• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    Methods of suppressing corrosion of a corrosive metallic surface contacting a water stream in a water system are provided, the method comprising: (a) introducing into the water stream an injection dose of a treatment composition comprising a corrosion inhibitor, the injection dose being introduced into the water stream for a first period of time and the water stream having a first concentration of corrosion inhibitor during the first period of time; (b) then reducing the amount of treatment composition that is introduced into the water stream; and (c) after the first time period, maintain a second corrosion inhibitor concentration in the water stream for a second time period, the second concentration being less than 25% of the corrosion inhibitor concentration during the first period of time. time. It is also provided, after the second time period, by introducing into the water stream a second injection dose of the corrosion inhibitor, the second injection dose being introduced into the water stream for a third time, the third concentration being greater than than the second concentration.
    公开号:BR112015032306B1
    申请号:R112015032306
    申请日:2014-06-26
    公开日:2019-09-10
    发明作者:Bergstrom Daniel；J Spinella Donald
    申请人:Alcoa Inc；Arconic Inc；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Cross Reference to Related Orders [0001] This order claims the benefit of US provisional order No. 61 / 839,473, entitled, Resistance Welding Fastener, Apparatus and Method, filed on June 26, 2013, which is incorporated in its entirety here as a reference.
    Field [0002] The present invention relates to fasteners, fixing apparatus and methods for fixing parts and, more particularly, for fixing metals, which include different metals.
    Background [0003] Various fasteners, apparatus and methods for joining and assembling parts or subunits are known, such as welding, riveting, threaded fasteners, etc. In some cases, there is a need to effectively reduce the cost of joined aluminum parts, subunits, etc., to other parts, subunits, layers, etc. produced from other materials, such as steel (bare, coated, low carbon, high strength, ultra high strength, stainless), titanium alloys, copper alloys, magnesium, plastics, etc. Solutions to these fixation problems include mechanical fasteners / rivets in combination with an adhesive and / or a barrier layer to maintain adequate joint strength while minimizing corrosion, for example, due to the galvanic effect present in a junction of different metals. Direct welding between aluminum and other materials is not commonly used due to the intermetallic compounds generated by aluminum and other materials that negatively affect mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. In cases where
    Petition 870170005724, of 01/27/2017, p. 4/12
    2/34 that direct welding is used, it is typically some type of solid state welding (friction, transformed, ultrasonic, etc.) brazing / welding technology, in order to minimize intermetallic compounds, but the mechanical performance of such joints it is sometimes poor or only applicable to exclusive joint geometries.
    [0004] In the automotive industry, the incumbent technology for joining steel to steel is resistance point welding (RSW), due to the cost and cycle time considerations (less than 3 seconds per individual joint and which can be carried out robotically) . Known methods for joining aluminum to steel include: using conventional rivets / fasteners through self-drilling rivets (SPR), using flow drill screws (FDS or by the EJOTS trade name), welding / spot joining friction agitation (FSJ), friction drill union (FBJ), and use of adhesives. Each of these processes is more challenging than steel-to-steel (RSW) resistance spot welding. For example, when high-strength aluminum (over 240MPa) is coupled to steel using SPR, the aluminum may break during the riveting process. In addition, high-strength steels (> 590 MPa) are difficult to drill, requiring the application of high magnitude forces by large, heavy riveting guns. FSJ is not widely used in the automotive industry, since the joint properties (mainly detachment and cross tension) are low compared to SPR. In addition, FSJ requires very precise alignment and fitting. As the thickness of the joint increases, process cycle times can increase dramatically when a 5mm to 6mm joint stack can require 7 to 9 seconds of total processing time, which is well above the cycle time. 2 to 3 seconds of RSW when fabricating steel structures. FBJ uses a drill bit that is rotated through aluminum and is then welded to steel. This process requires alignment and
    3/34 very precise fitting similar to FSJ and high forging forces are required for steel welding. FDS involves rotating a screw in the workpieces, plasticizing one of the plates, which are then interconnected with the screw thread. SDS is typically applied from a single side and requires alignment with a guide hole in the steel plate, complicating assembly and adding cost. The locks, apparatus and alternative methods for joining and assembling the parts or subunits thereof remain desirable.
    Summary [0005] The subject presented refers to a method for fixing a first electrically conductive material to a second electrically conductive material using electrical resistance welding when placing the first and second materials together in physical contact and electric, the first material that has a lower melting point than the second material; position an electrically conductive fastener that can be welded to the second material and which has a higher melting point than the first material in physical and electrical contact with the first material to form an electrically conductive pile that includes the fastener, the first material and the second material; apply an electrical potential to the cell, which induces a current to flow through the cell and which causes resistive heating, resistive heating which causes the first material to soften; and driving the closure through the first softened material towards the second material. After the closure contacts the second material, the closure is welded to the second material.
    [0006] According to another aspect of the present description, the first material includes at least one of aluminum, copper and magnesium and alloys thereof.
    [0007] According to another aspect of the present description, the second material includes at least one of steel, titanium, alloys thereof
    4/34 and inconel.
    [0008] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure is produced from at least one of steel, titanium, alloys thereof and inconel.
    [0009] According to another aspect of the present description, a part of the closure covers a filled part of the first material which is displaced when the closure is driven through the first material.
    [0010] According to another aspect of the present description, the first material and the second material are in the form of layers [0011] According to another aspect of the present description, the layers are sheet metal.
    [0012] According to another aspect of the present description, the second material is in the form of a structural member.
    [0013] According to another aspect of the present description, the electrical potential is applied during the direct resistance welding course.
    [0014] According to another aspect of the present description, the electrical potential is applied during the indirect resistance welding course.
    [0015] According to another aspect of the present description, the electrical potential is applied during the series resistance welding course.
    [0016] According to another aspect of the present description, the stack includes a plurality of layers of material that have a melting point less than a melting point of the second material and less than a melting point of the closure.
    [0017] According to another aspect of the present description, the plurality of layers includes a plurality of aluminum alloy layers.
    [0018] According to another aspect of the present description, the plurality of layers includes an aluminum alloy layer and a magnesium alloy layer.
    [0019] According to another aspect of the present description, the second material is a second closure.
    [0020] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure and the second closure attach the first material between them.
    [0021] According to another aspect of the present description, the first material includes a plurality of layers, the closure and the second closure fasten the plurality of layers together.
    [0022] According to another aspect of the present description, the second lock has a threaded socket.
    [0023] According to another aspect of the present description, the threaded socket extends through the first material.
    [0024] According to another aspect of the present description, the second fastener has a threaded rivet.
    [0025] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure and the second closure are identical.
    [0026] According to another aspect of the present description, which further comprises the step of applying a corrosion barrier between at least one of the closure, the first layer and the second layer before the application step.
