the working fluid. ADVANTAGES OF ATMOSPHERIC OPTIMIZATION
[048] Ventilation systems are commonly used to maintain indoor air quality standards in facilities and other buildings, serving to remove excess heat, filter and remove pollutants and unwanted moisture. Economic analysis often runs counter to trying to maintain a healthy and comfortable environment, as the air conditioner has to be heated, cooled and often humidified at considerable cost. Furthermore, meeting energy targets in cold climates often requires buildings with remarkably airtight coatings, which dramatically reduce air exchanges. Conventional air conditioning systems often use mechanical ventilation with heat recovery to solve these air quality issues.
[049] Modern HVAC (Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning) systems are generally based on the assumption of good outside air quality. Many environments around the world are subject to adverse air quality, which makes it impossible to use air from an outside source. Under these conditions, air quality becomes dependent on additional efforts for purification.
[050] In many facilities, poor indoor air quality has reached an epidemic level, resulting in what is currently termed “Sick Building Syndrome”. Poor air quality causes discomfort for many people and has been shown to reduce productivity in the workplace and create unhealthy learning environments in educational facilities. Most people spend most of their time indoors, so it has become essential to find solutions to mitigate airborne pollutants and allergens such as pollen, mold, toxins from cleaning and construction products, car exhausts and smoke , as well as for nosocomial infections such as tuberculosis, chickenpox and rubella. Existing solutions to improve air conditions have been mainly based on large energy inputs, in addition to having several limitations. ADVANTAGES OF RADIATION CONTROLS
[051] Appropriate designs analyze the amount of solar or artificial radiation needed to be provided for optimal levels. For example, when photosynthesis is targeted, the system ideally moderates the light levels provided for optimal growth without triggering photoinhibition by excess light, which causes physiological photovoltaic signaling (PEPS). This, in turn, damages the photosynthetic apparatus and deregulates cellular processes. Also, regulating radiation levels over time is important for the production of most nutraceuticals. Unlike the synthetic transformation of chemical substances, enzymes and natural secondary metabolites of plant matter — such as alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, polyketides and peptides — can be produced through the precise control of radiation, temperature, water, proportions of atmospheric gases and nutrients. These environmental changes make it possible to create the desired nutraceutical products by transforming indecisive cells, natural enzymes and secondary metabolites.
[052] Also important is the effect of electromagnetic radiation on biological organisms. Several scientific studies (such as the one presented by Carvel in The Guardian, June 3, 2005 issue) have shown an increased risk of cancer in children living near power lines. Other individuals (3-8% of the population) are diagnosed with electrosensitivity. Recent studies published at http://www.bioinitiative.org/conclusions/ demonstrate that radiation levels from wireless communication devices on the order of 0.001 W/kg of body mass allow toxins to cross the blood-brain barrier (increasing the risk of cancer in the brain. brain), levels of 0.04 W/kg of body mass reduce sperm count, and levels of 0.09 W/kg of body mass damage DNA and the ability to repair DNA. Because of these findings, it becomes advantageous to moderate radiation exposures based on the precautionary principle.
[053] Another problem in many structures is the choice of glazing materials that are desirable to improve the quality of indoor lighting, but which generally allow relatively large amounts of heat flow through the glazing compared to other conventional building materials. This can dramatically increase the cost of maintaining proper climate in buildings. The concept of multiple envelopes (liners) reduces these costs by creating multiple zones with varying climate control needs. Through various designs, it allows radiation moderation in multiple zones to meet goals such as photosynthetic growth, while reducing heat flow within conditioned spaces. ADVANTAGES OF HYDROLOGICAL CYCLES
[054] Recently, buildings have become one of the biggest sources of water pollution in the world and one of the biggest consumers of water. High-quality water is used to transport domestic waste, which makes treatment and recovery difficult by diluting the effluents too much.
[055] Water usage can be reduced by up to 95% in some situations. Moving agricultural production to a controlled environment is a way to moderate the use of water resources and can reduce, contain and/or eliminate pollutants such as pesticides and herbicides that would otherwise reach the outside environment.
[056] One of the biggest problems involved in the reuse of wastewater is the issue of toxins. When receiving effluents from unknown sources, they can contain products that are harmful to the system processes. These water contributions often require additional processing, increasing costs and causing the loss of potential nutrients. When wastewater is reused at a local level (ie, single-family home, farm, feedlot, factory, etc.), effluent streams can receive minimal waste dilution and be separated to isolate pathogens, specific contaminants, and nutrients , allowing water treatment processes to be carried out more economically.
[057] When nutrients recovered from effluents are combined, for example, with food production systems and aquaculture, whose products are directly ingested by the system users, a self-sustaining effluent processing system can be created.
[058] Of considerable importance for wastewater treatment is algae technology, which has the potential to solve several problems simultaneously. Algae-based systems can efficiently remove nutrients without energy-intensive aeration processes (which typically contribute 45% to 75% of total energy costs in wastewater treatment systems) by performing photosynthesis and providing a continuous source of oxygen. These systems avoid the extensive use of chemicals normally used for sludge treatment, reduce the amount of sludge generated, remove considerably more pathogens, reduce total dissolved solids (SDT), reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD) and simplify the treatment process. Algae-based systems turn previously residual nutrients into energy-rich algal biomass, which can be further processed to produce biofuels or other valued products such as fertilizers or nutraceuticals. Furthermore, as biooxidation processes produce carbon dioxide, algae can sequester this carbon during photosynthesis to produce additional biomass. This considerably reduces the production of greenhouse gases typical of conventional wastewater management. ADVANTAGES OF MATTER CYCLES
[059] Technologies are shifting to focus on creating value, goods, energy and resources for human use from wastewater. Central to the matter cycle system is the use of crops and biomass residues to minimize or eliminate the use of fossil fuels, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and recover nutrients and resources that would otherwise be wasted. The subject cycle preferably allows the use of resources as often as possible.
[060] A potential realization consists of an integrated bioreactor and/or biorefinery that can generate desired products using available resources and energy. Excess carbon can be used by autotrophs. Heterotrophs can convert excess oxygen to carbon dioxide. Nutrients from urea and animal waste can be used to grow plants for food and other products using processes such as aquaponics.
[061] In another embodiment, organic waste is pyrolyzed to destroy germs, toxins and drugs and produce carbon, ie charcoal, which can remove both carbon and energy from the biosphere. This charcoal can be further processed in processes such as composting in order to establish a microbial community to create organic fertilizer. In some configurations, renewable energy sources include biogas systems and/or solar concentrators. ADVANTAGES OF INTEGRATED ENERGY SYSTEMS
[062] Natural airflows have been harnessed for centuries to perform many useful functions. Typically, wind is caused by layers of air moving from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure, usually in a circular flow due to the Coriolis effect. Traditional fixed position wind harnessing devices have been dependent on air flows generated by natural changes in atmospheric pressure. By utilizing a thermal differential within a limited system, managing environmental conditions can produce more consistent and predictable operating conditions.
[063] Furthermore, the possibility of using devices that convert heat into sound and then into electricity can dispense with moving parts, reducing the need for maintenance and required tolerances, while increasing durability. Smaller versions of such devices can be developed and will not create noise pollution as heat is converted to ultrasonic frequencies that people cannot hear and sound volumes can be reduced as energy is converted to electricity. Advantages of the Management System Interface
[064] The mass and energy flows of the resource system interact with a management system. This management system ideally increases environmental awareness and provides visibility into system resources so that problems can be anticipated and managed, information can be collected and analyzed, and choices can be applied to system components. The regulation of a control cycle usually has several variables, including quantity, quality, time, flows, etc. Preferably, this system allows for homeostasis (including strong, weak and structural), resilience, self-regeneration, fault tolerance, diversity and elimination or minimization of critical fail points. ADVANTAGES OF BUILT SYSTEMS
[065] Abstract principles of creating an economic and ecological ecosystem can be visualized in a smaller scale system, such as an ecovillage, ecodistrict or biome, where ideals become tangible and resource and energy use can be calculated along with costs of construction and space.
[066] Built systems can be manipulated as a complete system to achieve:
[067] Reduced consumption of resources and energy; balanced use of resources; reduction of harmful air emissions, waste water, solid waste and building materials; reduced transport requirements by shortening water, minerals and waste streams cycles; storage and distribution of surpluses and reserves; durability, longevity and flexibility of the structure in relation to changing process needs, together with maintenance and performance; increased comfort consisting of features such as indoor air quality; thermal comfort; natural lighting; acoustic protection; home automation; protection and security, such as protection against electromagnetic fields and fire; besides being economical in costs, construction, operation, life cycle and externalities.
[068] This application claims priority benefits of Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/692,224, filed August 22, 2012, entitled "Environmentally Adaptive Exergy and Resource Conserving Climate Management System". and Environmentally Adaptable Exergy).
[069] Through appropriate responses of decentralization, integration and progressive self-sustaining processes, economies of scale give way to efficient decentralized processes of cascading matter and energy flows. The task of optimizing the flows and utilization of Earth's current diffuse renewable energy inputs is accomplished through managing the system's entropy increases.
[070] In preferred embodiments, the integration allows for the processing of biomass near or at the production site to create final and intermediate products. Ideally, this creates shorter cycles of water, minerals and waste streams, reduces transport and storage stream requirements, produces higher value products, and distributes the process workload throughout the year in the same way as seasons and dates. of crops are distributed.
[071] Through new technology combinations, system functions are not only aligned, but also interconnected to each other to moderate the system's entropy increases. Optimally, the system unit produces the system itself. Through overall system design and full cycle management, many aspects of diffused energy harnessing, regulation and quality are made possible in ways never before economically viable.
[072] Major systems and their various combinations enable a system platform that provides improved utilization of available resources for process improvement, including chemical and biological processes. A specific integrated achievement ideally creates an autopoietic ecosystem.
[073] In this context, the concept of autopoiesis, or 'circular organization', is defined to represent the autonomous nature of organization in living systems. The term was introduced in 1972 by biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela. Autopoietic, by definition, is an autonomous and operationally closed set of processes operating within a system. This system is "structurally coupled" to its surrounding environment, incorporated into dynamic mass and energy exchanges, such as weather patterns, daily and seasonal changes, which allow for a network of productive processes (transformation and destruction) of components that ideally: (i) they continually regenerate and carry out the network of processes (relationships) that produced them through interactions and transformations; and (ii) constitute the domain of the system in which the components within the environment.
[074] The eight major interconnected systems needed to ideally realize an autopoietic ecosystem include: • Thermal Management • Atmospheric Optimization • Radiation Controls • Hydrological Systems • Material Flows • Energy Systems • Management System Interface • Constructed Systems
[075] The surrounding 'structurally coupled' environment may include desert, arctic, coastal, etc. regions that would structurally couple with these eight interconnected major systems to create an autopoietic ecosystem.
[076] Coupled environments can have dynamic exchanges of natural mass and energy, such as exchanges of wind and solar energy, weather patterns, daily and seasonal changes, precipitation, erosion and migratory species.
[077] Each of these exchanges is moderated, if only by attenuation, through processes that occur internally in the system itself. An enhanced autopoietic ecosystem can moderate these same exchanges through its eight interconnected core systems.
[078] To understand the individual systems, a detailed description of each follows:
[079] Thermal Management: Environmental resources are managed to moderate the heat transfer and thermal energy levels of a limited thermodynamic system. The thermal control design moderates system entropy and ideally conserves exergy primarily by conserving, recovering, utilizing and storing cold and heat for climate control and improved chemical and biological processes.
[080] Important elements for conservation include reducing heat loss through convective flows (usually involving air leaks), conduction (usually resolved by thermal insulation) and radiation losses (usually resolved through physical structures, coatings, and reflective materials) .
[081] Important elements for thermal storage include the thermal conductivity of the medium, thermal capacity (how much heat can be stored) and the temperature at which the heat is stored. Heat transport can include energy flows through convective, conductive and radiant media, possibly supplemented with an exchange of material content (such as condensate, rainwater or phase change materials being physically manipulated through the system).
[082] The system modulates the environmental conditioning temperature by exchanging heat fluxes directly from energy producers/consumers and/or with thermal reservoirs. Typically, the rate of these energy flows (thermal flow) is regulated by the temperature differential. One potential modality would use a fluid means of transporting heat or coolness (freshness, as used, is the removal of thermal energy, as opposed to heat being the addition of energy) and would use the temperature flow to create a pressure differential sufficient to drive the heat transport medium through the circuit. A flow between the spaces of the heat exchangers is created by inducing a convective flow, optimally in an overlapping thermosiphon-like effect, until thermal equilibrium is reached. This effect can be enhanced by circulating the medium through multiple ascending/descending temperature gradient heat exchangers to allow for heat transfer. The convective current created can replace the demand for a motorized exergy conveyor to transport the fluid in operation.
[083] In another embodiment, an electrically conductive carrier could be used to improve the desired relative movement of the carrier by inducing eddy currents (eddy currents).
[084] The operation of a potential realization in a heat input or coolness mode uses a fluid heat transport medium that flows through a succession of heat exchange stages, optimally equalizing the temperature gradients within the thermal mass reservoir(s). Several temperature gradients encapsulate thermal storage (multiple stratified and/or heterogeneous reservoirs), the heat flux cascading through each consecutive temperature level adding heat or cooling energy to the storage medium. A well-known continuous process for carrying out this step uses a counter-flow heat exchanger with higher temperatures at the top and lower temperatures at the bottom.
[085] In heat extraction (or cool) mode, the relationship is reversed. Thus, the warmest (or coldest) temperature reached in the exchange is balanced with the level of a thermal reservoir. In both cases, the cascade stages are advantageously constituted by a plurality of interconnected channels communicating between heat producers/consumers and the respective heat transmitted from the thermal storage.
[086] Thermal storage system configurations can be in the form of a large, single vertically graded temperature storage container, or with thermal storage reservoirs preferably arranged in ascending/descending temperature order that are in communication with producers and heat consumers.
[087] Thermal storage coupling can be enhanced with the selection of heat exchanger(s) (such as air-air, air-water, spiral flow, condenser, microchannel, fine wire heat exchangers, heat pipes, etc.). Typically, larger heat exchangers result in smaller temperature differentials between the source and the process fluids, resulting in an increased system efficiency, but with higher equipment costs.
[088] Using a storage container with vertically graduated temperatures combined with multiple heat exchange points allows the system to access the inherent temperature gradient within the reservoir. Maintaining heterogeneous temperature stratification is essential to conserve exergy and properly utilize a temperature gradient within the thermal storage reservoir. Because of this, multiple thermal storage reservoirs at individual homogeneous temperatures may be preferable.
[089] In certain realizations, this system enables separate heat transfer mechanisms (without taking into account the temporal cycles and event controllers), between the storage unit and the heat producers/consumers. Thermal storage reservoirs can be manipulated according to the desired operating temperature for the device, process or environment(s) in which they will be used.
[090] When the temperatures available in thermal storage differ from the desired conditioning temperatures in the process, the thermal reservoir can be combined with heat pumps to serve as a flywheel/thermal buffer. With all heat pumps, the Coefficient of Performance [COP] (amount of heat transferred per unit of work performed required) decreases as the temperature difference increases. The greater the temperature difference, the greater the pressure differential required and therefore more energy is required to compress the fluid (in vapor compression cycles), resulting in a lower COP. By offering diverse temperature gradients, thermal storage improves the performance of many devices and processes, including heat pumps, absorption refrigeration facilities, space heating systems, Rankine motors, Stirling motors, sterilization processes, pasteurization processes, and food processing, among others.
[091] The system's thermal reservoirs communicate with the environment through heat producers and consumers. Heat consumers can include a variety of devices, processes and conditioned spaces too numerous to list. Heat producers can include conventional energy sources (such as combustion devices), renewable energy inputs such as waste heat, environmental thermal inputs (wind, precipitation, oceans and lakes, geothermal, etc.), as well as solar energy active and passive. These inputs are connected to the system to meet the load requirements considering the economy of the apparatus and the efficient use of available energy. Certain combinations of these consumers and producers create a combined heat and power (CHP) or cogeneration plant, a combined cooling, heat and power (CCHP) or trigeneration plant, or, preferably, a polygeneration plant.
