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    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a demodulator comprising a pinch photodiode; at least one storage node; at least one transfer gate connected between the storage node and the pinched photodiode. The pinched photodiode comprises a p-doped epitaxial semiconductor layer; an n-doped semiconductor region formed within the epitaxial semiconductor layer; a p + nip layer formed over said semiconductor zone. The nip layer is divided into at least two distinct regions spaced apart by an electrical insulating member, each area being adapted to be independently biased by a respective bias signal so as to create a potential gradient within the semiconductor region. conductive.
    公开号:BE1025050B1
    申请号:E2017/5527
    申请日:2017-07-27
    公开日:2018-10-12
    发明作者:Der Tempel Ward Van
    申请人:Softkinetic Sensors Nv；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    (30) Priority data:
    08/12/2016 EP 16184045.9 (73) Holder (s):
    (72) Inventor (s): SOFTKINETIC SENSORS NV 1050, BRUSSELSBelgiumVAN DER TEMPEL Ward 70327 STUTTGART Germany
    (54) DEMODULATOR WITH A PINCHED CARRIER GENERATOR PHOTODIODE AND ASSOCIATED OPERATING METHOD (57) The invention relates to a demodulator comprising a pinched photodiode; at least one storage node; at least one transfer grid connected between the storage node and the pinched photodiode. The pinched photodiode comprises a p-doped epitaxial semiconductor layer; an n-doped semiconductor area formed inside the epitaxial semiconductor layer; a pinch layer p + formed over said semiconductor area. The pinch layer is divided into at least two distinct zones spaced apart by an electrical insulating element, each zone being designed to be polarized independently by a respective polarization signal so as to create a potential gradient within the semi-zone. conductive.
    48'7

    BELGIAN INVENTION PATENT
    FPS Economy, SMEs, Middle Classes & Energy Publication Number: 1025050Filing number: BE2017 / 5527 Intellectual Property Office International Classification: G01S 7/491 H01L 27/146 Date of issue: 12/10/2018
    The Minister of the Economy,
    Having regard to the Paris Convention of March 20, 1883 for the Protection of Industrial Property;
    Considering the law of March 28, 1984 on patents for invention, article 22, for patent applications introduced before September 22, 2014;
    Given Title 1 “Patents for invention” of Book XI of the Code of Economic Law, article XI.24, for patent applications introduced from September 22, 2014;
    Having regard to the Royal Decree of 2 December 1986 relating to the request, the issue and the maintenance in force of invention patents, article 28;
    Given the patent application received by the Intellectual Property Office on 07/27/2017.
    Whereas for patent applications falling within the scope of Title 1, Book XI of the Code of Economic Law (hereinafter CDE), in accordance with article XI. 19, §4, paragraph 2, of the CDE, if the patent application has been the subject of a search report mentioning a lack of unity of invention within the meaning of the §ler of article XI.19 cited above and in the event that the applicant does not limit or file a divisional application in accordance with the results of the search report, the granted patent will be limited to the claims for which the search report has been drawn up.
    Stopped :
    First article. - It is issued to
    SOFTKINETIC SENSORS NV, Boulevard de la Plaine 11, 1050 BRUXELLES Belgium;
    represented by
    GEVERS PATENTS, Holidaystraat 5, 1831, DIEGEM;
    a Belgian invention patent with a duration of 20 years, subject to the payment of the annual fees referred to in article XI.48, §1 of the Code of Economic Law, for: DEMODULATOR PROVIDED WITH A CLIPPED GENERATOR PHOTODIODE AND ASSOCIATED OPERATING METHOD.
    INVENTOR (S):
    VAN DER TEMPEL Ward, c / o IP Europe, Sony Europe Limited, Zweigniederlassung Deutschland, Stuttgart Technology Center, Hedelfinger Str. 61, 70327, STUTTGART;
    PRIORITY (S):
    08/12/2016 EP 16184045.9;
    DIVISION:
    divided from the basic request:
    filing date of the basic application:
    Article 2. - This patent is granted without prior examination of the patentability of the invention, without guarantee of the merit of the invention or of the accuracy of the description thereof and at the risk and peril of the applicant (s) ( s).
    Brussels, 12/10/2018,
    By special delegation:
    BE2017 / 5527
    DEMODULATOR WITH HOLDER-GENERATING PINCH PHOTODIODE AND METHOD OF OPERATION THEREOF
    BACKGROUND
    Field of the invention
    The present invention relates to a demodulator intended to receive a light signal constituting a modulation signal and an electrical signal constituting a demodulation signal, and to an associated operating method. One of the applications of particular interest is the measurement of flight time.
    Description of the Prior Art
    Computer vision is a rapidly growing field of research that incorporates image acquisition, processing, analysis and understanding processes. The main idea in this area is to reproduce the capacities of human vision by perception and understanding, electronically, of images of a scene. A research theme in computer vision concerns in particular the perception of depth, in other words three-dimensional (3-D) vision.