    [0027] According to another aspect of the present description, the barrier is non-conductive and the manufacturing step also comprises a hole in a barrier through which the current can flow during the application stage.
    [0028] According to another aspect of the present description, the electrical potential is applied by the electrodes, at least one of which has a tip with a shape that is complementary to the shape of the closure, and capable of receiving the closure in it and which further comprises the stage of
    6/34 coupling the lock to at least one end before the positioning step.
    [0029] According to another aspect of the present description, the same closure has the ability to fix a range of thicknesses from the first material to the second material by deforming it to a selected degree during the welding step.
    [0030] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure has a cover that has an initial configuration and a final configuration and which further comprises the step of deforming the cover from the initial configuration to the final configuration during said stages of application, impulse and welding.
    [0031] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure has a cavity and which further comprises the step of inserting a part of an electrode tip into the cavity during the positioning step.
    [0032] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure has a lid part and a stem part, the stem part that extends through the first layer during the impulse step.
    [0033] According to another aspect of the present description, the cap is able to capture the extruded material from the first layer during the impulse and welding steps.
    [0034] According to another aspect of the present description, the cap is against the first layer after the welding step is finished.
    [0035] According to another aspect of this description, current flow is variable during the application, impulse and welding steps.
    [0036] According to another aspect of the present description, a period of time of current flow is variable during the steps of
    7/34 application, impulse and welding.
    [0037] According to another aspect of the present description, which also includes stamping the closure of a plate before the positioning of the closure.
    [0038] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure is at least one of galvanized, electrodisposed, electrodisposed by zinc, aluminized or galvanized steel.
    [0039] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure is at least one of stainless steel, aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, copper alloy, titanium alloy and inconel.
    [0040] According to another aspect of the present description, a method for fixing a first material to a second electrically conductive material using electrical resistance welding, includes: forming a guide hole in the first material; placing the first and second materials together in physical contact; positioning an electrically conductive closure that can be welded to the second material in electrical contact with the second material by extending the closure through the guide hole; apply an electrical potential through the closure and the second material, which induces a current to flow through the closure and the second material that causes resistive heating, the resistive heating that causes the closure to be welded to the second material.
    [0041] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure and the second material are at least one of steel, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and alloys thereof and the first material is at least one of plastic, plastic, laminated composite plastic, ceramic, painted metal, aluminum, steel, titanium, magnesium, alloys and inconel.
    [0042] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure for fixing a first electrically conductive material to a second electrically conductive material with the use of solder
    8/34 electrical resistance gem has a lid, a stem that extends from the lid and that has an end distal to the lid. The closure, when positioned in a pile that includes the first and the second electrically conductive materials positioned in electrical contact, the first material that has a lower melting point than the second material and subjected to an electrical potential applied by the pile, capable to conduct an electric current that passes through the stack, the current that causes resistive heating, to soften the first material, the rod capable of penetrating the first material and welding to the second material at the end distal to the cover, the first material being captured between the cover and the second material after the end is welded to the second material.
    [0043] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure is symmetrical around an axis of rotation and has a hollow shaft with a U-shaped cross section, the cover extending from the stem at the open end of the U-shape that forms a peripheral edge in reverse.
    [0044] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure is symmetrical around an axis of rotation and has a hollow shaft with a square U-shaped cross section, the cover extending from the stem at the open end of the U-shape that forms a peripheral edge in reverse.
    [0045] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure is symmetrical around an axis of rotation and has a hollow shaft with a divergent U-shaped cross section, the lid extending from the stem at the open end of the U-shape which forms a peripheral edge running in reverse, the thickness of the closure walls being substantially constant on the cover, stem and end, the end forming a flat surface. [0046] According to another aspect of the present description, the fe
    9/34 cho is symmetrical about an axis of rotation and has a hollow stem with a divergent U-shaped cross section, the cover extending from the stem at the open end of the U-shape that forms a peripheral stroke in reverse, the end forming a flat surface, the thickness of the end walls being greater than the thickness of the stem and the cover.
    [0047] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure is symmetrical around an axis of rotation and has a hollow shaft with a divergent U-shaped cross section, the cover extending from the stem at the open end of the U-shape that forms a peripheral edge going in reverse, the thickness of the walls of the closure that forms the closure being substantially constant in the cover, stem and end, the end that forms a segmented radius surface.
    [0048] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure is symmetrical around a axis of rotation and has a hollow shaft with a divergent U-shaped cross section, the lid extending from the stem at the open end of the U-shape that forms a peripheral edge running in reverse, the rod close to the end which has at least one rib extending from an external surface thereof.
    [0049] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure is asymmetrical around an axis of rotation, which has a measured length perpendicular to the insertion direction greater than a measured width perpendicular to the insertion direction and which has a hollow stem with a divergent U-shaped cross-section, the cover extending from the stem at the open end of the U-shape which forms a peripheral edge running in reverse.
    [0050] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure is symmetrical around an axis of rotation and has a hollow shaft
    10/34 with two parts in divergent U-shaped cross-section conjugated in a central cusp directed downwards, the cover extending from the stem at the open end of the U-shapes that forms a peripheral edge going in reverse, the end being ring-shaped.
    [0051] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure is symmetrical around an axis of rotation and has a hollow shaft with two divergent U-shaped cross-section parts conjugated in a central part of threaded closure, the cover extending from the stem at the open end of the U-shapes which forms a peripheral edge going in reverse, the end being ring-shaped.
    [0052] According to another aspect of the present description, the threaded closure part is a threaded socket.
    [0053] According to another aspect of the present description, the threaded socket has an open end and extends through an opening in the first material.
    [0054] According to another aspect of the present description, the threaded closure part has a threaded rivet.
    [0055] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure has an upper part with the cover, rod and end and a lower part which has the threaded socket, the upper part which penetrates the first material and welds to the lower part.
    [0056] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure has an upper part with the cap, stem and end and a lower part which has the threaded rivet, the threaded rivet extending from a flange, the upper part which penetrates the first material and welds to the flange.
    [0057] According to another aspect of the present description, at least part of the stem is solid in cross section.
    11/34 [0058] According to another aspect of the present description, the closure is produced from at least one of steel, titanium, magnesium, aluminum, copper, alloys thereof and inconel.
    [0059] According to another aspect of the present description, a fastener for fixing a first non-conductive material electrically that has a guide hole in it to a second electrically conductive material with the use of electrical resistance welding, has a cover , a rod extending from the lid and having an end distal to the lid. The closure is able to insert through the guide hole when the first and second materials are placed in a pile, the closure being formed from the conductive material in an electrical and capable manner, when subjected to an electrical potential applied by the closure and the pile, to conduct an electrical current that passes through the current pile causing resistive heating, to weld the closure to the second material at the end to the cap and to capture the first material between the cap and the second material after the end is welded to the second material.