[092] Integrated systems often involve multiple heat sources, many of which may depend on pumps, fans, etc., which demand constant energy sources. In an optimal realization or configuration, the system, as designed, enables passive thermal survival (the ability of the structure to continue functioning in the absence of active energy inputs) through the use of convective flows of heat-carrying fluids between the storage system of thermal energy and the environment to be conditioned.
[093] Control is optimally provided for heat transfer between thermal storage and conditioned spaces regardless of heat input sources. This improves efficiency by enabling the use of substandard energy stored at moderate temperatures.
[094] Thermal energy storage and management techniques include one or more of the following: • Specific (sensitive) heat reservoir • Latent heat storage (phase change materials) • Thermochemical heat storage
[095] Efficient use of solar heat and industrial waste heat can be achieved through thermal energy storage. Sensitive heat storage creates temperature differentials within the storage volume as heat or cold is introduced to or removed from the reservoir. For stratified storage, the effective storage capacity is reduced when mixing occurs and the global temperature approaches an average value over the entire volume. Because of this, it is important that the stratified storage medium maintain a structured layer, with the hottest water at the top and the coldest water at the bottom, for example. Greater use of the temperature stratification of a stratified thermal reservoir can be achieved using several heat exchangers.
[096] Traditional sensible heat storage techniques have numerous disadvantages, including considerable heat loss and relatively low energy storage density. The liquid used in sensitive heat storage generally offers a storage density of 110 MJ/m3 (31 kWh/m3). Advantageously, storage fluids such as water are extremely cheap. The main conventional techniques of thermal energy storage using specific (sensitive) heat storage include underground thermal energy storage (UTES), water storage tanks, the system's own mass such as concrete, and air circulation through of a storage medium filled with stones.
[097] In contrast to a sensitive heat storage material that absorbs and releases energy essentially uniformly over a wide range of temperatures, the latent heat storage of phase change materials (MMF) absorbs and releases a large amount of energy at the melting/freezing/vaporizing point of the material. Phase change materials offer an order of magnitude increase in heat storage capacity with a storage density of around 250 MJ/m3 (70 kWh/m3). Essentially isothermal discharge at these phase changes allows them to be tailored to specific process temperature requirements. The phase change material creates a thermal buffer that allows temperature sensitive systems to be integrated with the thermal energy storage system. This makes it possible to manage the heat input to the process and to store excess heat and freshness from the process. Ideally, this thermal management is carried out in conjunction with subsidiary heat exchanges within the thermal storage device.
[098] An example of this would be an accelerated exothermic aerobic decomposition process that provides pasteurization while operating at a maximum temperature optimal for microbial life and features managed heat flow exchanges with its coupled environment or thermal reservoirs. Another example is anaerobic digestion, in which managing the temperature for mesophilic digestion produces considerably more biogas per unit of time than cryophilic-range digestion, which operates over a lower temperature range.
[099] Another subgroup of phase change materials employs thermochemical reactions involving heat of sorption or chemical heat based on physical principles (adhesion) or chemical bonds (enthalpy of reaction). Sorption thermal storage is composed of two molecular adhesion forces, namely, adsorption and absorption. Adsorption depends on surface effects with a porous medium such as silica gel and zeolites. Adsorption techniques include Pressure Oscillating Adsorption (APO), Temperature Oscillating Adsorption (ATO) and Vacuum Oscillating Adsorption (AVO). Absorption depends on the mixing effects of liquids such as NH3, LiCl and LiBr and compares with absorption heat pumps.
[0100] Thermochemical storage enables the individual storage of components possibly in the long term without heat loss. When the components are added together [A+B<->AB+heat], heat is released. These media can often be recharged at temperatures above 100 °C and offer the highest storage densities, between 500 and 3000 MJ/m3 (140-830 kWh/m3).
[0101] The use of these various storage techniques depends on many potential factors, including available energy and matter flows, economics, process conditioning requirements, building codes, and space availability.
[0102] The above storage methods can be combined to create a hybrid system. An example of realization of a hybrid system to provide thermal conditioning could combine a heat (or freshness) reservoir in a geothermal aquifer coupled to a parking lot acting as a solar collector to harness the heat, combined with a snow storage system combined with the dehumidification provided by the adsorption of zeolites to aid in latent cooling loads. Another hybrid system would use sensitive (well-chosen) process fluids in conjunction with phase change materials to overcome the low thermal conductivity of phase change materials, reduce costs and stabilize temperature levels. Yet another hybrid system would utilize specific (sensitive) heat reservoirs surrounded by latent heat reservoirs of different phase change temperatures. The sensitive heat reservoir can bridge the temperature gaps between different phase transition points in the material, reduce costs and provide a material with higher thermal conductivity to interface with faster loading and unloading. This can be used in conjunction with other thermal composites, such as a metallic mesh in contact with the phase change material (useful to increase the conductivity of paraffin, for example).
[0103] Such materials enable realizations that could use thermal storage to harness waste heat in order to desalt water or provide cooling through a thermal adsorption cooler, preferably using water as the operating fluid, in order to eliminate fluids harmful to the ozone layer .
[0104] Atmospheric Optimization: In certain embodiments, a minimal exchange with the external atmospheric environment is desired. This is accomplished by maintaining a segregated atmosphere within the built environment. Internal thermal variations cause the internal air to expand and contract, possibly related to the phase changes of the materials. In addition, thermochemical processes that employ exothermic and endothermic reactions can also affect atmospheric volumes and related pressure changes. These changes in volume could possibly exert excessive loads on building structures. To deal with atmospheric expansion and contraction, it is possible to create an area of variable volume in communication with the coupled and segregated atmospheres — structures that form a large diaphragm functioning as 'lungs'. Although changes in atmospheric pressure due to external environmental changes have little recoverable energy, on large enough scales they can be used to enable other system processes, including labor production.
[0105] Atmospheric optimization for internal processes and organisms depends on a composition and desired concentration of various proportions of gases, such as O2, CO2, nitrogen and methane, to be adapted to provide an optimal environment. The methods for this are based on available energy and matter inputs combined with moderate biological processes (ie, the selection of organisms: autotrophs and heterotrophs) and chemical processes (such as the selection of catalysts and reagents).
[0106] Atmospheric air generally consists of approximately 78% nitrogen and 20% oxygen. For many industrial processes, proportions of gases of different concentrations are desired. For example, concentrated oxygen has numerous applications, including wastewater treatment, aeration in aquaculture and fluid processing, pulp (cellulose) bleaching, glass and steel making, as it often reduces the required size of equipment. Typical oxygen transport requires additional processing, such as compression or even liquefaction (as for use by airline pilots). By utilizing oxygen within the system, these processes are minimized or eliminated.
[0107] One gas separation technique involves using the molecular sieving properties of materials such as zeolites to selectively absorb certain gases from a compressed air stream. As the zeolite becomes saturated with nitrogen, compressed air is directed to a secondary zeolite chamber where the process is repeated. This allows nitrogen from the first zeolite chamber to be released. By alternating the pressure in the two chambers, a constant source of enriched oxygen and nitrogen is produced as the zeolite continually regenerates through Oscillating Pressure Adsorption (APO), illustrated in figure one. The nitrogen air flow from this process will also contain high levels of CO2 and other trace gases. The molecular sieve aspects of the zeolite gas separation and concentration process can also be used with the algae photobioreactor (RBAF) processes described below to further improve the purity of the gases.
[0108] Other aspects of air quality involve the removal of particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as formaldehyde and benzene, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx) from the air. These organic compounds, for example, sulfur oxides (SOx) such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are precursors of acid rain, while NO2 is a precursor to ozone. Removal can be accomplished using a convective fluid circuit that drains active agents such as catalysts, bacteria and microbes to convert substances such as NO2 and SO2 into their elementary nitrogen and sulfur components, which have a relatively benign impact on the environment and can be used as source of nutrients in some forms. Elements in this airflow can include plants, plant roots, soil and other filtering devices that have been proven to advantageously alter the atmospheric composition.
[0109] Photocatalysts can also be used to decompose many organic materials. Organic compounds affected include particulates (such as soot, dust and hydrocarbons), biological organisms (mold, algae, bacteria and allergens), airborne pollutants (including VOCs) and even odor-causing substances. In addition to reducing air pollution, catalytic hydrophilic surfaces can also purify water, kill germs and increase fruit life by reducing the concentration of ethylene gas (associated with fruit ripening) at distribution sites.
[0110] Radiation Controls: In consideration of the larger environment in which the exergy and environmental resource management system are coupled, the main dynamic energy inputs are typically derived from large amounts of energy flow from solar radiation. As the stability of the indoor environment is dependent on energy flows through the system and taking into account the system's goals of minimizing the rate of entropy increase, it is essential to efficiently utilize available entropy levels to develop a stable steady state environment.
[0111] Essential for harnessing the flow of solar energy are biotic and abiotic conversion technologies. Photosynthesis is the main biotic method employed to convert solar radiation into chemical energy, which can be used as a fuel for biological organisms — providing most of the energy for all life on earth, approximately 130 terawatts or six times the current consumption of humanity's energy. The production of autotrophs capable of photosynthesis is of considerable importance to the overall design of the system. Various techniques are used to create functional living ecosystems capable of capturing and utilizing a vast portion of the sun's energy. The three main autotroph production systems use aquaponics (a combination of hydroponics and aquaculture), algae production and polyculture/Permaculture.
[0112] The efficiency of photosynthesis in plants varies between 0.1% and 8% according to the light intensity, the frequency of light being converted, the temperature and the percentage of CO2 in the atmosphere. To operate at greater photosynthetic efficiency, radiation levels are ideally managed to provide optimal levels for the photosynthetic autotrophs within the system. This is extremely important to avoid physiological photovoltaic signaling (PEPS) that damages the photosynthetic apparatus and disrupts cellular processes, as mentioned earlier. In addition to optimizing the use of solar and artificial radiation for autotrophs to maximize photosynthetic efficiency, it can also be beneficial for altering radiation levels to affect the production of enzymes and secondary metabolites to create specific structural exergies (structural exergy is the exergy or information stored in the structure of a material).
[0113] In addition to trying to increase photosynthetic efficiency within individual autotrophs by providing optimized environmental controls for greater radiation utilization, the concept of efficient utilization of available solar radiation within the entire environment is of great importance. This is accomplished in biotic systems primarily through polyculture/Permaculture. In traditional agriculture, the cultivated plants are the same height—each one results in shade for the plants growing in the surroundings. In nature, polycultures such as forests have many plants growing at different levels, which take advantage of the light available at different heights. Different plants have adapted to have different photosynthetic requirements; some need full shade, some need partial shade, and some need full sunlight to grow properly. Through the proper selection of plants, it is possible to create a Permaculture cultivation system that uses practically all available light before it reaches the ground and is dissipated. Even more advantageous is the use of perennial plants in these systems, which do not need continuous planting and soil preparation (plowing), typical needs of conventional agriculture. Permaculture productive forest systems have shown vastly improved biomass yields in annual systems and little or no input once stabilized. As a by-product of the improved ability to capture solar radiation, the ability to convert CO2 to biomass is another considerable benefit compared to annual agriculture. Annually, photosynthetic organisms convert about 100-115 billion tons of carbon into biomass, a reduced number with current annual conventional agricultural practices.
[0114] In addition to biotic methods to capture and utilize solar radiation fluxes, abiotic systems can convert solar radiation into usable forms, such as electricity, which is useful for system processes. This can be done through conventional means such as photovoltaic (PV) solar panels and solar concentrators coupled to thermal machines using cycles such as Atkinson cycle, Brayton cycle, Carnot cycle, Diesel cycle, Ericsson cycle, Lenoir cycle and Rankine cycle.
[0115] Another useful aspect of the environmental resource and exergy management system includes managing the levels of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. From reducing unwanted levels of radiation to introducing desired types of radiation, managing these levels creates new possibilities in process control. Examples include moderating levels of electromagnetic frequencies, including radio frequencies (EMF/RF/electromagnetic pollution) and UVA and UVB rays, or directing UVA and UVB to eliminate pathogens, altering magnetic fields (such as those affecting biological organisms, including shark repulsion ), activating catalysts or reagents, introducing Schumann resonance frequency and/or irradiation to stimulate organisms, sterilization, elimination of pathogens, processing of electron beams and processing of seeds and food.
[0116] Hydrological Cycles: the system retains (storages/captures/exchanges) qualities of several cycles, such as daily or seasonal cycles, in order to capture the incorporated energy and moderate the desired quality and fluid levels. Water within the system can be circulated through water treatment systems to produce desired goals while maximizing resource utilization.
[0117] Knowing that contaminants are generally eliminated in wastewater, it is beneficial to have two or more possible drains — one for a source free of contaminants and one or more for waste streams containing contaminants. For source segregation, some embodiments may have a specific drain for each type of contaminant; others may use an event-based system that can be selected for attributes such as size and quality. Still, other realizations can segregate waste streams based on temporal cycles and event controllers. This concept will be further explained in the operations section.
[0118] Conventional methods of nutrient removal in municipal sewage generally involve treatment with a constant source of oxygen, through an energy-intensive aeration process. This process degrades organic matter into smaller molecules (CO2, NH3, PO4, etc.) through a bio-oxidation process that uses microorganisms such as bacteria.
[0119] A potential realization using algae systems can efficiently remove nutrients and minimize the energy intensive aeration of conventional processes by employing photosynthesis as a continuous source of oxygen. This bio-oxidation produces carbon dioxide that algae can sequester during photosynthesis to produce additional biomass.
[0120] Certain realizations of this system described in the operating section below enable previously unavailable options and benefits to provide an optimal growth environment for algae, which makes it possible to recover purified water through the processes of evaporation, evapotranspiration and condensation. Condensed water can be cleaned and transformed into drinking water after suitable conventional processes.
[0121] The management of the process air dehumidification system can be performed in a potential realization through a condensation process, as the air flows through temperature gradients (directly coupled to the thermal mass or through a heat exchanger ). This can be complemented with dehumidification using a heat pump, i.e., refrigerant dehumidification, removing moisture with adsorbent systems, i.e., adsorbent/absorbent, or simply mixing moist air with dry air, i.e., dehumidification in a air. Achievements using desiccant dehumidification systems offer a low energy consumption alternative that can be regenerated through energy conservation methods.
[0122] As the air is dehumidified, the ability to perform evaporative cooling is improved. The cooling effects can be improved in some embodiments by capturing the heat produced during adsorption and then reintroducing moisture into the air using, for example, an evaporative climate control.
[0123] Matter Cycles: The inputs of matter and energy increase the options available in the system. Ideally, symbiotic cycles recycle compounds, such as phosphorus, until they are no longer practical (due to dilution, contamination, etc.) to recycle and the effluent is destined for external waste treatment systems. Of primary interest are the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen and their various combinations, which make up all but 1% of living creatures (Design with Nature, Ian L. McHarg, 1971, The Falcon Press). These elements — like carbon stored in plants — can be recovered through biochemical and thermochemical processes (burning, pyrolysis, and anaerobic and aerobic digestion, including fermentation, composting, or fungal decomposition).
[0124] The biomass production cycle generally consists of growing, harvesting, transporting, processing, using and recycling. When using biomass, it is preferable to consider the concept of exergy destruction and observe the quality of materials, first extracting and using high-value products such as medicinal substances, polymers for plastics and food for living organisms, before further conversion of the biomass. Structural exergy decays as ordered long molecules are converted to gaseous particles (ie, biogas) and should be delayed when possible for the benefit of direct conversion to energy products. Therefore, the next logical step, whenever possible, is the direct use of materials such as wood, starch and cellulose before conversion, commonly through anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion or gasification into chemical raw materials for uses such as bioplastics and fuels. transport. Where possible, the heat and energy released from these processes are used immediately when converted to work (such as electricity), using it for environmental or process conditioning or, as a last resort, storing it if possible. The last step is to close the loop by reusing released minerals and compounds to ensure a continuous and sustainable supply of biomass in the future.