    Brief Description of the Drawings [0060] For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the detailed description below of the example modalities considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
    [0061] figure 1 is a perspective view of a closure according to an embodiment of the present description;
    [0062] figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of the closure of figure 1 considered along section line 2-2 and considering the direction of the arrows;
    [0063] figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of a closure like the one shown in figure 2, but which has different dimensions; [0064] figure 4 is a diagrammatic view showing sequentially the insertion of a closure according to a modality of
    12/34 the present description through a first layer and being welded to a second layer;
    [0065] figure 5 is a diagrammatic view showing sequentially the insertion of a closure according to another embodiment of the present description through a first layer and being welded to a second layer;
    [0066] figure 6 is a diagrammatic view showing sequentially the insertion of a closure according to another embodiment of the present description through a first layer and being welded to a second layer;
    [0067] figure 7 is a diagrammatic view showing sequentially the insertion of a closure according to another embodiment of the present description through a first layer and being welded to a second layer;
    [0068] figure 8 is a diagrammatic view showing sequentially the insertion of a closure like the one shown in figure 7 through a first layer and being welded to a tubular member through a lateral access;
    [0069] figure 9 is a diagrammatic view showing sequentially the insertion of a closure like the one shown in figure 7 through a first layer and being welded to a second layer in formation welded in series.
    [0070] figure 10 is a diagrammatic view showing sequentially the insertion of opposite closures like those shown in figure 7 through the first and second layers and being welded together;
    [0071] figure 11 is a diagrammatic view showing the closures like those shown in figure 7 positioned next to different stacks of layers of material to be attached and before insertion or welding;
    13/34 [0072] figure 12 is a side view of a spot welding cap according to an embodiment of the present description;
    [0073] figures 13a and 13b are plan and side views, respectively, of a closure according to another embodiment of the present description;
    [0074] figures 14a and 14b are plan and side views, respectively, of a closure according to another embodiment of the present description;
    [0075] figure 15 is a side view of a closure stamping tool according to an embodiment of the present description;
    [0076] figure 16 is a perspective view of two metal plates in a spot welding apparatus before applying a closure according to an embodiment of the present description;
    [0077] figures 17a-17d are seen in cross section of fasteners according to the alternative embodiment of the present description;
    [0078] figures 18-20 are planar and cross-sectional views, respectively, of a closure according to an alternative embodiment of the present description;
    [0079] figure 21 is a cross-sectional view of a closure according to an alternative embodiment of the present description;
    [0080] figure 22 is a diagrammatic and cross-sectional view of the closure of figure 21 inserted through a first layer and being welded to a second layer;
    [0081] figure 23 is a diagrammatic and cross-sectional view of a closure according to an alternative embodiment of the present description inserted through a first layer and welded to the second layer;
    [0082] figure 24 is a cross-sectional view of a closure according to an alternative embodiment of the present description;
    14/34 [0083] figure 25 is a diagrammatic and cross-sectional view of the closure of figure 24 inserted through a first layer and being welded to a second layer;
    [0084] figure 26 is a diagrammatic and cross-sectional view of a two-part closure according to an alternative embodiment of the present description, the first layer inserted through a support layer and welded to the second part;
    [0085] figure 27 is a diagrammatic and cross-sectional view of a two-part closure according to an alternative embodiment of the present description, the first layer inserted through a support layer and welded to the second part.
    Detailed Description of the Example Modalities [0086] Figures 1 and 2 show a closure 10 that has a peripheral cover 12 and a tapered shaft 14 that has a blunt pointed end 16 opposite the cover 12. An internal cavity H extends through the cover 12 and a rod 14. The closure 10 can be produced from a conductive metal, for example, steel or titanium, which is capable of withstanding a resistance spot welding process. The cap 12 has an edge dimension for top CE, and diameter CD. The stem has the diameter SD and the length of the cap 12 for the end 16 of SL. As described below, these dimensions may vary depending on the use to which the closure 10 is placed, for example, the thickness and type of parts that the closure 10 is used to attach. In one example, the diameter CD can be in the range of about 4mm to 16mm, the length SL in the range of about 3mm to 10mm, CE in the range of about 0.5 to 3.0mm and SD in the range of about from 2 to 12 mm. Figure 3 shows a closure 20, like that of figure 1, but which has different dimensions, that is, which has a thinner axis 24 with a more severely pointed end 26.
    [0087] Figure 4 shows the insertion of a closure 10a according to
    15/34 with an embodiment of the present description through a first layer of metal 11, for example, an aluminum alloy, and being welded to a second layer of metal 13, for example, an alloy of steel, to form a laminated structure L1. This is shown in sequential stages identified as A-E. As shown in stage A, this process can be conducted in a conventional spot welding station that has opposite electrodes, the tips 15a and 17a of which are shown spaced from the metal sheets / layers 11, 13, which allow the lock 10a be inserted between the tip 15a and the layer 11. The tip 15a can have a surface S1 with a shape that accommodates, supports, shapes and / or retains the closure 10a through the welding process. In stage B, the opposing forces F1, F2 exerted by the conventional welding machine (not shown) to move the tips 15b, 17b towards each other, capture the lock 10b and the layers 11, 13 between them and an electric current I is applied through the set of these elements. The forces F1, F2 and current I are applied throughout stages B-E and the magnitude and duration of each being varied depending on the requirements at each stage. For example, the current I required to heat / plasticize aluminum in stage B may be less than that required for welding steel to steel as in stages D and E. Similarly, forces F1 and F2 can vary to accommodate requirements change processing.
    The chain I heats each of the closure 10b, and the layers 11, 13 to a temperature at which the aluminum layer 11 plasticizes and can be displaced / punctured by the closure 10b. The aluminum layer 11 is resistively heated by current I and also through conduction from both the lock 10b and the layer 13. The lock 10b and layer 13 have heating and electrical conductivity lower than the aluminum layer 11, so that the current low typically al
    16/34 can be used to generate the heat necessary to plasticize the aluminum layer, as well as to weld to layer 13, as described below. Since aluminum has a lower melting point than steel closure layer 13 or 10b, which in this example is also steel, aluminum layer 11 achieves a plastic state that allows displacement by fastener 10b and allows that the end 16b of the lock 10b penetrates the aluminum layer 11. As shown in stage C, the insertion of the lock 10c in the aluminum layer 11 causes a displaced depth of plasticised aluminum 11U that arises above the original upper surface 11S of layer 11. As shown in stage D, closure 10d penetrates layer 11 completely and comes in contact with steel layer 13 where end 16d of closure 10d begins to melt and flatten and a molten metal zone Pd begins to form at layer 13 interface and at the end 16d of the closure. The Pd zone is the welded material or “drop” in which the metal of the closure 10d and layer 13 liquefy and mix. As shown in stage E, the continuous application of convergent forces F1, F2 and current I result in a bluntness and fusion of the end 16e and a part of the length of the stem 14e, together with the application of the fused zone Pe. Stage E also shows a cap 12e dropped to the level of the upper surface 11S, which covers and seals the depth 11U attributable to the insertion of the lock 10e entirely in the aluminum layer 11.