[0125] Modern large-scale algal biomass production/bioreactor systems can be divided into open or closed systems. Open systems consisting of commercial scale ponds are inefficient in land use as algal blooms block sunlight, so larger areas are needed. They also make handling difficult due to different environmental conditions, especially in winter. Also, as algae are diluted in water, harvesting becomes expensive. Furthermore, the open nature of lagoons often prevents them from having the levels of purity needed to produce the algae varieties for food and pharmaceuticals. Closed systems offer significant advantages in obtaining uncontaminated biomass for the extraction of high value biomolecules and maximum utilization and sequestration of CO2. This is an important consideration, as the CO2 purchased for commercial algae production typically constitutes 40% of raw material costs (Molina Grima et al., 2003).
[0126] For these reasons, a new and innovative closed photoperiod algae bioreactor system has been designed, which benefits optimally from the characteristics of certain embodiments. The consumption and production of heat within the system allows the algae bioreactor growth system with photoperiod for thermal conditioning and matter inputs to utilize light radiation to process waste streams.
[0127] In the urban environment, urine is the fraction of waste containing the greatest amounts of nutrients, although it makes up a comparatively small portion of wastewater. Urine contains approximately 70% of the nitrogen and 50% of the phosphorus and potassium of total household waste and effluents. As such, urine provides an excellent growth nutrient for algae. When sufficient nutrients are supplied to a potential realization, whether from urine or other processes such as effluent from fermentation and anaerobic digestion, in combination with optimal temperature and CO2 levels, an exponential increase in algae growth rates is possible. .
[0128] As CO2 represents such an important cost of algae production, a new and innovative approach to its generation was created using a mushroom mycelium production system. Mushroom mycelium produces between 3000-5000 ppm of consistent CO2 in its environment, which has been used in the past to supplement CO2 enrichment for greenhouses, as the mycelium degrades organic matter. In addition, an innovative airflow adjustment can be made to extract excess CO2 production without affecting the viability of the mycelium. This creates an adjustable source of CO2 that provides additional benefits.
[0129] Studies have shown that enzymes contained in selected varieties of fungi degrade cellulosic materials. This process provides the initial enzymatic hydrolysis needed to transform complex cellulose into simple sugars, which can then be fermented and distilled to produce ethanol or increase biogas production in anaerobic digestion. Mycelium biomass can also be used in many other uses, such as animal feed or to manufacture building materials such as insulation, filter mesh, concrete forms and packaging materials, such as Eben Bayer's pioneering product EcoCradle. In addition, mushrooms can concentrate several nutrients and contaminants (such as heavy metals), enabling mycomediation, a form of bioremediation of the initial substrate. Furthermore, mycelial webs can act as biological filters, reducing or eliminating agents such as E. coli.
[0130] Essential for the production of mycelium is the composting of the initial organic raw material. This feedstock is often supplemented with other basic components such as protein-rich plant materials and fertilizer to increase microbial populations and the nitrogen content of the feedstock. After providing adequate aeration and physical preparation of these materials, a compost period occurs at temperature ranges from 49 to 66 °C. Typically, it is carried out outdoors in an uncontrolled environment, resulting in uneven temperatures and areas of restricted aeration. Although uniformity in temperature and aeration is crucial in the proper preparation of the mushroom growing medium, it is extremely difficult to achieve using conventional methods.
[0131] One potential realization provides a contained environment that distributes these temperatures evenly (using radiant surfaces/crosslinked polyethylene tubing/proper mix/etc.) across the culture medium and provides an oxygenated flow (optionally from the outlet of a algae photobioreactor) to ensure the medium is properly pasteurized and free of most mushroom pests and diseases. In addition, process emissions can be biologically treated to reduce odors typically associated with conventional compost production and possibly reuse them as additional nutrients.
[0132] Further processing of biomass may involve different thermal conditioning systems. Thermochemical processing is based on pyrolysis, which includes all chemical changes resulting from the application of heat in the absence of oxygen. The end products resulting from thermochemical processing are carbonaceous solids, oils or tars, and synthesis gases consisting of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and often carbon dioxide. Pyrolysis is usually carried out quickly or slowly depending on the input materials — larger materials take longer to reach the required temperature. Processing at temperatures below 450 °C produces essentially carbonized biomass (“biochar”), while temperatures above 800 °C produce mainly synthesis gases. Intermediate temperatures produce pyrolytic oil (also known as bio-oil) as illustrated in FIG. 14. Bio-oil is formed from incomplete degradation and can also be produced in the presence of small amounts of oxygen followed by rapid cooling. It can be processed to produce fuels (such as methanol) and chemicals such as styrene and linear alkanes similar to conventional plastics. Anhydrous pyrolysis can also be used to produce a diesel-like liquid fuel from plastic waste. In these gasification processing systems, conditioning using process heat and stored heat can be applied.
[0133] Another method of processing biomass involves using a catalyst, such as the metallic catalyst developed by Dr. Lann D. Schmidt at the University of Minnesota, which operates under atmospheric pressure inside a reactor to produce an autothermal reaction that results in catalytic oxidation partial to produce a synthesis gas in tens of milliseconds without significantly accumulating solid carbon (char) in the catalyst.
[0134] Energy Systems: resources are converted into energy products, mainly through fermentation processes, gasification, biogas production, conversions to thermal energy, photovoltaic processes, harnessing kinetic energy, pressure changes and photosynthesis.
[0135] Key factors to consider in the design of integrated power systems include whether to balance the site's demand pattern for its variability over time as well as in terms of end use; the daily, weekly and monthly peaks can be many times the average. Due to the technology of renewable energy sources, most have a low degree of operational elasticity. In order to meet peak demand, individual technologies often require bulky storage systems and/or large facilities. Integration between end-use points and energy sources optimizes the balance between energy demand and supply. For a correct design it is necessary to consider the behavior simultaneously in relation to inputs and different users. Due to the availability of the amounts of energy involved, special models can simulate the behavior of the energy system in order to determine the best combination of processes in relation to the available energy sources.
[0136] Diffuse environmental energy can be captured, used and optionally stored for process conditioning by managed systems. Heat exchangers eliminate or reduce the need for heat pumps. Thermal energy can be transformed from a heat source into mechanical work and electrical forms. This can be done in a number of ways, including using a thermoelectric power generator, a prime mover power system, or through processes such as those governed by the Brayton cycle or the Rankine cycle for power.
[0137] Heat pumps and Carnot cycle operations are conventional in nature, and bring possible improvements to the temperature gradient and entropy storage system. The main thermo-acoustic heating engine works by converting heat into sound waves that can be transformed into energy using piezoelectric materials that are compressed in response to pressure, including sound waves, turning that pressure into electrical current. These piezoelectric materials are typically located within a cylindrical-shaped resonator, preferably forming a ring structure, so that the pressure and velocity of the indoor air will remain synchronized in the absence of sound wave reflection. The size of the resonator is preferably sized to match the frequency of the sound to synchronize with that of the piezoelectric matrix — through longer resonator cylinders that respond to lower sounds, and through shorter cylinders that respond to higher sounds. Higher sounds may be preferred as they may be out of reach of human hearing. Electrical voltage is produced as sound pressure compresses the piezoelectric device.
[0138] Benefits include no moving parts, resulting in minimal longevity and maintenance. Typically, the volume of sound decreases as heat is converted to electricity. Increasing the air pressure inside the resonator decreases the necessary temperature differential between the heat exchangers that create the convective flow of the thermosiphon inside the resonator. It is possible to increase the efficiency of converting heat to sound by optimizing the geometry and insulation of the acoustic resonator, and by directly injecting the appropriate thermal conditioning.
[0139] Another potential realization for harnessing energy from heat flow uses pressure differences during phase change to capture potential energy, such as when a liquid changes phase and expands into a gas. This is commonly practiced with the production of water vapor in order to move a turbine and produce electricity. Through the use of materials that change phases under the influence of different transformation temperatures, it is possible to arrange them in temperature gradients so that the heat energy flow through the system can be used to create pressure differentials that can be used for the production of work and for the production of energy.
[0140] Management System: The management system provides the analysis of information about the reciprocal exchanges of energy and mass flows within the system, in order to benefit qualities such as temperature levels, pH values, atmospheric conditions, concentrations of gases, water levels and radiation levels. This enables the most efficient processes, such as bioreactors and/or biorefining, storage of waste heat from the process, and the control and redirection of exergy flows.
[0141] Taking into account the principle of exergy, the importance of information for maintaining a dissipative structure becomes apparent. Ideally, the management system would be based on models found in nature, using biomimicry as a fundamental principle. Ecosystems are the ultimate expression of biomimicry processes. A natural ecosystem is a community of living organisms, together with biotic and abiotic components, interacting as a system that typically operates within defined limits. Ecosystems are defined based on the network of interactions between organisms, and between organisms and their environment. They are linked together to maximize reciprocal symbiotic relationships that benefit all organisms using available entropy levels and resources. Ecosystems create an optimized environment that provides homeostatic regulation of cascading matter and energy flows.
[0142] Expanding on these ideas, Claude Bernard conceived the concept of “Milieu intérieur”, or interior environment, “milieux intérieur” in French. Bernard summarized his idea as follows: ■ The invariability of the environment presupposes a perfection of the organism in such a way that external variations are, at every moment, compensated and balanced... All vital mechanisms, however varied, always have a objective: to maintain the uniformity of living conditions in the indoor environment... The stability of the indoor environment is the condition for a free and independent life.
[0143] Taking as a model the self-organized biological systems, they can be seen as dissipative structures, far from thermodynamic equilibrium, being able to evolve to higher levels of organization. In order to fulfill this requirement, while efficiently dissipating/using available energy, it is necessary to minimize the entropy production, or in other words, minimize the rate of entropy increase.
[0144] Self-organized systems minimize the production of entropy through the use of information. This information can be used to create a coherent system to minimize variational free energy (where variational free energy is a function of outcomes, and its density is a probability of causes). In order to minimize variational free energy, the system places limits on entropy production. It does this by actively interfering with system processes. This active interference is preferably in compliance with the principle of least action. Regardless of the legitimacy of applying a Markov blanket within ergodic assumptions to model self-organizing systems, the minimum action principle and placing limits on entropy production are notable goals for the management system.
[0145] As such, the function of the system's internal states is information dependent. Information structures the organization systems from which the organization emerges. It is the order that enables attributes such as (self-)scaled stability, resilience, autonomy, sustainability, and, finally, a stable dissipative structure. Dissipative structures highlight the coexistence of change and stability. The exergy and environmental management system features provide a standardized form to create a steady state as large amounts of energy flow through the system. It is through the management system that the limits of entropy production are established, linking the self-sustaining circular flow return circuits together.
[0146] It is with this information that the management system makes the decisions to change the attributes of thermal management, atmospheric optimization, radiation controls, hydrological systems, material flows, energy systems and systems built to in order to form an autopoietic ecosystem. It is the management system that processes information against the processing of energy/matter produced by other systems.
[0147] The proper operation of the management system in order to form an autopoietic system is based on compatible models with autonomous systems, dissipative structures and living systems. Two models relevant to the proper operation of the system include Arthur Koestler's holon philosophy and James Grier Miller's Living Systems Theory. Without wanting to digress into philosophy, some of the more pertinent ideas include:
[0148] Living systems are inherently open systems, with dynamic flows of energy/matter and information. In a given situation, information refers to the degrees of freedom that exist to choose between symbols, signs and messages. Within these systems there is a hierarchy of subsystems, each more advanced or at a "higher" level consisting of lower level systems. These are the subsystems that process the inputs, effective transfer rates, and outputs of various forms of energy/matter and information. Each subsystem usually has a simple task to perform, and only requires a relatively simple control mechanism in relation to the centralized control/administration system from which information flows bidirectionally between them. Finally, dynamic balances between the many processes are achieved, being identifiable as balanced flows, or steady state.
[0149] With these concepts, in some realizations, the unity of the system can be produced by the system itself, because the system's symbiotic cycles work in reciprocity and decentralized autonomy through a holistic approach, that is, replicating the patterns of nature about " residue” from a production activity that will become a resource for another. The global production cycle optimally reduces system waste, and recovers nutrients that would otherwise be lost to the environment — causing greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced by capturing methane and carbon dioxide from the system as well as reducing volatile nitrogen, for example. Organic growth can be accomplished in a balanced way by engaging additional cycles and processes.
[0150] Built Systems: built systems act to structurally couple the external environment with the primary systems of thermal management, atmospheric optimization, radiation control, hydrological cycles, materials cycles, energy systems, and systems management is the interface that allows for an optimized engineering environment, which optimally provides the homeostatic regulator of cascading matter and energy flows.
[0151] The construction systems that allow the functioning of the autopoietic system may consist of autopoietic components — mechanistic systems in which the product of their operation is different from the components and processes that created them (just as one product may not be the same as another of the assembly line that produced it).
[0152] The built systems enable internal processes, such as energy recovery from internal processes, possibly including pressure changes as stated earlier in the sections on atmosphere and energy. Local production of biomass at source reduces transport costs to processing plants.
[0153] The structural linkage of systems can offer multiple functions. Glasses can double as surfaces for capturing rainwater, sloping surfaces can work for the capture/concentration of solar energy, living space towers can extend as solar capture structures, shade awnings can provide space for biomass growth, and connected pathways can serve as transport networks for people, utilities and material transport. These concepts will be expanded on in the operation section below.
[0154] As described in the description and advantages section, the eight interconnected primary systems that are needed to build an autopoietic ecosystem will be described in their operational modes. THERMAL MANAGEMENT OPERATION
[0155] An embodiment that uses thermal management works by coupling energy producers and consumers with thermal reservoirs as illustrated in FIG. 8. Looking at illustration 2 & 3, there are eight different possible levels of interchange, in illustration 9 there are 13 possible levels. To easily understand how these heat exchange levels operate in cascade, it is convenient to look at another example of a cascade system that operates not with temperature differences but with pressure differences. When filling scuba tanks with pressurized air, it is common practice to use multiple compressed air tanks in a cascade storage system. These large compressed air reservoirs contain different air pressures.
[0156] Take as an example five air tanks with air pressures of 150 psi, 500 psi, 1000 psi, 2000 psi and 3500 psi. A scuba tank needs to be recharged. This tank will have an initial pressure. If it is out of air, it will first be connected to the 150 psi air reservoir where the pressure is allowed to flow to the low pressure tank until the pressures equal in the range between the two initial pressures. It is then connected to the 500 psi tank, where it is filled until the pressures are equal. Likewise, this continues to the 1000 psi, 2000 psi tank, and finally to the 3500 psi tank, where a check valve disconnects the tank at 3000 psi. In this way, the potential energy contained within each air reservoir is capable of doing useful work, although it is not at the highest reservoir potential energy of 3500 psi. This extends the useful work done to a given volume of air. This extension in usable energy for this pressure system is analogous to the exergy conservation nature of the cascade thermal reservoir system.
[0157] Now consider a scuba tank that needs to fill up to 700 psi. There would be a bypass link for both the 150 psi and 500 psi tanks, which would connect to the 1000 psi air tank, followed by the 2000 psi air tank, then the 3500 psi air tank. This would keep energy within the lower pressure reservoirs, while utilizing the pressure available in each of the other air reservoirs (instead of, for example, going directly to the 3500 psi tank). This cascade system offers many advantages and is the commercial standard in compressed air supply systems.
[0158] When in use, the thermal reservoir system operates in a similar manner to a cascade. Through the use of multiple reservoirs of different temperatures, aligned according to the increasing or decreasing temperature, it is possible to heat and/or cool the heat inputs that correspond more closely to a given thermal reservoir. Likewise, it is possible to use cascade levels to heat or cool reservoirs in order to gradually change ambient temperatures, thus minimizing the increase in entropy in the system and maximizing exergy.
[0159] An example of such a temperature cascade system connects a fluid (air) with a single thermal mass of sensible heat. This coupling is facilitated by a thin wire heat exchanger (described in detail in the hydrological section below). This heat exchanger is extremely efficient at transferring heat at typical ambient temperatures, with only a single temperature differential in degrees Celsius and only a single pass between the coupled media. Using this heat exchanger to connect air at 8 °C to a heat reservoir at 30 °C would result in air leaving the heat exchanger at a temperature of 29 °C. If a heat sensitive thermal reservoir were added at 20 °C and connected to a cascade of temperatures within a duct, air would now exit this first exchanger at 19 °C. It would then enter the second reservoir and again exit at 29 °C. In this exchange, the temperature drop of the final reservoir would be smaller after the heat exchanger, as the temperature differential was smaller (heating air at 19 °C , as opposed to the initial 8°C). In this way, the exergy is conserved in a similar way to the example on the filling of the diving tank.
[0160] Now consider a thermosiphon where a fluid system based on differential heating circulates to establish a flow triggered by buoyancy, in order to transport thermal energy. It works by removing heat from a source and transporting the heat and mass along a path and rejecting the heat or mass to a designated sink.
[0161] Expanding on the previous example, consider the same initial temperature as the initial air of 8 °C, which flows through a duct that has a third additional reservoir at 10 °C. After the first change, the air temperature is 9 °C, after the second change it is 19 °C, after the last change it is 29 °C. In the same way that the change in the exergy level before and after the first exchange with the 10 °C reservoir is small, the thermosiphon generated between these two is also small. In fact, the thermosiphon will likely no longer have sufficient buoyancy to facilitate changeover. Through the series arrangement of temperatures cascading over heat exchange within a duct, the greater heating differential will drive the thermosiphon. When operating between a temperature gradient between 8 °C and 30 °C in a flue reservoir, additional heat exchanges will be activated, thus increasing the flow of thermal exergy through the system. This is a particularly useful new feature that can be used in many system functions.
[0162] In the following example, other benefits of using a reservoir system for thermal exchange in cascade will be explored. Looking at illustration 9, there are 13 hot and cold reservoirs. On the left side is a cold reservoir marked 6. This is the coldest reservoir and is surrounded by six other reservoirs (5 to 0) with increasing temperatures. On the right side is a reservoir marked 6 hot. This is the hottest reservoir and is surrounded by six other reservoirs (5 to 0). Reservoir 0 is the midpoint between hot and cold reservoirs. These reservoirs can be labeled C6 (6 cold), C5, C4, C3, C2, C1, 0, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5 and H6, and assigned the temperatures. These temperatures are typically associated with the maximum temperature extremes experienced by the system. For a system that has solar concentrators and experiences cold winter weather, C6 might be at -15°F (-26°C) and H6 at 500°F (260°C). For illustrative purposes, the following temperatures can be assigned to thermal reservoirs: C5= 0°F. (-18°C.), C4=15°F. (-9°C.), C3=32°F. (0°C.), C2=45°F. (7°C.), C1=60°F. (16°C.). The zero reservoir would be variable with temperatures between C1 and H1, H1=80° F. (27° C.), H2=115° F. (46° C.), H3=150° F. (66° C.) , H4=225°F., (107°C.), H5=400°F. (204°C.), H6=572°F. (300°C).
[0163] Examples of using these reservoirs on a cold winter day at a temperature of -20°F (-29°C), where air is directed through the system until it exchanges heat, adding cold air to the C6 until the reservoir is full (via a phase change process) where it then starts to fill the other cold storage reservoirs, C5, C4, C3, C2, C1 and then optionally the zero reservoir. These phase-changing materials in the reservoirs would be filled to their respective isothermal levels. The zero reservoir would normally have stored sensible heat, so it could be adapted to the needs of the system. Other sensible heat stores could be covered by latent heat isothermal phase exchange materials. On a winter day, the air can be at 25°F (-4°C), where it would be directed through the system until it exchanges heat with C3 until it is full and subsequently fills C2, C1, and optionally the reservoir zero. On that same winter day, snow covers the structure. This snow thermal exergy at 32°F (0°C) can be used to recharge reservoir C2 by coupling with radiant surfaces that charge that reservoir while melting snow. This would result in snow removal and water creation. The water could then flow, preferably through the force of gravity (which is preferably given through elevation so that the warmer reservoir is higher while the cooler is lower) along the entire roof structure, where it would flow into reservoir C3 (and optionally the secondary local heat reservoir - which is equivalent to C3), where just before insertion, it exchanges heat with air at 25°F (-4°C), and is cooled to the appropriate temperature for the intended container (C2, 32°F ./0°C).
[0164] On a hot summer day at 90°F (32°C), air would be directed through the heat exchanger system with H1 and optionally the zero reservoir. It would avoid the interface with the cold reservoir to avoid the reduction of cold storage. Solar concentrators would fill H6 on cloudless days, when optimal sunlight levels would allow maximum temperatures to be achieved. After filling reservoir H6, it would subsequently charge H5, H4, H3, H2, H1, and optionally reservoir zero. On cloudy days, solar concentrators are only able to charge the reservoirs at the lowest temperature levels.
[0165] The system's internal processes would use specific reservoirs. The pyrolysis of wood would use the H6 as well as a sodium-sulfur battery (preferably co-located with the H6) in order to maintain operating temperatures. Zeolite adsorption refrigeration and dehumidification systems would use the H4 to dehydrate the medium and then send the resulting steam through subsequent heat exchangers. Preferably, a thermosiphon would be used within a conduit with H3, H2 and H1 forming a matrix of a series of cascading temperature gradients. Heat exchangers in H3, H2 and H1 would recover process heat and condense water vapor. The composting system processes could be started first by coupling to H2 and then thermally stabilizing as the exothermic process charges the H3. Anaerobic digesters would operate in thermophilic mode binding to H3, or to H2 for mesophilic operation. Pasteurization requiring processing could link to H3 or directly to the exothermic composting process which is thermally buffered by H3. Pasteurization through binding to H3 could also be achieved on all internal radiant surfaces in order to sterilize an entire structure (which could prove useful for eliminating unwanted components from bed bugs to bacteria). Inoculation of the mycelium would occur at substrate temperature stabilized by H1. Domestic hot water would be heated first by H1 and then by H2. Conditioned habitable interior space could utilize H1, zero reservoir, and C1. A refrigeration could connect to C2 and a refrigerator to C5. Reservoir C3 could be an ice skating rink.
[0166] The system would be able to supply the processes through the reservoir with the closest and lowest potential energy available. For simplicity, in the examples above there are large intervals between temperatures. Ideally, to conserve exergy, each consumer and producer would be covered by a thermal reservoir located just above/below their operating temperature. Fortunately, there are many materials where isothermal phase change is possible. A material that changes phases in temperature increments was developed by PureTemp (www.puretemp.com). It is very compatible with the components of the biotic system, since it is a non-toxic vegetable oil. These vegetable oils could potentially be generated by the processes of the exergy system and environmental resource management system - creating another component of the autopoietic system.
[0167] The design of thermal reservoirs can include several elements, for example, multiple reservoirs whose arrangement in relation to the heat exchangers forms a temperature gradient. Typically, these elements are arranged in a series arrangement to form a cascading array. It may also be useful to arrange those elements for operation in a parallel arrangement in order to allow local processes or for processes such as the superheating of phase-changing materials. This overheating allows the latent heat reservoirs to operate normally with sensible heat exchange between reservoirs that could improve the thermal flux flow through the cascade matrix. This could be coupled to larger reservoirs to stabilize and provide limits to the temperature gradient, or alternatively the reservoirs could be actively linked in relation to heat exchangers coupled to the management system in order to preserve the increasing/decreasing temperature gradient in response to changes in reservoir temperature. In this way, the integration of sensitive thermal reservoirs can be accommodated without degrading the nature of the cascade matrix.
[0168] In FIG. 13, and its subcomponents, FIGURES 10, 11 and 12, these temperature reservoirs are illustrated through the elements constructed to create a human-centered autopoietic ecosystem. Looking at the 13 reservoirs, which ideally would be constructed so that the H6 is the highest, and the C6 the lowest in order to allow for passive convection currents.
[0169] The system shown includes multiple reservoirs. In these illustrations, the phase change reservoirs would be located within the structures. Additional reservoirs, such as the fish ponds in FIG. 11 would meet the needs of internal processes. The patios between the structures are preferably geothermally linked to system heat exchangers, and act as additional thermal reservoirs. In addition, coupled oceans, lagoons, lakes, lagoons, rivers, streams and streams (referred to simply as watercourses) could also act as additional thermal reservoirs forming a thermal buffer that could reduce damage caused by early frost and create zones of unique microclimate for each patio and structure.
[0170] The typical nocturnal cooling of the Earth's surface produces cold dense air adjacent to the ground. The buildings segregate the courtyards (being bounded by structures on all sides), creating a thermocline (or inversion layer) in the atmosphere surrounding the courtyard, and the cooler, denser air falls to the ground. The existence of watercourses within the closed yards can create a thermal differential with the air, resulting in a convection air cycle that disturbs the thermocline. By adjusting the temperature of the water flow in the thermal storage vessel, it is possible to affect these convective currents, and change the air temperature inside the system. When connected with heat producers, consumers and other thermal reservoirs, these watercourses provide a convenient way of controlling the climate for plants.
[0171] The layout of the watercourses inside the patios can be optimized in order to perform several functions. Having a simple circular lake creates the least amount of transitional edge between water and land for a given surface area. By changing the shape, you can add more plants around the water's edge and experience several benefits. One embodiment would have a serpentine shape back and forth with the water edges of neighboring plants (as illustrated in FIG. 17). This layout provides several potential benefits in that surrounding vegetation provides shade over waterways, reducing sun exposure, radiation, algae growth and evaporation losses. Watercourses can also provide many other benefits such as additional water storage, increasing habitat (ie for waterfowl and aquaculture), providing irrigation and wastewater treatment through the use of rebuilt wetlands.
[0172] Proper system engineering takes into account elevation changes within and between yards. The design for convective exergy flows combined with the eight ways of passage between the patios allows air to flow between the patios where the cooler air flows to the lowest elevation. FIGS. 14 and 15 illustrate these corridors at the intersection of angular units of the greenhouse with the north/south structure of the greenhouse mounted on top. These corridors could be thought of as system actuators and offer features such as gates acting as valves to confine in response to negative feedback, or fans increasing flows in response to positive feedback. Furthermore, these corridors could have several types of heat exchangers to thermally couple these flows to the thermal reservoirs.
[0173] Other salient features include in-ground geothermal storage yards. Shallow geothermal reservoirs are highly susceptible to precipitation, which can remove high soil temperatures and direct them to the water table. A particular way of combating water intrusions is illustrated in FIGURES 10 and 13, in which the patio with the highest temperature, H6 in relation to FIG. 9, is covered by a greenhouse. Another method to treat water intrusion is to use vegetative structures that could be constructed to direct water away from geothermal areas. Through ecological engineering, various microclimates can be established in these yards, which could extend seasonal growth and make possible the production of plants that are not normally adapted to local climatic conditions.
[0174] Exergy can be refreshed through energy additions. Examples relating to thermal levels include ore refining and pasteurization where structural exergy is enhanced through thermal potencies. Pasteurization is traditionally thought of as heating above 65°C (149°F) in order to kill all germs, viruses and parasites. However, freezing is also a viable option. Management of thermal systems can moderate these changes over time to ensure proper processing. In the case of fish used in sushi, for example, it could be frozen at an ambient temperature of -4°F (-20°C) or lower for 7 days (total time), or alternatively, be frozen at a temperature ambient temperature of -31°F (-35°C) or less until hard, followed by storage at an ambient temperature of -31°F (-35°C) or less for 15 hours for pasteurization time be enough to kill the parasites.
[0175] The thermal storage system provides many benefits for aquaculture + hydroponics (aquaponics), the operation of which will be discussed in more detail below. ATMOSPHERIC OPTIMIZATION OPERATION
[0176] The realizations that manage atmospheric systems ideally operate through the biotic and abiotic methods. The abiotic method of dehumidification using a desiccant such as zeolite is explored in the hydrological section below. In addition to absorbing H2O, materials such as zeolite can also be used to absorb, enrich, or separate CO2, SO2, oxygen, nitrogen gases from an air stream.
[0177] To cool the zeolite as it becomes saturated with nitrogen, compressed air (potentially supplied from the phase change as described in the energy section) is diverted to a secondary zeolite chamber where the process is repeated. This allows nitrogen from the zeolite to be released from the first chamber. By alternating the pressure in the two chambers, a steady supply of enriched oxygen and nitrogen is produced as the zeolite continually regenerates. This nitrogen stream will also contain high levels of CO2 and other waste gases. The molecular sieve aspects of the zeolite a gas separation and concentration process can also be used with the algae photobioreactor (RBAF), which further improves the quality of the gas and whose processes will be described later.
[0178] As mentioned earlier, other abiotic methods of atmospheric optimization involve the use of catalysts to modify the characteristics of air and/or water (such as reducing or eliminating VOCs, NOX and SOX generated during the production of biogas). A new and innovative method for using photocatalysis is an air current that passes across a surface due to a thermal siphon effect, which contains a photocatalyst, such as titanium dioxide. When connected to the thermal reservoirs described above, the air stream continues to flow when the airspace is either warmer (carrying the reservoir) or colder (taking heat from the reservoir). In this way, the heat flux allows the fluid to be conducted through the surface of the photocatalyst.
[0179] An embodiment that manages the atmospheric system operates from biotic methods using a photoperiod algal bioreactor that generates O2 and sequesters CO2, reducing or eliminating photoperiod with VOCs, NOX and SOX. Enrichment in CO2 can be provided through mycelium as mentioned above. APBR output can improve dissolved oxygen (DO) in aquaculture production systems. The operation of these systems will be explained in the sections below.
[0180] Another embodiment of the atmospheric system uses the known effect of microbial growth on plant roots to filter the air (Pat. No. 5,853,460). In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, air is conducted through the roots of plants growing in a hydroponic arrangement (preferably using aquaponics). Preferably, this air flows due to a convective cycle created by the temperature gradient with the thermal reservoir system. This airflow optimally provides the proper temperatures for the production of desired plants. As air flows from the roots, various toxins in the air, volatile organic compounds, radionuclides, etc., are removed and transformed into harmless substances that the plant removes from the environment.
[0181] In addition to addressing the issue of contaminants and air quality issues, atmospheric controls allow for more options regarding desired gas concentration levels. This can be particularly useful for changing plant attributes. For example, limiting CO2 to a plant decreases its ability to grow while also having the effect of creating a higher nutrient density. Combining inputs and outputs from system producers and consumers can create symbiotic combinations that affect plant enzymes and secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, polyketides and peptides. Through the activation of biotransformation, the management system offers a new level of process control.
[0182] All of these atmospheric processes are preferably used within a segregated atmospheric environment. This allows for independent operation of outdoor air quality that can be affected by factors such as outdoor industrial processes. In FIG. 18, the convection air circuit utilizes the staircase within the structure of FIG. 10. This is used for recirculation modes. With respect to the fresh air intakes, the stairs shown in FIG. 12 can be used to extract fresh air and also hot exhaust air in conjunction with the greenhouse vents. This fresh air intake can then be further conditioned using the aforementioned techniques. RADIATION CONTROL OPERATION
[0183] Many of the radiation controls within the system have been discussed in the previous sections, in particular biotic controls such as vegetation cover over watercourses, autotrophic production systems that use aquaponics, chinampas, permaculture and algae photobioreactors.
[0184] New abiotic components of radiation controls are illustrated in FIG. 13, and its subcomponents in FIGURES 10, 11, and 12. In FIG. 13, 20 towers with 9 floors can be seen. In FIG. 15, perspective is the orientation facing the sun. The back of these nine towers can act as a solar concentration tower for the focal points of the reflective surfaces. These reflective surfaces are located at the top of the three solar chimneys of the stairs illustrated in FIG. 12. The upper deck grid and other structural members can also be used as reflectors that can control (or be fixed) and direct sunlight to the rear of the towers which act as potential concentrators of solar energy. Another embodiment using an adjustable focal point that connects via cables to the top of the 3 towers forming a tripod is illustrated in FIG. 17. This would be similar in design to the beam steering mechanism for powering the Arecibo radio antenna in Pat. US No. 3,273,156. To save money and reduce the amount of equipment, sloping surfaces can be directed to towers or floating adjustable focal points contained in other courtyards.
[0185] The hexagonal construction design in FIG. 13 has greenhouses oriented north-south for one part of its structure and 30 degrees away from the local solar south (north solar in the southern hemisphere) for the other structural parts. This pattern provides optimal patterns of solar radiation. The total solar gain is only reduced by 10% on each of these angular structures relative to true solar south, but when used with fixed reflection points, the combination of the two sides allows the solar gain to be slightly higher (earlier during the morning and later at night). The connected design of these buildings also allows for the formation of light beams in optical light networks for communication purposes. Another embodiment could modulate the properties of sunlight in terms of communication through the use of a heliograph in conjunction with a radiation process controller.