    [0089] After having performed stage E, forces F1, F2 and current I can be removed and the tips 15e and 17e removed. The previous process can be carried out with barrier layers, for example, a surface pretreatment adhesive layer or paint / primer (not shown) applied to the 11S surface and / or between the
    17/34 layers 11, 13, as long as the barrier layer does not prevent current I from flowing to create electrical resistance heating. In this way, contact between metals other than layers 11,13 can be reduced, along with unwanted galvanic corrosion and interaction. Partial fusion of closure 10 during the penetration and welding phases of the process allows closure 10a to accommodate a range of thicknesses of layer 11.
    [0090] The cap 12a of the lock 10a defines an annular recess that can receive, capture and seal the aluminum and the intermetallic compounds generated from the penetration (stages B and C) and welding (stages D and E) as the cover 12a “slope” on the 11S surface of the aluminum layer 11. This retention of aluminum and intermetallic compounds can significantly improve the corrosion performance and strength of the assembly attributable to the lock 10a. The cap 12a can be formed on the closure 10a before the welding process or it can be formed in-situ during welding. As described more fully below with reference to figure 8, the geometry of the closure 10a and its interaction with / retention by the tip 15a and surface S1 allows single lateral welding (welding from one side without a distant electrode contact member 12 in opposition to the electrode tip 15a to provide a counter force). The 15th tip may be formed to be grasped by the closure 10a through a resilience or spring load of the closure 10a that retains the closure 10a at the tip 15a during welding, but separates once the welding has been completed. For example, the tip 15 may have a peripheral protrusion or hollow that a top edge of the closure 10a resiliently removes.
    [0091] The lock 10 can be formed from thin sheet steel, for example, about 1 mm to 4 mm in thickness, but it can be produced in any determined thickness as determined
    18/34 by the thickness of the layers 11, 13, with greater thickness in the layers that requires greater thickness of the closure. Alternatively, the stem 14 of the closure 10 can be solid or semi-solid. Regardless of the thickness / cavernousness of the closure (density for a given surface area), the stem 14 can be divided to break when the end 16 is welded to the plate 13, so that the cover is in contact with the upper surface 11S of the plate 11 and / or seal any 11U intermetallic compounds and deep areas when welding is completed (stage E).
    [0092] The final dimensions of the Pe welding zone will depend on the starting and final dimensions of the lock rod 14e, that is, diameter, length and the thickness of the rod walls. The larger the dimensions of the locking rod 14e, the larger the dimensions of the Pe welding zone. In one example, the fixing plate 11 composed of 0.5 mm to 4.0 mm thick aluminum for the plate 13 composed of steel from 0.5 mm to 3.0 mm thick, a weld diameter in the range of 2 mm to 8 mm would exhibit beneficial shear and peel resistance properties.
    [0093] In order to minimize the weight in a finished welded product made with the fixing elements 10 of the present disclosure, the caliber of the plate used to make the fastener 10 can be reduced. As a result, the reduced sidewall strength of the closing rod 14 can cause it to collapse prematurely during the welding process. In order to support the rod 14, 15a the electrode can be formed to extend into the cavity H partially or totally envelop the internal surface of the rod 14 inside the cavity H. Figure 5 shows an alternative closure 110 in two stages in the process welding process, namely phase B5 before extrusion through layer 11 and phase E5, after welding. An electrode tip 115 that has a surface S2 that supports the end 116 of the lock 110, allows
    19/34 that the end 116 is propelled through the layer 11 without the end 116 or rod (side wall) 114 being deformed. Tip 115 has a concave annular surface S3 which can receive and form / shape a corresponding area of the closure periphery 110p in response to the closure 110 which passes against the depth 11U when the closure is pressed fully through the layer 11 to form the Pg solder as shown in step E5.
    [0094] Figure 6 shows a more comprehensive sequence of steps A6-F6 when using lock 110 to perform spot welding through an upper layer 11, for example, an aluminum plate, to secure the upper layer 11 to a lower layer 13, for example, a steel plate. As can be seen, this process can also be called resistance point fixing or resistance point riveting where the fastener 110 can be described as a rivet that is dipped through layer 11, making a hole in layer 11 and adhering to layer 13 by means of welding, the cap 112 of the closure which presses layer 11 against the layer. As the closure 110 penetrates the top layer 11 and engages the bottom layer 13, the concave annular surface S3 at the electrode tip 115 wraps and seals the layer 11, in particular, the depth 11U. In one example, stage B6 and C6 may have an associated FH force of a magnitude of, for example, 100 to 2,000 pounds and an IH current level of a magnitude of, for example, 2,500 to 24,000 amps, which is suitable for laminating the first layer 11 of aluminum which is 2 mm thick and welding a second layer 13 of 780 MPa galvanized coated steel with a thickness of 1.0 mm, by means of a low-carbon steel closure with an overall diameter 16 mm, a total height of 3 mm and an average wall thickness of 1.0 mm. These magnitudes of force and current are just an example and depend on the dimensions
    20/34 sections and compositions of closure 110 and layers 11 and 13. The time for transition from stage B6 to C6 can be in the order of 0.2 to 6.0 seconds. In one example, a force of, for example, 100 pounds, a current of 2,500 A and a cycle time of 6 seconds can be used. Increases in strength and current can result in shorter cycle times. Following this additional example and using the same dimensions and properties of closure 110 and layers 11, 13, stage D6 can use an associated force F W of a magnitude of, for example, 400 to 800 pounds and a level current I W of a magnitude of, for example, 6,000 to 18,000 amps, which is suitable for starting the fusion of the lock 110 and the lower level 13 to form a fused Pd welding zone. The magnitude of the FW force can be changed to an FT force of a magnitude of, for example, 400 to 1,000 pounds and a current level I T of a magnitude of, for example, 3,000 to 12,000 amps in the E6 stage to form an expanded welding zone to temper the welding and to render it with an average cross-sectional diameter of 4 mm to 6 mm. The completion of stage D6 can take, for example, 0.1 to 0.5 seconds. In stage F6, the first and second electrode tips 115, 117 can be removed. As can be seen, since the depth 11U forces the lid 112 to adapt to the surface S3, which establishes a close relative fit, there may be some resistance to the removal of the first tip 115 of the lock 110f in stage F6. In some orders, it may also be preferable to use a preformed lock to reduce the withdrawal force, the cycle time and to reduce the amount of FW welding force required to form the cap 112 to adapt to the S3 surface and depth 11U.
    [0095] Figure 7 shows a sequence of steps A7-F7 using a lock 210 to perform spot welding through a
    21/34 upper layer 11, for example, an aluminum plate, for attaching the upper layer 11 to a lower layer 13, for example, a steel plate. Closure 210 is made to have a shape similar to closure 110 after it was formed by the welding force shown in stages D6 and E6 in figure 6, so that the upper section can wrap and seal the top surface without the need to be formed by the electrode during the welding process. Once the lock 210 is performed, the electrode tip 215 does not require the concave annular surface S3 to form the cap 212 to accommodate and seal against the 11U depth of the first adjacent layer 11 where it is penetrated by the lock 210. As a result, the electrode tip 215 can taper (it can be rounded on the surfaces S4, S5 to the surface S2 that supports the end 216 of the lock 210), this allows the concentration of heating, welding and tempering forces F H , F W , FT, as well as the heating, welding and tempering currents IH, I W , I T can have a smaller area, allowing reduced strength and current to achieve penetration, welding and tempering tasks.
    [0096] Figures 4 to 7 show the direct access welding in which the resistance welding electrodes, for example, 15a, 17a, 10a hold the workpieces / weld pile, 11, 13 from opposite sides. As shown in figure 8, spot welding using a lock 10, 20, 110, 210, according to the present description, can be conducted from one side with the use of indirect welding. An S8 structure, such as a steel beam or any other type of structure, can be connected to a pole of a source of electrical potential to conduct welding. The other pole supplies electrical energy to the welding tip 215 to provide electrical energy for heating in stages B8 and C8, welding in D8 and tempering in E8. Indirect welding is usually done on steel, but it is difficult to conduct aluminum to aluminum joints. Once
    22/34 that the present description allows welding with a closure produced from materials other than aluminum, this facilitates the conjugation of an aluminum layer 11, for example, an aluminum plate, to an S8 steel structure, such as a steel tube.
    [0097] In series welding, two or more electrodes address a single side. Several welds are then produced as the welding current flows between several guns in a series. Figure 9 shows that the welding process and apparatus of the present description can be used to conduct the series welding closures 210a and 210b to join layers / members 11, 13 in a single welding operation. Current I H passes through electrode 215a, of layers 11, 13, through a conductive support bar S9, then back through layers 11, 13 to electrode 215b. As before, the current I H heats the layer 11 allowing penetration through the locks 210a, 210b, the welded locks in contact with the layer
    13. The general process is similar to that explained above, but only stages B9, D9 and F9 are shown. Series welding is not typically conducted on aluminum, but is usually done using steel materials. Since the present description allows welding with a closure made from materials other than aluminum, this facilitates the conjugation of an aluminum layer 11, for example, an aluminum plate, to a steel layer / plate 13 or structure, such as a steel tube or box structure by means of series welding.
    [0098] Although the previous examples refer to a fastener 10, 20, 110, 210 made from steel, the fastener 10, 20, 110, 210 can be made from other materials, such as titanium, magnesium, coated steel, galvanized steel or stainless steel, as long as the layer, for example, 13, to which it is welded is compatible for welding. The first layer 11 and the (second) bed
    23/34 of the successor (s) 13 may also vary with respect to composition and number. For example, the first layer can be aluminum, magnesium, copper or alloys thereof. The first layer 11 can also be a plurality of layers of any of the above, for example, two layers of aluminum, two layers of magnesium or three or more layers of magnesium, copper or aluminum. Optionally, more than one type of material can be used in the plurality of layers. In order to penetrate an intervention layer such as layer 11, the closure 10 ... 210 must be produced from a material with a higher melting point than the penetrated intervention layer (s) 11 during the heating / penetration phase, for example, B6, C6 (figure 6). In order to conduct the welding phase, for example, D6, the closure material 110 must be compatible with the layer to which it must be resistance-welded, for example, layer 13. For example, if layer 13 is produced from high-strength galvanized steel (> 590 MPa), then lock 110 can be produced, for example, from standard, low-carbon steels, high-strength steels (> 590 MPa) or steel grades stainless.
    [0099] Figure 10 shows that a lock 210c can be used with an opposite lock 210d to contain a pair of layers 11a, 11b, for example, produced from aluminum or magnesium, by spot welding each other, so that covers 212c, 212d capture layers 11a, 11b between them. The procedure shown in stages A10 to F10 mimics the procedure described above, for example, as described in reference to figures 4 to 7, in which the electrical resistance is used for heating, penetrating layers and welding, but instead of 210C closures. , 210d that reach a layer 13 to which they are welded, each penetrates the intervention layers 11a, 11b in opposite directions, are joined and welded together.
    24/34 [00100] Figure 11 shows that various combinations of layers can be joined according to one embodiment of the present description. As shown in combination G, the material stack may be aluminum 11A and steel 13S as a stack shown and described above with reference to figure 7 in stage B7. As described above, the lock 210 can be driven through the aluminum layer 11A and welded to the steel layer 13S. In an alternative embodiment, one or both layers 11A1, 11A2 can be magnesium / magnesium alloy. Combination H shows a stack of two layers of aluminum 11A1 and 11A2 with a layer of 13S steel. As before, the lock 210 can be driven through the aluminum layers 11A1 and 11A2 and then welded to the steel layer 13S. Combination I shows a stack of an 11A aluminum layer and an 11M magnesium layer with a 13S steel layer. The lock 210 can be driven through the aluminum layer 11A and the magnesium layer 11M and then welded to the steel layer 13S. Combination J shows a stack of an outer layer of magnesium 11M, an intermediate layer of aluminum 11A and a layer of steel 13S. Closure 210 can be driven through the 11M magnesium layer and the 11A aluminum layer and then welded to the 13S steel layer. In each stack shown in G, Η, I and J, lock 210 can be used to secure the shown laminated structure. Other combinations of material, thickness and number of layers are possible to be secured with the lock 210, 110, 20, 10 of the present description.
    [00101] Figure 12 shows a welding electrode tip 215 with a connector sleeve part 215S and a welding part 215W with rounded tapered surfaces S4 and S5. A tip like this is available from CMW Contacts Metal Welding www.cmwinc.com and is called a G cap.
    [00102] Figure 13a and 13b shows a reused cover door
    25/34 to function as a lock 310 in accordance with the present description. Lock 310 has a cap 312, a stem 314 and an end 316. Pads 318 for interacting with a corresponding tool 318 can be used to retain lock 310 on an electrode tip like tip 115 and can also be used to twist the closure as it is driven through an intermediate layer 11 and / or when it is welded to a layer 13.