[0186] The minimization of unwanted radiation can also be achieved through the careful and judicious use of radio frequencies (RF). Ideally, all systems would apply the precautionary principle and limit RF radiation. Furthermore, with the use of only devices with very low RF power, such as Bluetooth devices operating in class 2 (2.5 mW) or in class 3 (1 mW), using communication networks through optical light, the exposure to RF radiation can be significantly reduced. However, for communication outside of connected structures, radio waves can be very useful. A new way to do this is by creating a lighter-than-air platform on which radio communication equipment can be mounted. This equipment can operate via local line to remote communication points, reducing the power required and, by applying the inverse square law, emissions to structures can be significantly reduced. Terrestrial communication with the floating radio platform could be accomplished through a tethered cable, or through light modulation (such as LiFi), or through the use of a short wave (such as microwave) with a radio communication link located away from structures (such as centered in courtyards), which is connected via light-based communication (such as fiberglass) in order to limit exposure to FR. Other forms of radiation, such as EMF, from power distribution networks, could be addressed through preferential use of static magnetic field systems, such as DC power transmission, or through appropriate system engineering, such as use of shielding (ie conduit systems) for alternating current systems.
[0187] Other potential benefits of radiation through structural design are shown in FIG. 10 - a housing unit with an integrated greenhouse where the vegetation in the central section can be illuminated so that it can function as interior lighting. Also shown in FIGURES 10 and 11 are the fish ponds located at the rear of the structure. This design is important and beneficial in order to minimize the entry of light into the fish tanks, which would promote unwanted algae growth that would consume the ammonia from fish waste, which is normally used in contained plant growth beds. in the greenhouse.
[0188] Also illustrated in the figures cited above, is the appearance of the double coverage on the housing. The initial double-cover design literally created a box within a box, which reduced thermal losses by providing a thermal buffer zone around the structure. However, this came at a great additional expense. The main feature provided by these designs was the air circuit through the convective thermosiphon, which exchanged energy with the ground, usually the only thermal reservoir, but sometimes supplemented with a swimming pool in the greenhouse area. This provided a degree of thermal stability to the system, especially for large temperature gradients between the conditioned spaces and the outside environment, and reduced the heat flow within the conditioned spaces.
[0189] In this design, the double buffer zone has been preserved in the building's greenhouse space. The design enhances the original by using a staircase to move convective air streams past a thermal reservoir. In addition, the staircase connects to another staircase that can be used as a solar chimney if used in open mode (allowing the exchange of air with the outside environment). This design eliminates the original box-in-a-box design and associated costs, while still offering the same features. This can be an individual thermal reservoir or, preferably, a serial matrix cascading inside a conduit that can enhance heat exchanges and preserve the thermal exergy (temperature) of the energy carrier (air). In addition, the structural exergy of the energy carrier can be altered as moisture is condensed and/or absorbed by a rechargeable desiccant, with possible additional processes including catalytic surfaces, and filtration by physical means and/or plant roots such as illustrated in FIG. 4.
[0190] Other aspects of radiation control include interacting with building elements to restrict artificial or introduced solar radiation, such as grids, direct and concentrated light structures, thermochromic, photochromatic, electrochromic and photoelectrochromic technologies, and shadow grid retractable, in conjunction with radiation sensors, or through the input of the management system, in order to regulate against excessive radiation exposure to plants and internal processes. Weak solar radiation losses are controlled through well-insulated mylar thermal blankets and/or metal winding shutters/weather shutters, which protect against similar storms/threats. The need for supplementation of radiation processes is carried out through items such as fluorescent lamps, reflectors and light tubes.
[0191] Another potential embodiment would be to use the modulation of radiation within the system for communication purposes. This can include point-to-point optical communication in living spaces, using incoherent light sources (such as LEDs), which potentially have 10,000x the bandwidth of radio waves, to form an ad-hoc Li-Fi network . Another embodiment would be to use a heliograph in order to moderate the incident radiation properties for communication. Proper system engineering could address the known limitations of such systems by managing atmospheric absorption, rain, fog, snow, interference, flicker, shading, wind stability, and optical clarity (by reducing air pollution). Similar designs can cover the entire electromagnetic spectrum, including radio waves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray and Gamma rays.
[0192] Another potential embodiment that moderates radiation uses zeolite as a filter material to remove particles of radiation, preferably originating from a fluid that circulates in a thermosiphon, thus eliminating the need for exergy-fueled vehicular engines. OPERATION OF HYDROLOGICAL CYCLES
[0193] The system illustrated in diagrams 10-15 has many innovative features in relation to the hydrological cycle and the use of water exergy within the system. When considering water, it is convenient to think of inlets and outlets. Water can enter the system through various mechanisms, including rivers and streams, municipal water systems that are fed from reservoirs, and through precipitation.
[0194] A new aspect of the system is the ability to capture and store embedded energy during precipitation. Precipitation in summer has a much different temperature than that captured in winter. Through an interface with the temperature gradients of the thermal storage system, these properties can be captured and conserved separately from other aspects of the water, such as its quality parameters.
[0195] The use of rainwater is complemented by storage within the system. Water reservoirs double as thermal reservoirs and can be coupled to the matrix of thermal reservoirs in cascade. As water is used within the system, many new aspects will become possible based on the design of the systems.
[0196] Water is used in many processes, however, in the illustrated embodiment, its main use is in biological processes, including production, maintenance and molecular decomposition. One such process, illustrated in FIG. 10, is the production of cultures in hydroponic growing beds using nutrients from aquaculture, commonly referred to as aquaponics. Aquaponics works by using bacteria, specifically Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter, to convert ammonia into nitrite, 2 NH3+ 3 O2 turns into 2 NO2- + 2 H20 + 2 H + and then into nitrate where 2 NO2 -+1 O2 becomes turns into 2 NO3 - in order to replenish the nitrogen cycle.
[0197] Some of the new aspects related to this particular cultivation system include the management of the thermal system using fish ponds in the role of thermal reservoirs, to capture losses due to evaporation, evapotranspiration and potentially transpiration. In this embodiment, stairs are used as a conduit for air to flow in a thermosiphon circuit. This thermosiphon circuit improves thermal exchanges with thermal reservoirs because the fluid crosses multiple temperature gradients within a conduit. As the air temperature decreases through heat exchanges with the thermal reservoirs, the dew point is reached and water condenses, which can then be made available for additional system processes. In this way, it becomes possible to recover water typically lost to create a new agricultural practice system by recirculating water. This same process can be used to build a system for drying the silage, preserving food, etc.
[0198] Proper design of heat exchangers is important for proper system operation. Most surface heat exchangers are poor at transferring heat to air, only achieving a heat transfer coefficient of 20 W/m2K. This can be solved with other types of heat exchangers, such as the thin plate heat exchanger. However, through fin plate heat exchangers, when the spaces between the plates are too close to each other, water condenses and accumulates between the plates, and therefore has to be removed (often through the use of compressed air) in order to restore the heat transfer properties. Fortunately, there is an alternative design called a thin wire heat exchanger, in which the surface tension, even at zero contact angle, only allows the condensate to form very fine droplets, so the Stanton number does not change by response to condensation. This exchanger has been shown to be capable of transferring 300 W/m2K (according to www.fiwihex.nl) and is described in Pat. USA No. 5,832,992. In a properly handled and form-coupled system, this allows heat transfer with just a single temperature differential in degrees Celsius.
[0199] To reduce moisture levels below those achieved with the fine wire heat exchanger, another innovative process for humidification is possible using a desiccant such as zeolite. This desiccant can be used in a conventional wheel arrangement, allowing the desiccant chambers to recharge while the other is in use, either by coupling with a low humidity environment or by recharging at high temperatures. A new process for humidification is to use thermal reservoirs to recharge the saturated desiccant by creating a thermal exergy flow that increases in temperature through heat exchanges with multiple reservoirs with increasing temperature until the water inside the desiccant is saturated with steam turns into steam, is released and subsequently condensed into water through various heat exchanges, which, in turn, also serve to recapture thermal energy.
[0200] Other aspects of the environmental resource management and exergy system include maintaining the structural water exergy through segregation based on time and event type. Through the use of sufficiently segregated storage reservoirs, water can be stored incrementally, with time and event recording, and finally tested to verify its quality. The management system may offer additional segregation options. Since fluid storage space can be limited, it is possible to combine multiple events into a single reservoir. Predictive analytics is useful for determining the quality of water in a particular case so that it can be segregated and combined with other water of similar quality. Prediction can also be useful in determining the appropriate utilization of fluid levels in relation to reservoir reserves and predicted replacements in seasonal inputs.
[0201] A common example of such separation at source is black water and gray water. Segregation can be done in a number of ways, including direct user intervention, analysis of physical qualities, real or near real-time test analysis, data analysis (such as pollution index and industrial events, pesticide application) , and segregation of physical processes. Regarding gray and black water, this separation is done through the physical segregation process in the device itself, in which the sinks drain into the gray water tank and the toilet drains into the black water tank. This is a common practice in RVs where wastewater segregation reduces cleaning requirements and accommodates space for essential processes.
[0202] Unfortunately, while the segregation of wastewater into gray water and black water does not result in some benefits, it still results in the destruction of exergy, that is, water quality is degraded because high quality water mixes with wastewater from lower quality. A common example includes water that is wasted when the water temperature is expected to reach a desired level.
[0203] This water could have been reused for other purposes, but instead it is often mixed with contaminants that prevent the use of that water. Another example is the mixing of urine with faeces, generally considered to be a sterile medium high in nutrients. The benefits of segregation were realized using toilet bowls that promote urine diversion and through urinals. This segregation of urine from faeces has been found to be highly beneficial in compost toilets, as the liquid portion can be detrimental to the aerobic treatment of faeces. Considering wastewater as an exergy carrier, where each addition and input has unique quality characteristics, it becomes possible to create and control new processing methods. Using time and event principles based on segregation at source and transport to waste streams can improve quality and lower processing requirements, mitigating system entropy increases. Taking again the example of water flowing from a faucet until it becomes hot, the case of using water would be even more advantageous if it were divided over time to distinguish sub-events, for example, once the water becomes hot begin to be used and mixed with contaminants (such as surfactants/soap). This information can be used to route flows to reservoirs or secondary uses for user intervention, or appropriate automated processes. This can be accomplished through the operation of multiple drains or other segregation methods. These processes allow for a distinct and optimized processing system for a given contaminant, thus minimizing or eliminating additional downstream processes that must be increasingly complicated to treat a mixed waste.
[0204] When considering segregation based on events and sub-events, it becomes possible to distinguish waste streams between different processes, and types of users. Returning to the example of a urine diversion toilet, it may be advantageous to further segregate the waste stream. This is beneficial if urine is used as a nutrient that will enter the food system. Consider a particular person in a family who is taking an antibiotic or other pharmaceutical product. It is advantageous to segregate the waste stream differently from that of a healthy, unmedicated individual. The segregation event and time provides the ability to segregate other common contaminants such as fluoride from toothpaste-based products, petrochemicals such as drugs, antibiotics, cosmetics and lotions, heavy metals and artificial organic compounds, colloidal materials and suspended solid particles, which can infiltrate wastewater.
[0205] The management system could use these principles to segregate each event and combine related events for downstream processing_(to treat the same contaminant). An interesting example of this is managing waste streams based on the individual's diet. Urine and faeces could be separated based on an individual's food selection, resulting in higher rates of residual nutrients. This can change daily and lead to changes in waste exergy levels. By capturing this data and segregating waste streams, you can customize downstream processes and alter exergy streams.
[0206] In addition to segregating wastewater based on contaminants, thermal exergy can also be maintained in a similar way to that applied to rainwater. One method of doing this is through multiple drains that segregate material content based on temperature, alleviating the need for heat exchange between the conveyor and the thermal exergy reservoirs at the individual drain levels.
[0207] Wastewater remediation can be divided into three categories-- water of sufficient quality to feed a built-up wetland, water requiring treatment by engineering equipment, and wastewater requiring conventional treatment (eg, water reservoirs sedimentation with sub-surface drainage fields). These technologies can also be combined (eg separation of solids in settling tanks to reduce particulate matter, precipitation and water turbidity), processing liquids by living machines and final treatment through a wetland. Waste remediation is preferably carried out by the aforementioned aerobic, anaerobic catabolic processes, and by catalytic processes, in addition to bioremediation, phytoremediation, mycomediation, mycofiltration and other similar technologies. The information used by the management system can determine the appropriate responses that use waste processing to maintain optimal exergy flow through the system. OPERATION OF MATERIAL CYCLES
[0208] Material cycles involve anabolic (production) and catabolic (degradation and dissipation) processes. These processes can be divided into internal to the structures, or external to patios and surrounding managed areas.
[0209] In the courtyards, serpentine watercourses, fed by wetland treated wastewater streams, create a self-irrigation system once plant roots are established. Because the soil is moist and the capillary action of the water is rising through evaporation, the soluble nutrients are suspended and available to the roots - giving rise to plants in a perfect root zone environment. This is similar in function to the chinampas - created by the Mayans in Mexico, which was probably the most productive agricultural system created to date. With new thermal management improvements, wetlands can continue to function through the winter seasons, fixed-film ecologies that provide enlarged surface areas for microbes, and supporting beneficial bacteria in biofilms, and additional options can be made available in compatible species. for outdoor growing systems. Other cultivation systems within the courtyards are preferably based on principles of permaculture and ecological engineering, which create food systems such as food forests, functioning as ecosystems. The outdoor environment beyond the courtyards would be open for native species to colonize in parallel with the designs of ecological ecosystems - whose nature would be shared with human stewardship.
[0210] Internal anabolic processes include aquaponics, utilizing many aspects of the exergy system and the management of environmental resources for the production of fish and plants. In addition to the thermal and atmospheric aspects of aquaponics covered above, other important elements include the addition of fish food. This food supply is dependent on the type of fish, but must be composed of a balanced diet and composed of autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms for optimal health. This diet can include algae, other fish, worms and insects.
[0211] Another embodiment for anabolic production is the production of algae. This can be done externally around watercourses, or internally with photoperiod algal biological reactors (RBAF). External processes can benefit from the new thermal conditioning provided by the heat from the thermal reservoirs in order to extend production during cold periods. An example of internal processes is illustrated in FIG. 10 which features two sloped surfaces that are photoperiod algae biological reactors. The algae photobioreactor (RBAF) takes advantage of radiation (solar and/or artificial) for photosynthesis and provides oxidation for other cycles, thus increasing biomass. This system can integrate with the urine diversion options mentioned above, along with source segregation in order to choose between the two types of bioreactors depending on the particular event (voiding). As mentioned earlier, this can separate nutrients, and is intended to be recycled into the food stream (eg nutraceuticals or fish food) from nutrients that can include potential contaminants, which can be better utilized in the energy production through anaerobic digestion processes (to produce biogas), or further processing to separate carbohydrates and oil from algae for possible conversion to fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel.
[0212] In addition to anabolic processes, matter cycles also include catabolic processes. These processes are often symbiotic in nature. Take for example the production of fish feed. The production of fish feed can be dependent on a catabolic digestion process. A well-known method of supplementing fish food is through vermicomposting to produce detritivorous worms and making the soil rich in organic substances. Another method of fish food supplementation is through the larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia Illucens), which can convert organic material of plant and animal origin, including faeces, into proteins. These flies are either detritivorous or coprovora, and can be used for waste management. Advantageously, black soldier flies are not known to be intermediate carriers of parasitic worms and significantly reduce levels of E. coli 0157:H7 and Salmonella enteric. Worms and insects work through catabolic digestion processes to create mass-increasing anabolic production. Through this biotransformation, they act as exergy converters --- transferring the exergy of waste materials into nutrients, in the case of the black soldier fly, proteins, calcium and amino acids, which are capable of being digested by heterotrophs.