    [00103] Figures 14a and 14b are plan and side views, respectively, of a lock 410 according to another embodiment of the present description. Closure 410 can be produced as a stamping with the use of a stamping tool and support matrix as shown in figure 15. Cap 412 transitions on stem 414 on curve C1 and stem 414 transitions on end 416 on curve C2 . The curve C1, when rotated around the axis of symmetry S of the closure 410 and bounded by the edge 412e and this projection on the stem 414, circumscribes a volume V1 that can contain and seal the depth of the penetrated layer, for example, as shown as 11U in figure 5.
    [00104] Figure 15 shows a closure stamping tool 505 according to an embodiment of the present description. The stamping tool can be used to form fasteners such as fastener 410 from cable material 520, for example, a steel plate. The closing embossing tool 505 has a facing die 522 with a forming surface 522S (shown in dotted lines). A modeling tool 524 (in dotted lines) driven by a punch 526 (rod shown in dotted lines), which acts in conjunction with the turned matrix 522 to form a lock 410 (figures 14A, Bb) from cable 520. In the modality shown, the modeling tool 524 both cuts the lock 410 from the cable 520 and shapes it as it is driven downwards
    26/34 through cable 520 through punch 526. Alternatively, disk-shaped blocks (not shown) that are large enough to form a lock 410 can be cut from the cable by a separate punch and loaded onto a support block 530 before punch 526 is driven down against the turned die 522 to form the block in lock 410. A spring 532 can be inserted between a retaining cap 534 and block holder 530 to return punch 526 to a neutral position after a lock 410 has been stamped by the lock stamping tool 505. The punch 526 can be coupled to a punch holder 528 that is mechanically, hydraulically or pneumatically driven in a conventional manner to actuate the punches and presses.
    [00105] Figure 16 shows the welding pile 605 in which a closure 610 is positioned against the first and second layers 611, 613 before penetration or welding. The first layer 611 can be an aluminum, magnesium or copper plate and the second layer can be a steel, titanium or inconel plate. Layers 611, 613 and lock 610 are attached between the first and second ends 615, 617 which are in electrical continuity with the lower and upper electrodes 640, 642 of an electric spot welding machine available for sale, such as a welding station. 250kVA welding available from Centerline Welding, Ltd.
    [00106] In an example of a welding operation conducted in accordance with the present description, a commercially available 250kVA resistance pedestal spot welding machine was used to heat and dip a lock / rivet through an aluminum plate and weld to a steel backing plate. The upper electrode tip 615 was a commercially available electrode called cap G (similar to tip 215 in figure 12) and the lower electrode tip 617 was a standard flat face (16mm in diameter)
    27/34 diameter, nose C type RWMA). A standard cap nut 610 as shown in figures 13a and 13b was used for the rivet. The joining parts were the aluminum alloy 7075-T6 of 1.5 mm and the galvanized steel of 270MPa of 0.7 mm. The cap nut 610 was positioned on the cap electrode G 615 and then against the aluminum plate 611 in a stack as shown in figure 16. Current pulses of about 1.5 seconds in duration at 9,000 amps were generated to cause the cap nut 610 to penetrate the aluminum plate 611. After penetration, the cap nut 610 was welded to steel with a current pulse of about 15kA to 0.166. A welding button of approximately 5 mm in diameter, between the steel cap nut and the 270MPa steel sheet of 0.7 mm steel, was obtained.
    [00107] Aspects of the present description include low part distortion, since the layers to be fastened, for example, 11, 13, are kept in compression during welding and the heat-affected zone is mainly restricted to the area of cover of the lid, for example 12 of the closure 10. The closures, for example, 10, 20, 110, 210, 310, 410, 610 form a volume in relation to the first layer 11 to trap intermetallic compounds or materials displaced by penetration of the closure through the first layer 11. The closures, for example, 10 ... 610 can be used to secure a range of thicknesses and the number of layers of different types of materials, viz., by selecting a closure of the appropriate dimensions and material composition. In addition, a particular 10,610 closure may be operable over a range of thicknesses due to the elasticity of the materials from which it is formed, as well as the shape of the closure. For example, cover 412 can flex flexibly with respect to stem 414 when closure 410 is used to accommodate various thicknesses and to resiliently press on the layer (s),
    28/34 for example, 11 when welded to layer 13. Resilient pressing of cap 412 against a layer, for example, 11 can contribute to establishing and maintaining a seal around the perimeter of closure 10.610 when it is in place.
    [00108] Closure 10.610 of the present description can be applied through adhesives and / or other coatings applied between the layers, for example, 11, 13 and / or through the coating applied to the top layer 11. The weld formed by using the closure, for example, Pe in figure 4, does not penetrate layer 13 nor disturb the surface of 13 opposite the weld, preserving the appearance, resistance to corrosion and being waterproof. During the penetration of the closure, for example, in stage C of figure 4 and in the welding phase, in stage D, the closure 10c, 10d, 10e will flatten and expand continuously along the welding zone Pd, Pe, driven intermetallic compounds from the weld zone. The methodology and apparatus of the present invention are compatible with conventional RSW equipment developed for resistance welding of steel sheet and the fixing element, 10 ... 610 can be made of a variety of materials, such as several types of steel (low carbon, high strength, ultra high strength, stainless steel), titanium, aluminum, magnesium and copper. The closure of the present description can optionally be coated (galvanized, galvanized / ringed, hot immersed, aluminized, electrodisposed) to improve corrosion resistance.
    [00109] As noted above, lock 10.610 of the present description can be used through single side and two side access welding. The 10 .610 closure does not require a guide hole in the top plate (s) produced from aluminum and other conductors, but it can also be used with a guide hole in the aluminum or top plate, allowing the closure to extend through the top plate (s) to reach the bottom plate 13 before welding.
    29/34
    Guide holes can also be used to allow electrical flow through dielectric / non-conductive layers, such as adhesive layers or anticorrosive coatings / layers. In addition, dielectric / insulating materials, such as plastics and plastic composites, including carbon fiber, reinforced plastics, metal-to-plastic laminates, for example, aluminum, magnesium or steel and plastic, such as Reynobond® available from Alcoa Architectural Products of Eastman, Georgia, fiberglass, SMC, thermosets, thermoplastics and ceramics, which include glass, can be connected to steel through a 10 ... 610 steel fastener that has passed through a guide hole in one layer of these types of materials and welded by electrical resistance welding to the steel layer. Plastic, plastic composites and ceramics can also be joined to an aluminum layer 13 by means of a closure 10 ... 610 made as a whole or part of a compatible material, for example, aluminum alloy. Plastic, plastic composites and ceramics can also be joined to a layer of magnesium 13 by means of a closure 10.610 made as a whole or part of a compatible material, for example, magnesium alloy. Similarly, plastics, plastic composites and ceramics can also be joined to a layer of titanium 13 through a closure 10.610 made as a whole or part of a compatible material, for example, a titanium alloy. The top layer (s) 11 which are (are) coated with a non-conductive coating, such as primers, anti-corrosion coatings, paints and anodized layers, can also be bonded to a layer weldable made from steel, aluminum, magnesium or titanium by extending a fixing element 10 ... 610 of the present disclosure through a pilot hole in the coated, non-conductive layer to extend and weld the weldable layer 13. This approach can be applied to adhere to a painted / coated non-conductive layer in a manner
    Electrical 30/34 11 of aluminum, steel, magnesium or titanium with a layer 13 of steel, magnesium, aluminum or titanium, in any combination, as long as the closure 10 ... 610 is produced from a material compatible with welding to the layer. This approach is applicable to those industries, processes and manufactures in which the layer (s) 11 to be joined to the weldable layer 13 is (are) pre-painted. Prepainting is common when joining different materials, such as aluminum and steel, to prevent galvanic corrosion. By allowing one of the two sheets 11, 13 to be coated prior to assembly it would increase protection against corrosion, compared to both sheets being uncoated or unprotected sheets.
    [00110] The quality of the weld resulting from the use of closure 10 ... 610 can be tested according to quality assurance measurements applied to the cavity left by the weld, that is, by measuring the dimensions of the cavity. NDE ultrasound techniques can also be used on the back, for example, layer 13 (steel side) to monitor the quality of the weld.
    [00111] Compared to FDS (EJOTS), SPR, and JSF, the device used to apply the lock 10 ... 610 of this description has a smaller space, allowing access to the tightest spaces. The apparatus and method of the present invention use the lowest insertion forces in comparison with SPR since the first layer 11 is heated / softened during the insertion phase of the closure, for example, see step C of figure 4. The methods and devices of the present invention provide the ability to join high-strength aluminum (which is sensitive to breakage during SPR operations) and to join high and ultra-high strength steels, as there is no need to drill through steel metal with the clasp, but instead the clasp is welded to it.
    [00112] The apparatus and method of the present invention need not
    31/34 of rotating parts and is conducive to solving adjustment problems since the part of the overall process is similar to conventional resistance spot welding (RSW) with regard to the way the component / part layers are fixed. In addition, the application of the 10 ... 610 closure can be carried out quickly by providing fast processing speeds similar to conventional RSW. The apparatus and processes of the present invention can be applied for use in both forged and cast aluminum products, can be used to produce a compatible metal joint instead of a bimetallic weld as when welding aluminum to steel, which may have low joint strength. As noted above, the apparatus and methods of the present description can be used to attach multiple layers of different materials, for example, two or more layers of aluminum or magnesium to a layer of steel; a layer of aluminum with two layers of steel (figures 22-27); or a layer of aluminum or magnesium to a layer of steel.
    [00113] Figure 17a shows a cross-sectional view of a closure 710 like the closure 410 of figure 14a, in which the thickness of the cap 712, stem 714 and an end 716 is substantially constant. The end 716 is flat.
    [00114] Figure 17b shows a closure 810, in which the end 816 is flat and has a thickness greater than the stem 814 of the lid 812.
    [00115] Figure 17c shows a closure 910 with a rounded end 916 that has a constant thickness. In one example, the radius R is in the range of 1 to 6 inches.
    [00116] Figure 17d shows a closure 1010 that has a rounded end 1016 and ribs 1014s at the junction of end 1016 and stem 1014. Ribs 1014s can be aligned with the axis of symmetry / rotation S or arranged at an angle A in rel
    32/34 tion to that. The ribs can be used or to guide the closure in a specific direction, for example, straight or spiral when the closure is pressed through layer 11 and / or can be used as an anti-rotation feature that prevents rotation of layer 11 relative to to the installed lock 1010.
    [00117] Figures 18-20 show a closure 1110 that has a length L greater than its width W. In one example, the length L can be in the range of 8 mm to 25 mm and the width in the range of 4 mm to 8 mm.
    [00118] Figure 21 shows a closure 1210 that in cross section has the left and right parts 1210a, 1210b that converge in 1212c. Closure 1210 is a rotation solid around the symmetry / rotation line S, so that ends 1216a, 1216b form a continuous ring surface that can be welded to a substrate as illustrated below.
    [00119] Figure 22 shows the closure 1210 inserted through the first layer 11, for example, produced from aluminum and welded to layer 13, for example, produced from steel in the welding zones Pa, Pb, which would have a continuous ring shape. The ring-shaped weld could be distributed over a larger surface area, then a disk-shaped weld, as would be produced, for example, by using a lock like 410, as shown in figure 14-A. Tip 1215 has a surface 1215s that accommodates and supports closure 1210 as it is heated and pressed towards tip 1217.
    [00120] Figure 23 shows a lock 1310 in cross section inserted through a first layer 11 and welded to a second layer 13 in the welding zones Pa, Pb. As in figure 21, lock 1310 is a solid of rotation around symmetry / rotation line S, so that the welding zones Pa and Pb are part of a weld in
    33/34 continuous ring shape to layer 13. Closure 1310 features a central threaded socket 1342 that has threads 1342t suitable for receiving a corresponding threaded closure, such as a pin (not shown). In this way, the lock 1310 can perform two functions, that is, retain the layer 11 to 13 and provide a threaded socket that allows the assembly to another member or structure (not shown) through a corresponding thread lock (not shown). Tip 1315 has a recess 1315r to accommodate socket 1342 while welding is done.
    [00121] Figures 24 and 25 show a lock 1410 like the lock 1310, but which has a socket part 1442 with threads 1442t that has the open end, allowing a corresponding thread lock (not shown) to pass through the socket part 1442. As shown in figure 25, in preparation for installing the lock 1410, the layers 11 and 13 are preferably perforated or otherwise provided with corresponding holes 11h, 13h through which the socket part 1442 can be inserted. Penetration of layer 11 and welding to layer 11 can then be carried out by resistance welding, as explained above. Tip 1415 has a surface 1415s to support closure 1410 as it passes through layer 11 and welded to layer 13. Tip 1417 has a recess 1417r that accommodates socket part 1442 that extends through layers 11, 13 during the welding process.
    [00122] Figure 26 shows a closure 1510 that has an upper part 1510u and a lower part 1510l that can be welded together to fix the closure to a layer 11, for example, of aluminum. The bottom 1510l features a 1510t threaded socket. Clasp 1510 can be produced from steel or titanium. The welding process is conducted as before, only that, instead of welding a second
    34/34 of layer 13, the top part 1510u is welded to the bottom part 15101 after the top part is driven through the aluminum layer 11. As before, the welding zones Pa, Pb are a part of a weld in the form of ring, as the lock 1510 is a rotating solid. The layer 11 is captured between the flange part 1510f and the cap 1512. The closure 1510 allows a threaded socket 1510t, produced from a first material, for example, steel or titanium, to be attached to a layer 11 of different material , for example, aluminum or magnesium.