[0213] FIG. 203 illustrates its use in the waste stream. Through the new aspects of exergy and the environmental resource management system, an environment for the conversion processes can be created. The management of thermal systems promotes adequate ambient temperatures between 27.5 °C and 37.5 °C (81.5 °F and 99.5 °F) in order to promote proper development of the black soldier's flies. After the fly larvae have been harvested, the remaining medium can be further processed by the worms, which need a lower temperature of 15-25 °C (59-77 °F) to optimize conversion processes. FIG. 5 shows that faeces can be pasteurized by coupling with an aerobic digester that is thermally coupled to thermal storage. This pasteurization process can take place at any stage, including processing larvae and worms in order to prevent parasites, or E. coli, from entering the food system. The dashed lines are optional pathways, such as anaerobic digestion of waste to produce methane and CO2 - which can be turned into biomass in the RBAF. These potential cycles demonstrate the processes that can turn waste into food.
[0214] Another catabolic-symbiotic process is aerobic digestion through the mycelium. Mycelium maintains its own atmospheric environment between 3000-5000 ppm of CO2 as it breaks down organic matter. The prior art often used a mushroom-based mycelium production system to improve CO2 levels in greenhouses. CO2 is also essential for good algae growth. Although CO2 levels between 3000-5000 ppm are far below 100%, they are sufficient to promote the desired exponential growth phase of the algae. Therefore, the production of algae and mycelium form a symbiotic process, each acting as an operator of matter cycles. By re-adjusting the airflow, high levels of CO2 can be extracted without affecting the viability of the mycelium. As conventional CO2 inputs often represent a significant cost in algae production, this provides a new, low-cost alternative.
[0215] The mycelium is an important catabolic process in which enzymatic hydrolysis converts the complex cellulose of lignocellulosic materials into simple sugars. These sugars can then be further processed through another catabolic process of anaerobic digestion, creating silage, which can be used as a medium for growing the mycelium - -- forming yet another symbiotic process. The mycelium can be cultivated on different types of media, preferably sterile. The production of sterile media can be created by coupling to the thermally regulated pasteurization process, using the temperature gradients of the thermal reservoir, as described above.
[0216] The sterilization of the medium for the mushroom-derived mycelium digestion system can also be achieved in another way, by regulating the appropriate temperature at which the compost can become a sterilized medium ready for inoculation of the mycelium. At the end of the composting process, the management system adjusts the thermoregulation to return the temperature of the compost medium favorable for mycelium inoculation (up to 80°F or 27°C). Spawning: After sufficient mycelium develops, the temperature of the growing medium can be reduced to approximately 60°F (16°C) where an envelope appears, then the mushrooms are harvested.
[0217] Typical composting processes have severe limitations on the complete pasteurization of the substrate. A new form of composting, using RBAF and thermal reservoirs, is to segregate the medium, preferably within a temperature-controlled environment, where it can be rotated regularly and gasified, with the release of O2 from an RBAF. The heat from the exothermic composting process of the carbon to be oxidized can be regulated by heat exchanges with thermal reservoirs. Thermal reservoirs can store excess heat while ensuring that the process does not exceed temperature limitations harmful to aerobic bacteria (typically above 160°F or 70°C). If coupled with controlled inlets for aeration, concentration of oxygen, water, carbonaceous organic matter and nitrogen, the composting process can be accelerated without the typical detriment of uncontrolled high temperatures. Also the released gases, mainly carbon dioxide and ammonia, can be sent to the RBAF, where they are used to generate additional oxygen biomass in order to continue the oxidation process. In this way, each handler of gases, liquids and solids creates a part of a circular process that allows for, and even augments, other processes necessary for the function. In an aerobic digester system, most of the energy in the starting material is released as heat by oxidation to carbon dioxide and water. In contrast, in anaerobic digestion, most of the chemical energy contained within the starting material is released as methane by methanogenic bacteria. Anaerobic digestion also produces alcohol and many other end products, depending on the process step (illustrated in FIG. 6). Biogas, an end product of methanogenesis, includes: =CH4 (50-75%), CO2 (2550%), N2 (0-10%), H2 (0-1%), H2S (0-3%), silanes + siloxanes (often from soaps and detergents). Biogas can be very useful in providing energy for cooking. Methane (CH4) in biogas is also useful for a variety of energy uses, however the other elements, including carbon dioxide (CO2) which retard combustion, hydrogen sulphide (H2S) which is corrosive, along with silanes and siloxanes that form mineral deposits can easily destroy equipment. For this reason it will be useful to improve the biogas. This can be achieved in a number of ways, including the use of an RBAF, in which algae remove these constituents, consuming CO2 and H2S as nutrients and processing them into high-value compounds such as Omega-3 and other compounds. carbon with long chain. In addition to algal biomass growth, this process mainly leaves behind CH4 and O2 resulting in higher energy content and increased structural exergy from the initial biogas. The energy needed for this improvement process comes from solar and/or artificial radiation. Another benefit of the symbiotic combination of anaerobic processing through RBAF with the catabolic processing of waste (including silage/digesters/wastewater) from anaerobic digestion is the significant reduction, or elimination, of typical eutrophication/hypereutrophication hazards that commonly result in hypoxia when released outdoors.
[0218] Both anabolic and catabolic processes are essential to the symbiotic nature of matter processing. Careful design and use of processes can manage the destruction of exergy within the system. OPERATION OF ENERGY SYSTEMS
[0219] Exergy and environmental resource management allows the conversion of many resources into energy products through biotic processes (such as photosynthesis and anaerobic digestion/fermentation/biogas production), and abiotic processes (such as conversions to thermal energy, including gasification, photovoltaic processes, use of the mechanism of internal processes, pressure changes, etc.).
[0220] As already discussed, a new method of energy conservation can be achieved using a thermosiphon within a conduit through a matrix with a series of temperatures in cascade involving heat exchangers connected in network for thermal storage reservoirs, producers of heat and heat consumers. This system can eliminate or reduce the need for pumps.
[0221] This system can be further improved by using techniques described in U.S. Pat. USA No. 4,366,857, in which the thermosiphon effect is reinforced by a heat sensitive exergy carrier: "containing a magnetically susceptible liquid such as a working fluid, surrounded by an electromagnet or permanent magnet that produces a magnetic gradient, which interacts with the magnetically susceptible liquid to produce an artificial force field analogous to, but which may be substantially larger than the gravitational force field.
[0222] In this way, it is possible to increase the transfer rate of a thermosiphon to increase the heat flow and the associated heat exchanges within the system.
[0223] Another method for producing energy is through the use of a thermo-acoustic prime mover as described previously. A new method of driving the thermo-acoustic main engine is by establishing multiple heat exchangers within the resonator and arranging the heat exchangers to create a thermosiphon flow within the resonator. The heat flux flows through the thermal reservoirs with temperature gradients and can conduct the convective heat stream within the resonator either in the inlet or in the extraction modes.
[0224] A new arrangement of heat reservoirs is illustrated in FIG. 9. This layout is optimized to generate energy versus environmental control. In the figure, the duct or central structure forms a resonator and is connected to a primary thermo-acoustic engine that generates sound with temperature differentials. The internal pathways can possibly form a circular shape or a shape shown in figure 8 where the resonator forms a bridge during the circular path. In the design shown in Figure 8, the hottest and coldest heat reservoir are located on opposite sides of this central structure or duct. Power can be generated at lower temperature levels by increasing the air pressures inside the resonance chamber. This can be achieved through liquid-gas phase changes that are coupled to thermal reservoirs in cascade.
[0225] Through engineering, this design can transform diffuse ambient energy into sound and ultimately into power, transforming mechanical vibrations into power.
[0226] Another method of energy production is rooted in the past, harnessing the kinetic energy of domestic animals to do work. Other energy-generating processes are based on biochemical, thermochemical and catalytic reactions of biomass, as discussed above. As direct conversion of biomass to energy results in exergy destruction of valuable compounds, such as long-chain carbon compounds, it is advisable that catabolic energy production processes utilize low-value biomass containing contaminants.
[0227] Likewise, a new and innovative potential embodiment to harness the energy of the heat flux uses the pressure differences in phase changes to capture the potential energy, as a liquid changes phase and expands into a gas . For example, as water changes phase at 100 °C, its volume expands 1700 times its initial volume. Likewise, as steam condenses into water, its volume changes inversely. Changing volume is commonly used to turn a turbine and produce electricity. Other conversion devices to take advantage of this volume change include pneumatic motors.
[0228] By using phase change materials at different transformation temperatures, it is possible to arrange them in a temperature gradient so that the heat energy flow through the system can be used to create pressure differentials , which can be used to drive gas concentrators, gas processors, gas distributors, as well as energy production and work. Typically, creating a phase shift requires an enormous expenditure of energy. However, when the isothermal temperature point is bounded above and below, the exergy change in the system is minimized, as illustrated in the first two examples of thermal management operations. Using the concept of exergy to analyze the energy flows through the system, it is possible to create a dissipative structure away from the equilibrium state that works entirely through diffused and renewable energy flows. SYSTEM MANAGEMENT OPERATION
[0229] Most processes internal to the exergy system and environmental resource management benefit from managing attributes such as temperature levels, material processing (including segregation), gaseous processes, and radiation levels. By managing all these components in a single system bounded by changing external environmental conditions, it becomes possible to manage the exchange of energy or mass over time to provide homeostatic regulation that allows organisms and chemical processes to function effectively .
[0230] Through information flows, the information processing management system can categorize, segregate, condition materials based on exergy. Internal processes can be operated in an optimized mode (such as creating ideal recipes for composting, fermentation, biochar, or operating symbiotic processes such as aerobic catabolic digestion that is oxygenated by an application that takes CO2 inputs from the process aerobic). The information allows for the classification of biomass in relation to the structure of attributes such as: nitrogen, carbon, sugars, fats, proteins, acids, etc. Bioinformatics, the study of information processing in biotic systems, can be useful for extracting useful results from large amounts of data through computational biology. Information such as reaction flows, cell signaling, varying levels of metabolite concentration (ie structures composed of peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, ligands) can be used in subsequent biomass processing. Through the study of the system's bioenergetics, that is, of the endergonic and exergonic reactions, it is possible to understand the role played by energy in biotic processes.
[0231] With the help of information indicating the availability, quantities and qualities of matter and energy, it becomes possible to model the behavior of the exergy flow through the system. Bioinformatics analysis of integrated biotic systems can be used to determine the best combination of energy and resources taking into account situational goals. Variability in environmental resources and energy can be accommodated by the design of the entire system based on simultaneous compliance with environmental requirements. In biotic systems, conformer organisms adapt to the system environment, while regulatory organisms must be accommodated by the system through adequate environmental regulation. Through homeostatic regulation, organisms and chemical processes function effectively in a wide range of variable environmental conditions. Homeostatic regulation is achieved through the management of energy or mass exchanges over time, or simply through diffusion.
[0232] Control mechanisms normally manage these exchanges, using a feedback process with at least three components for the variable being regulated: the receivers/sensors that monitor conditions and communicate changes to a control center, which regulates the system parameters and determines appropriate responses — sending, in a positive or negative direction, the feedback signal sent to the actuators (effectors, in reference to biological processes).
[0233] Important aspects to maintain environmental regulation may include temperatures, pressures, qualities, quantities, and their enthalpies associated with: • Historical data, microclimate data, meteorological data, climatology data, atmospheric science data, data hydrological data, comparative data, databases on profiles, system events, tasks, processes, intervals, operating mode, schedules, administration and user input, differential calorimetry analysis.
[0234] Equipment to be considered may include such items as: • Air handling unit, heat pump, auxiliary heater, oven, boiler, absorber, condenser, absorption cooler, ducts, shutters, fan, pump, valves, motor , filter, generator / a desorption agent, evaporator, cooling tower, collectors, thermoelectric coupler, bio-chip / bioprobe, transducer, desiccators, proportional valve / 3-way / 4-way / etc, actuators, flow meter , check valve, regulators, thermostat, infrared pyrometer, methane generator, alarms and storage tanks.
[0235] The sensors to be considered can measure items such as: ■ Indoor/outdoor temperatures, pressures, flow rates, external inlets, speeds, shutter openings, radiant heat, humidification, concentrations and levels of materials, quality, biochemical reactions, voltage, radiation levels, etc.
[0236] Environmental variables that can be measured, displayed and analyzed in order to make decisions for the use of resources within the system may include: EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
[0237] Temperature, wind, rain, radiation, energy, pressure, mass, geospatial data SYSTEM OUTPUT
[0238] Heating, cooling, air quality, water quality, effluents, biomass, electricity, gases: O2/CO2/NOX/S OX/H/C/CH4 data ENERGY SOURCES
[0239] Active and passive solar source, external temperature/differential pressure sources (air/wind, geothermal, water), biomass, biogas/methane, H2, fossil fuel reserves, nuclear, coupled energy flows, including sources such as electrical network.
[0240] In one embodiment, a graphical user interface presents information about the system's environmental components that users can access, interact with, manage, and customize. The interface can include the summary of information destined to spaces, equipment, processes in the communication with the environment, and take the form of two, three or four dimension models (X, Y, Z, time) representing the management systems. This interface can take the form of searchable/browsable lists where processes are managed by users. Visual indicators can be integrated into the system structure, such as access doors, along roads, and in public spaces. Furthermore, in response to system processes, they may consist of biological indicators such as biomass or organisms that change color, size, health, etc.
[0241] In another potential realization, positive feedback mechanisms regulate output, or activity, in response to changes in environmental conditions in order to alter the external levels of the normalized series, often using a cascade addition process. Negative feedback mechanisms allow to regulate the output or activity within a narrow range of functionalities usually through restriction. Both feedbacks are equally important for the proper functioning of the system.
[0242] An illustrative example of the importance of feedback is an embodiment where the thermal inertia consists of a large building mass that will slowly react to changes in heating/cooling requirements. The use of local weather forecasts as well as environmental monitoring data can help optimize system efficiency and output through proactive management systems rather than through reactive control. For this, you can use the predictor and corrective algorithm for regulation.
[0243] Another example of a predictor-correction algorithm to be applied to system regulation involves a herd of dairy cows that are allowed to graze over a wide area. Each individual can be equipped with a GPS tracking device so that their grazing paths are captured. When milk is withdrawn, the qualities of the milk can be compared to the geographical paths that different cows have traveled. Cows often ingest many things in their environment, like wild onions or garlic, for example, that can dramatically affect the flavor profile and odor of your milk. Through the comparative analysis of data from different animals that graze in different areas, some environmental aspects can be revealed. Through this data discovery process, changes to the environment (such as fences) can be made to exclude cattle from unwanted grazing areas.
[0244] Yet an example of the supervision management system depending on the event/time/structural exergy is capturing a profile of an individual (person, animal, etc.), diet (noting potential toxins and nutrients), in order to determine the structural exergy of specific urination/defecation events. Then this can be compared against real events by analyzing different levels of physical aspects such as: mineral concentrations (such as sodium, potassium, iron and magnesium) as well as dissolved chlorine, nitrogen-based chemicals , sugar, proteins and hormones. The continuation of this concept is exemplified by the tracking of the individual's unique cycles (such as sleep, menstruation, fertility, pregnancy), tracking of events over time, and physical data analysis, provision of time feedback information. ovulation/pregnancy potential, when the milk produced may not be suitable for drinking, or is of particular benefit (ie colostrum), risk of diabetes, kidney disease, risk of blood clots, risk of brain deterioration, etc..
[0245] Decentralized management is also possible, independent of the central management system. Decentralized autonomous processes that perform the function of an atmospheric management system, a hydrological cycle management system, a manager of energy and mass exchanges over time, and even a simple diffusion processor, can be provided through proper system design.
[0246] The individual embodiments highlighted in FIGURES 10 and 11 allow material processing cycles at smaller scales. The structural exergy of the products of these cycles may be dependent on the decisions made by the system users to create a self-reinforcing circuit. An example of such a circuit occurs when a user decides not to segregate waste streams such as urine and containing contaminants such as pharmaceuticals. These contaminants would enter the user's food supply forming a direct consequence in response to a user's action. With certain pharmaceuticals or nutraceuticals, it may actually be preferable to increase the bioaccumulation as well as the bioavailability of such substances. This affects the results in another aspect: - matter cycles can biomagnify, bioconcentrate as well as dilute substances using source separation of the waste streams that feed the inputs to the anabolic processes.