    [00123] Figure 27 shows a closure 1610 that has an upper part 1610u and a lower part 1610l that can be welded together to fix the closure to a layer 11, for example, of aluminum. The bottom 1610l features a 1610s threaded rivet. Clasp 1610 can be produced from steel or titanium. The welding process is conducted as before, only that, instead of welding to a second layer 13, the upper part 1610u is welded to the lower part 1610l after the upper part is driven through the aluminum layer 11. The welding zone Pa is approximately disk-shaped and closure 1610 is a rotating solid. Layer 11 is captured between flange part 1610f and cap 1612. Closure 1610 allows a threaded rivet 1610s, produced from a first material, for example, steel or titanium, to be attached to a layer 11 of different material , for example, aluminum or magnesium.
    [00124] It will be understood that the modalities described here are merely exemplary and that the person skilled in the art can make many variations and modifications without deviating from the character and scope of the subject claimed. All such variations and modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the claims.
    权利要求:
    Claims (4)
    [1]
    1. Method for fixing a first material to a second electrically conductive material using electrical resistance welding, the method characterized by the fact that it comprises the steps of:
    forming a guide hole in the first material;
    placing the first and second materials together in physical contact;
    position an electrically conductive closure (10, 20, 110, 210, 310, 410, 610, 710, 810, 910, 1010, 1110, 1210, 1310, 1410, 1510, 1610) electrically conductive with a cover having a peripheral rim extending to below and an axis that is weldable to the second material in electrical contact with the second material extending the closure through the guide hole;
    apply an electrical potential along the closure and the second material, inducing a current to flow through the closure and the second material generating resistive heating, the resistive heating causing the closure to weld on the second material forming a weld, the capture material of the cap extruded from the guide hole during at least one of the steps of positioning the closure, applying the electrical potential and forming the weld.
    [2]
    2/4
    4. Method according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the second material is in the form of a structural element.
    Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the stack comprises a plurality of layers of material with a melting point less than a melting point of the second material and less than a melting point of the closure.
    6. Method according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the second material is a second closure and in which the closure and the second closure attach the first material to each other.
    7. Method according to claim 6, characterized by the fact that the second lock is threaded.
    8. Method, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that it further comprises the step of applying a corrosion barrier between at least one among: the closure, the first layer and the second layer before the application step.
    9. Method according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that it further comprises the step of applying a non-conductive barrier between at least one of: the closure, the first layer and the second layer before the application step, and comprising still the step of making a hole in the non-conductive barrier through which the current can flow during the application step.
    10. Method, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the electric potential is applied by electrodes (640, 642), at least one of which has a tip (15, 17, 115, 117, 215, 217, 615, 617) with a shape complementary to the shape of the closure and capable of receiving the closure thereon and further comprising the step of coupling the closure to at least one tip prior to the application step.
    Petition 870170005724, of 01/27/2017, p. 6/12
    2. Method, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the closure and the second material are at least one among: steel, aluminum, magnesium, titanium and its alloys and Inconel and the first material is at least one among: plastic, plastic composite, metal and plastic laminate, ceramics, painted metal, aluminum, steel, titanium, magnesium and its alloys and Inconel.
    [3]
    3/4
    11. Method according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the closure has the ability to fix a range of thicknesses from the first material to the second material by deformation to a selected degree during the welding step.
    12. Method according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the closure has a lid with an initial configuration and a final configuration and further comprising the step of deforming the lid from the initial configuration to the final configuration during said steps to apply, boost and weld.
    13. Method according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the closure has a cavity and further comprises the step of inserting a part of an electrode tip into the cavity during the positioning step.
    14. Method, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the current flow is variable during the stages of applying, boosting and welding.
    15. Method for fixing a first electrically conductive material to a second electrically conductive material using electrical resistance welding, the method characterized by the fact that it comprises:
    placing the first and second materials in physical and electrical contact, the first material having a lower melting point than the second material;
    place an electrically conductive closure (10, 20, 110, 210, 310, 410, 610, 710, 810, 910, 1010, 1110, 1210, 1310, 1410, 1510, 1610) that is weldable to the second material and has a higher melting point than the first material in physical and electrical contact with the first material to form an electrically conductive stack (11A, 13S) including the closure, the first material and the second material, the closure having a cap and shaft extending from
    Petition 870170005724, of 01/27/2017, p. 7/12
    3. Method according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the peripheral edge contacts a surface of the first material after the application step.
    Petition 870170005724, of 01/27/2017, p. 5/12
    [4]
    4/4 of the cover and an end distal to the cover, the closure being symmetrical with respect to a axis of rotation and having a hollow axis with a U-shaped cross section, the cover extending from the axis to the open end ( 16, 26, 116, 216, 316, 416, 716, 816, 916, 1016, 1116) of the U shape forming an inversely curved peripheral rim;
    apply an electrical potential across the stack, induce a current to flow through the stack and cause resistive heating, resistive heating causing the first material to soften;
    propel the locking shaft through the first softened material towards the second material;
    after the end of the closure contacts the second material, weld the closure to the second material.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    WO2014210278A1|2014-12-31|
    US10293428B2|2019-05-21|
    CN104249215A|2014-12-31|
    EP3013512B1|2020-07-29|
    BR112015032306A2|2017-07-25|
    US20150001189A1|2015-01-01|
    ES2829291T3|2021-05-31|
    EP3013512A4|2017-03-08|
    CN204221184U|2015-03-25|
    US20190224774A1|2019-07-25|
    CN104249215B|2019-04-02|
    CA2916302A1|2014-12-31|
    JP2016528044A|2016-09-15|
    EP3013512A1|2016-05-04|
    JP6509205B2|2019-05-08|
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    法律状态:
    2017-08-15| B25D| Requested change of name of applicant approved|Owner name: ARCONIC INC. (US) |
    2019-07-23| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|
    2019-09-10| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 26/06/2014, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. (CO) 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 26/06/2014, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS |
    2021-10-26| B25D| Requested change of name of applicant approved|Owner name: HOWMET AEROSPACE INC. (US) |
    2021-11-16| B25G| Requested change of headquarter approved|Owner name: HOWMET AEROSPACE INC. (US) |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    US201361839473P| true| 2013-06-26|2013-06-26|
    PCT/US2014/044286|WO2014210278A1|2013-06-26|2014-06-26|Resistance welding fastener, apparatus and methods|
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