[0247] Another potential new embodiment involves managing the temperature and gas exchange between the aforementioned system processes, such as managing the compost temperature cycles to provide silage pasteurization and, subsequently, optimal conditions for mycelial growth and fruiting. Likewise, the management system can control the use of a pressure differential created by the phase shift of the materials in order to perform the work, for example, pumping water (possibly through the air transport method) and concentration ratios of gas using oscillating pressure adsorption. As mentioned earlier, these actions are carried out through positive and negative feedback mechanisms, possibly in conjunction with a predictor-correction control algorithm for regulation.
[0248] Another innovative use for the management system algorithm includes the ability to regulate air and water temperatures to sustain plants and fish. In one embodiment, the temperature of water within a fish tank is managed at a different level than that exposed to the roots of plants fed by that same water. This conveys a critical feature currently missing from current aquaponic systems. Fish tank temperature is highly dependent on a variety of fish, many of which go into hibernation at low temperatures. Unfortunately, many plants require lower temperature water to produce the desired result, for example, lettuce (flowers and seeds in formation), imparting bitterness to the plant when exposed to high temperatures. The management system could adjust the cascading processes through heat addition/removal in order to maximize exergy. Likewise, the management system can control the temperature of the air flow that flows through the plant root structure in order to provide optimal thermal conditions.
[0249] Furthermore, new feedback methods will become possible through an autopoietic ecosystem. Biological indicators can visually illustrate the signs of well-being (or lack thereof) of living organisms, and/or produce visible feedback through changing chemical processes, and/or distribute certain olfactory aromas (such as sulfur), and/or change physical structures and properties (such as color, volume, or height), all in response to monitored systems. These indicators can also help manage increases in system entropy and help segregate material flows based on input quality and content.
[0250] An achievement that presents the novelty of the management system would use a multitude of sensors, such as LIDAR scanners, automated drones with field sensors, cameras and humidity sensors, whose communication would be through the modulation of light in a LiFi network. The communication system can use a floating methane storage balloon, which relays monitored condition information to a control center that regulates system parameters and determines appropriate responses, then sends feedback signals to actuators or effectors.
[0251] Another new embodiment of the management system controls transport aspects within the building structure, including directing vacuum air delivery services for material transport (similar to those used in bank ATMs, or ATMs), operating navigation controls for mass transit, and gates and portals to segregate sensitive areas and processes. Additional uses of the management system will become apparent by looking at the operation of the building systems.
[0252] Through proper system management, anabolic (production) processes may exceed catabolic processes (degradation and dissipation), resulting in entropic deterioration and increased biomass, proliferation of species, increased complexity and increased energy supplies and matter available. OPERATION OF CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS
[0253] All nature is a continuum. The infinite complexity of life is organized into repeating patterns - theme and variations - at every level of the system. As such, buildings have multiple subgroups that operate in parallel, providing opportunities for diversity, ensuring that system failures do not destabilize the steady-state functioning of the system. An example of this is the embodiments illustrated in FIGURES 10 and 11, which show an individual unit. This unit has two RBAFs, an aquaponic configuration, multiple thermal reservoirs (which include the fish tank(s) and a duct consisting of a staircase for the convection air flows). As discussed earlier, RBAFs can be fed CO2 from mycelium, and via aerobic and anaerobic digestion, along with urine, silage and other wastewater as a nutrient source. Mycelium growth in these individual units can also serve to create layers of mycelium that can act as biological filters (biofilters), reducing or eliminating substances such as E. coli, offering an additional option for waste processing.
[0254] When considered together, the individual processes form redundant systems that can be tailored for individual users. The exergy that flows from these microecosystems can be integrated with the surrounding macroecosystem, and bioregional ecosystems merge naturally.
[0255] Many of the operational aspects of the structure have been described earlier. It is through the structural linkage of systems that multiple functions are provided. Glazing can double, for example, in collecting surfaces for collecting rainwater, inclined surfaces can work for the collection/concentration of solar energy, open space towers can double as solar concentration towers, awnings for shade they can provide space for biomass to grow, and connected pathways can serve as transport networks for people, utilities and material transport.
[0256] An important aspect that has not yet been discussed in depth comprises the various modes of transport within the structure and with the surrounding environment. Many modes of transport are required for the system to function properly. Data transmission is essential for the proper functioning of ecosystems. By applying this principle to built systems, data can be transmitted in various ways, such as transferring energy and matter. Data can also be transmitted over conventional electronic communication networks. The discussion and implications of radio frequency on biological processes were discussed in the radiation section, along with suggested designs for minimizing RF exposure. Through the connected nature of the building design, it is possible to create and modulate light tubes for data transmission. The hexagonal building design facilitates the use of light tubes with straight-line paths and defined angles that allow the use of mirrors for changes in direction.
[0257] The connected nature of the building design also allows for the existence of transport routes for materials. As illustrated in FIG. 12, these pathways can use basements/foundations as well as roofs to form pathways. FIG. 12 shows four interior levels. The lower ground level shows a road that could be used for rail transport or for zero-emission electric vehicles such as golf carts. The first and second floors are made up of greenhouses/housing units. At the rear of the greenhouses are thermal reservoirs that could also be used as channels for delivery of materials, such as live plants with ripe fruit, to the areas of purchase and consumption. These same channels can also carry the nutrient streams that can be used to keep these same plants alive.
[0258] The third floor above ground in FIG. 12 is an internal road connection that could serve light passenger vehicles such as bicycles, electric scooters and Segways. The roof is also a path for these modes of transport. By having several levels, it becomes possible to segregate the directional flow of traffic and thus increase throughput. Efficient use of space for traffic flow can be useful when combined with on-site biomass production/sales activities, which also occupies the third tier. Because food production is located alongside the canals, residents could see what is available and buy food throughout the day.
[0259] Another design element is the connection points at the vertices of the hexagonal design. This can be seen in FIG. 15. These ramps would ideally be compatible for people with an ADA disability and allow for easy transitions between levels. This allows accessibility to people with disabilities and in later stages of their lives. Ramps also allow for the easy and fast routing of traffic through the building without relying on mechanical devices such as elevators. Another transport element illustrated in FIG. 12 includes the sets of three staircases/towers that also function as solar chimneys. Through this structure, it is possible to connect a personal rapid transport system such as the Shweeb monorail system. It is also possible to connect tethers such as those illustrated in FIG. 14. These allow for the collection of biomass (such as fruit) from yards that have food forests — reducing or eliminating the need for stairs. These same lines could also be used to place nets that provide shade, or exclude birds, etc.
[0260] Another important element for transport is the use of a system with pneumatic tubes similar to those used for bank drive-up. The nature of the building makes it easy for these systems to connect to the various units and are an energy efficient and convenient method of transporting material through the system. This system can be particularly beneficial when operated with the time/event/sub-event material handling system. This allows "packages" of material to be delivered through the system for further processing, analysis, storage and use. Another benefit of linked structures is the ease of performing services throughout the structure. Services generally include light distribution lines (light tubes/fiber optics), power and communications lines, biogas, hydrogen and methane (upgraded biogas), water and other lines for supplying fluids and gases.
[0261] Transport options can be thought of in zones depending on the distance to be covered: hiking, Segway PT (personal transport), horse riding, bicycle, scooters, fast personal transit, electric golf carts, cars, buses, trains, transport in vacuum capsules, air travel, space travel. Basing transit decisions on this principle can reduce users' energy use.
[0262] Other design elements include the greenhouse north/south of the building connector. This greenhouse serves as a thermal buffer zone with the structure below. These north/south buildings typically function as offices, laboratories, classrooms, shops, and production and repair facilities. The design of the greenhouse on the roof is part of the objective to use as much solar energy in the structures as possible. Ideally, without a roof there would be no vegetation. The greenhouse design allows light to be filtered into the building, offering a linear production system based on aquaponic floating rafts, where seeds are planted on one side and reach maturity on the other side. This allows food processing steps (such as washing, humidification and cooling tanks) to be located at the end of the production process, thus reducing the labor required. This is similar to what was designed by Friendly Aquaponics (www.friendlyaquaponics.com).
[0263] Located on the opposite side of the North/South building connector is a tower. Ideally this mid-rise building would be equivalent in height to the tallest trees so as not to shade the courtyards. This type of building is intended for those individuals who have physical difficulties and are perhaps older and unable to maintain individual anabolic and catabolic systems with lack of time or interest can also choose this type of building. Another design element is the patio space area per person. This design illustrates that only a tenth of an acre per person is needed. This area of space can be adjusted depending on the time available. It is possible to produce enough food for sustenance with one-twentieth of an acre per person when combined with indoor climate-controlled production processes. It is a target operation where production processes provide a surplus for both residents and the majority of the community, so yards of tenth of an acre per person or more are recommended. Size is mainly limited by the manpower available to properly care for these areas.
[0264] Another aspect to be considered is to correctly locate these structures in existing ecosystems. Ideally they would be located in areas of moderate elevation (preferably not entirely flat), in close proximity to natural hydrological flows, and along the transitional edges of the ecosystem (where one type of ecosystem meets another, such as a forest /pasture area). FIG. 16 shows a potential arrangement of this system, an expanded design beyond the illustrated design of 13. This is a preferred embodiment which has two extended patios (to the right and left), which are completely enclosed by the structures, along with five distinct structures. which enclose ten courtyards. Four of these structures form a 'C'. The open yard formed between the joining of the C-shaped structures could feature a fence for domestic animals such as cows, goats, sheep, etc. These animals can then be gathered in the outdoor environment via the corridor between the structures. Another use for this fence is to provide additional habitat for wildlife without confinement. In addition to these structures, the lowest building is formed by the two courtyards located directly in the center. These are flanked by very narrow corridors that act as wildlife corridors when combined with well-managed native ecosystems in the C-shaped courtyards. This provides an interface between internally managed systems, and a better environment for wildlife observation. The lines connecting all the structures (shown by the passage between the hexagonal courtyards) represent a personal transport system.
[0265] Ideally, the construction of these structures aims to take advantage of locally available resources. The materials would be chosen to last a long time. When considering internal biotic processes that can often operate at humidity levels of 80% or more, the use of organic materials is not advisable. Concrete, which is typically based on Portland cement, a product that typically lasts for less than 150 years. Portland cement production also releases large amounts of CO2 (through the use of these systems, it could be sequestered to produce biomass, stored and used as waste heat). Conventional reinforced concrete uses steel rebar. Water intrusion rusts the steel over time, expands, and damages reinforced concrete. Instead of using steel rebars, basalt rebars are suggested as they do not suffer from rust problems. Due to the many problems using Portland cement, it is recommended that building materials such as the use of lime (which can be regenerated and reused after over 300 years of life), phosphate and magnesium cements. Lime-based concrete preparation can also be done in conjunction with this system to accommodate CO2 sequestration and waste heat utilization. Ideally, the lime would be mixed with a pozzolan, possibly including a bag with house dust from glass recycling, to make a mortar.
[0266] Other materials can be used in addition to lime mortars. The ideal material is magnesium phosphate cement for its longevity. The pantheon in Rome is almost 2000 years old and this material was used in its construction. Unfortunately, this cement now costs approximately five times more than Portland cement. To address this issue while continuing to provide a finished economic structure, judicious use of the material is suggested. Considering the qualities of cement based on magnesium phosphate, the high strength combined with its affinity to adhere to organic materials, a possible technique to minimize its use would be to use thin layer concrete techniques in combination with the design. of cladding sheets that can withstand a certain voltage. Using materials such as canvas or burlap, it is possible to apply a very light coating of this cement over these membranes so that, once hardened (in less than an hour), the substrate can be used to build a thin layer, preferably 1 .5 inches (3.8 cm) thick as this allows sufficient coverage (0.5 inches/1.3 cm) of more than half an inch (1.3 cm) to reinforce the basalt rebar. The reduction in rebar coverage depth is due to its ability to handle water intrusion without corrosion and subsequent expansion. This thin layer structure can later be insulated by aerated cements similar to Aircrete™. When creating structures using lime mortars in the form of concrete masonry units (CMUs), insulation can also be achieved using appropriate mixtures of autoclaved aerated concrete. Additional reasons for these material selections include the fact that Portland cement is always seeking electrons from the environment due to its preparation at extremely high temperatures. Both lime and magnesium phosphate cement do not share this and were held to be preferred by living organisms (preferably cows to graze on limestone and magnesium phosphate cements rather than concrete containing Portland cement). In addition, magnesium cements are biocompatible and used in medical and dental specialties (such as bone cement).
[0267] The choice of other materials would be very conventional in nature, preferably according to the RED list published by the Living Future Institute (www.living-future.org) to avoid the use of toxic materials. Non-traditional construction products not mentioned could include rammed earth tires (such as those used in EarthShip construction), bricks and bags of earth.
[0268] Building construction techniques could also use contours (3D printing) of cement materials, as well as dry concrete masonry units (CMU), rubble trench foundations (when no foundation is desired), and base foundations in earth auger. Wherever possible, the use of local resources, such as trees moved from the construction site, should be reused as much as possible, such as for concrete preparation.
[0269] The autopoietic concept involves self-creation. Through the additional energy products produced by the system, it is possible to create and process exergy reserves to form the actual exergy structures and the environmental resource management system. Furthermore, many of the requirements for the production of materials benefit from environmental management (such as anabolic processes and thermal storage for cement production). Looking at the totality of the systems described here, it is for the first time possible to create a structure capable of dissipating all aspects of environmental control using energy flows only supplied from the coupled natural environment. DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION OF ALTERNATIVE PPA ACHIEVEMENTS
[0270] Alternative realizations include: ■ Concentration of solar radiation in the RBAF that is thermally coupled to the management system to prevent overheating; ■ Production of domestic animals that use the concepts of segregating sick animals from healthy individuals, creating environments within segregated structures in order to perform similar functions; ■ Gas separation cryogenic distillation techniques using, for example, thermo-acoustic refrigeration.
[0271] Wellness Center: ■ Hospital/Spa/Gym/Delivery Center/Nutrition Center/Apothecary/Juice Bar/Oxygen Bar; ■ Entertainment/Food/Accommodation/Ecotourism/Agritourism Housing Complex for family, youth, luxury holidays, hostel, multi-family and/or agricultural workers; ■ Local agriculture/food web interface/food processor/farmers market/CSA warehouse; ■ Aquaculture/Aquarium; ■ Education/Research/Ecological Studies/Conference Center facilities; ■ Laboratory/Biorefinery/ Brewery; ■ Producer: Energy / Biorefinery / Cosmetics / Nutraceuticals / Personal Care Products / Health / Biomass / Biogas / Synthesis gas / plastics based on biological products / chemical products; ■ Wastewater Treatment Unit; ■ Mushroom production unit. CONCLUSION, RAMIFICATIONS AND SCOPE
[0272] Thus, the reader will see that at least one embodiment will provide the conservation of resources, a safer/healthier environment, ease of use, greater reliability, durability and strength, with increased life cycles, possibility of updating , convenience, social enhancement, ecological benefits, accessibility, pollution reduction, broad market versus pure research systems, while offering quality options through efficient decentralized processes through cascading matter and energy flows. Integration allows for the processing and consumption of biomass closer to the production site. This creates shorter cycles (water, minerals and waste streams), reduces storage and transport stream requirements, produces higher value products, and spreads labor throughout the year.
[0273] Although the above description contains many specifics, these should not be interpreted as limitations to the scope, but rather as an example of circumstantially optimized embodiments. Many other variations are possible. For example, chemical abiotic processing that is advantageously moderated through the use of pressure, temperature, radiation, or other interactions that this system allows. Therefore, the scope is to be determined not by the form of the embodiment(s) illustrated, but by the appended claims and their legal equivalents.

权利要求:
Claims (26)
[0001]
1. SYSTEM FOR OPTIMIZING EXERGY WITHIN A DISPENSER STRUCTURE in an engineering environment, the system being characterized by comprising: a thermal management system comprising thermal flow reservoirs in communication with exergy carriers; a system for atmospheric management comprised of a group of gas processors, gas distributors, gas concentrators, engines for transporting exergy, active agents, segregators and filters; a radiation process controller, which optimizes the use of solar and artificial radiation from direct and concentrated light; a hydrological cycle management system; a material cycle operator comprised of a gas, liquid and solid handler; an energetic main engine system; a supervisory management system; and a construction system comprising the homeostatic regulator of cascading matter and energy flows, a manager of energy and mass exchanges over time.
[0002]
2. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized by a plurality of reservoirs, each with a specific temperature range for the storage of thermal exergy, whose temperature gradients are in communication with the heat sources and heat sinks.
[0003]
3. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized in that the thermal reservoirs contain a type of thermal storage material from the sensitive and latent group.
[0004]
4. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized in that the gas processors comprise molecular sieves whose materials are derived from a group consisting of activated carbon, of Zeolite processing gases in the steps of absorption, enrichment, distribution, concentration and separation, and where the gases are CO2, SO2, oxygen, nitrogen.
[0005]
5. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized in that the gas processors comprise photocatalysts and hydrophilic catalytic surfaces selected from the catalytic group that includes titanium dioxide (TiO2), organic and metallic compounds.
[0006]
6. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized in that the motors that transport exergy comprise a convective circuit of fluids flowing the last active agents of exergy transporters originating from the group of catalysts, bacteria, microbes, autotrophics.
[0007]
7. SYSTEM according to claim 2, characterized in that the filters comprise a convective fluid circuit that drains the active agents from the exergy transporters.
[0008]
8. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized in that the substance concentrators and converters comprise catalysts from a group consisting of catalysts, autotrophic bacteria, microbes, wherein the substance converters and concentrators derive from the group consisting of molecules, particles, compounds volatile organics, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, resulting in the elemental components of substances, which comprise the group of nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen.
[0009]
9. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized by the use of solar and artificial radiation comprising concentrated and direct light structures, the group structures consisting of the construction of towers, stairs, solar chimneys, fixed and monitoring mirrored surfaces, adjustable orientation focal points, hexagonal building design.
[0010]
10. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized by the optimization of the use of radiation being in communication with hexagonal buildings and light control technologies in the group of blinds, curtains, photochromic technologies, thermochromic, photoelectrochromic, retractable shade screens.
[0011]
11. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized in that the management of hydrological cycles comprises the segregation of water in storage reservoirs, fluid processing, and event management that includes water inlets, structural exergy, temporal and temporal event records .
[0012]
12. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized in that the water inputs in a particular event involve determining the water quality, water segregation, combining the water with other water of similar quality, as well as real-time management, or in near real time, of water tests and analyses, using data from the pollution index group, application of pesticides in industrial events, with direct user intervention.
[0013]
13. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized by the management of water cycles involving the capture and storage of structural precipitation exergy.
[0014]
14. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized in that the desiccant is recharged, the desiccant being in communication with a thermal storage system selected from a plurality of thermal storage systems depending on its temperature, the desiccant being incrementally brought to the temperature of the selected thermal storage system, the stored water changing to the vapor phase, the steam being released and subsequently condensed into water through various heat exchanges, and finally the thermal energy being recaptured.
[0015]
15. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized in that the segregation in origin comprises multiple drains for the segregation of urine, common contaminants from the group consisting of cosmetics, lotions, fluorine and petrochemicals.
[0016]
16. SYSTEM according to claim 15, characterized in that several drains comprise a distinct processing system optimized for a specific contaminant from the group of toothpaste, cosmetics and lotions.
[0017]
17. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises photosynthesis inside a photobioreactor of a group consisting of an algae photobioreactor (APBR) in communication with radiation from the artificial solar energy group, in which the photosynthesis provides the oxidation for material cycles and biomass production.
[0018]
18. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized in that an algae photobioreactor (APBR) receives enriched CO2 from mycelium.
[0019]
19. SYSTEM according to claim 18, characterized in that the cultivation of Mycelium comprises an aerobic digester and a sterile medium, in which the production of the sterile medium uses a second aerobic digester.
[0020]
20. SYSTEM according to claim 19, characterized in that the production of sterile medium comprises a thermally regulated pasteurization process through controlled O2 inlets of the algae photobioreactor (APBR).
[0021]
21. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized in that the thermochemical processing comprises the depolymerization by pyrolysis and the production of synthesis gas from the group of pyrolytic oils, biochar.
[0022]
22. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized in that the catalytic processing comprises the depolymerization by catalytic pyrolysis and the production of synthesis gas from the biomass production group.
[0023]
23. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized in that the main engine is selected from the group of thermoelectric energy generators, the thermoacoustic primary engine, Rankine, Carnot, Diesel, communicating with the heat energy of the thermal flow.
[0024]
24. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized in that the pressure differentials comprise the use of thermal energy flow in a system with phase change, in which the liquid phase change expands into a gas, or the reverse, operating in this way the main engine.
[0025]
25. SYSTEM according to claim 1, characterized in that the homeostatic regulator of cascading matter and energy flows comprises the building system with energy and mass exchanges from the group of simple diffusion processors, microclimates, solar energy, storage mass transport in communication with building structures from the group of concentrated and direct light structures, building towers, stairs, solar chimneys, fixed and monitoring mirror surfaces, adjustable orientation focal points, hexagonal building design , in communication with light control technologies in the group of blinds, curtains, photochromic technologies, thermochromic, photoelectrochromic, retractable shade screens.
[0026]
26. METHOD FOR OPTIMIZING EXERGY WITHIN A SINK STRUCTURE in an engineering environment, through the system, as defined in claim 1, the method characterized by comprising the steps of: providing a thermal management system comprising thermal flow and reservoirs, that conditions an exergy carrier; provide an atmospheric management system comprising, processed gas, conduct exergy carriers, filtration, segregation operations, conversion and concentration of structural exergy; controlling a radiation and orientation process, understanding and optimizing the use of solar and artificial radiation; manage a hydrological cycle; use material cycle operation; provide a main power system engine; provide a supervisory management system; and using a construction system that comprises the management and exploitation of cascading matter and energy flows, provides a homeostatic regulator that utilizes energy and mass exchanges over time.

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AU2014308625B2|2019-04-04|

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SG11201601266XA|2016-03-30|

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CN105683699A|2016-06-15|

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US10197338B2|2019-02-05|

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US20150053366A1|2015-02-26|

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JP2017516969A|2017-06-22|

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AU2014308625A1|2016-04-14|

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EP3102902A4|2018-08-08|

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CA2959080A1|2015-02-26|

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JP2021050904A|2021-04-01|

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EP3102902A2|2016-12-14|

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法律状态:
2019-12-17| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|

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2020-09-29| B06A| Patent application procedure suspended [chapter 6.1 patent gazette]|

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2021-03-02| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|

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2021-05-18| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 22/08/2014, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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US13/974,038|US10197338B2|2013-08-22|2013-08-22|Building system for cascading flows of matter and energy|

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US13/974,038|2013-08-22|

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PCT/US2014/052422|WO2015027231A2|2013-08-22|2014-08-22|Building system for cascading flows of matter and energy|

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