    Time-of-Flight camera systems (Time-Of-Flight or TOF in English terminology), recently appeared, are capable of capturing 3-D images of a scene by timing the interval between the emission and the echo return of a measurement signal. This approach starts from the principle that, for a signal having a known propagation speed in a given medium, the distance to be measured is given by the product of the propagation speed and the time of the signal going and returning. These systems
    BE2017 / 5527 with TOF camera are used in many applications requiring information on depth or distance from a fixed point.
    TOF measurements are often based on phase shift measurements. According to this approach, the propagation time interval is determined by means of a phase comparison between the light signal emitted and the light signal received. This phase comparison requires the synchronization of a demodulation signal with the light signal emitted.
    The calculation of the phase shift φ can be carried out as follows. A photodetected signal S, p is generally correlated, or demodulated, with reference electrical signals, in other words demodulation signals, designated by S I; Sj, S Q and Sq. S I; Sj, S Q and Sq being respectively phase-shifted by 0 °, 180 °, 90 ° and 270 ° relative to the initial optical signal S, as illustrated in FIG. 1. The correlation signals obtained are defined as follows:
    (eq- 1 - 4)
    Two parameters / and Q are then calculated so that:
    I Ας 'CC' (S (p, i Sφ [) and Q = A s a (StpQ - StpQ ^ · (eq. 5 - 6)
    A s and a respectively represent the variation in amplitude of the photodetected signal S, p and the efficiency of the correlation.
    The extraction of φ is a function of the shape of the modulation signal S. As an example, if S is a sine wave, then
    BE2017 / 5527
    Once the phase φ is known, it is possible to deduce the distance D (p separating objects from the camera using the following formula:
    (Q arctan I φ = <arctan γ + π arctan - + 2π y i if Λ Q> 0 if I <0 if Q <0, /> 0 (eq. 7 - 9) σ · (φ + 2π · η)
    4ttfmod in which f mod is the modulation frequency and n is an integer of Μ.
    In the prior art, correlation, also called demodulation, can be implemented using several types of device. By way of example, the correlation can be implemented by a demodulator 100, as shown in FIGS. 2 a, b). Figure 2a) shows a top view of the demodulator 100 and Figure 2b) shows a cross section of the demodulator 100 along line A-B of Figure 2a).
    The demodulator 100 includes a pinched photodiode. The pinched photodiode is a buried diode structure provided with a buried n box 106 sandwiched between a p-type epitaxial layer, P-epi, 107 and a protective surface layer p + 105 also called pinch layer. The epitaxial layer 107 can also be formed over a P 108 substrate.
    The demodulator 100 also comprises transfer grids 103, 104, also designated respectively by ΤΧ0, TX1, and storage sites 101, 102. The storage sites 101, 102 are respectively floating diffusion nodes FD0, FD1, electrically isolated of all the other nodes. They constitute quasi-neutral zones whose potential is
    BE2017 / 5527 determined exclusively by the quantity of charges stored therein and their capacity. The capacity of this zone is generally very low so as to obtain a high conversion gain, in other words the modification of the potential / voltage ratio with the addition of an electron. The storage sites 101, 102 and the transfer grids 103, 104 are formed respectively inside or above the epitaxial layer p 107.
    The demodulator 100 implements the demodulation in the following manner. During an exposure time T, the transfer gates TX0, TX1 are attacked by demodulation signals, as explained above. Electron-hole pairs form inside the pinched photodiode and generated minority carriers, here electrons, are transferred to a FD node thanks to the demodulation signal by a diffusion phenomenon. In FIG. 2, the transfer of the carriers takes place in the direction of FD0 since the transfer gate TX0 is in the high state and the transfer gate TX1 is in the low state. The number of electrons stored is proportional to the duration of overlap of the demodulation signal and the reflected light signal, thereby achieving the desired correlation.
    Several components are added to the demodulator in order to form a demodulation pixel 110, as shown in FIG. 3. Before reading, the floating diffusion nodes FD0, FD1 are reset by reset transistors RST. During reading, the electrons which have accumulated in the photodiode are transferred to the floating diffusion nodes FD0, FD1 by opening, respectively, transfer grids TX0, TX1. The voltage at the floating diffusion nodes FD0, FD1 varies and this variation is amplified by the transistors with follower source SF and read by means of the selection transistors SEL.
    The use of a pinched photodiode theoretically makes it possible to remedy a certain number of problems. With a pinched photodiode, the box n is normally completely removed by applying sufficient voltage to the transfer grid. As shown in Figure 4, the
    BE2017 / 5527 potential in the pinched photodiode indeed has a maximum in the area n whose value is called pinch potential V p . Between the pinched photodiode and the floating diffusion node FD is located a minimum potential or barrier potential V B controlled by the transfer gate TG. The potential increases monotonously from the well n to the node FD thus allowing a complete transfer of all the carriers of the well n to the node FD. The dragging effect is therefore theoretically eliminated. As the photodiode is a buried photodiode, the dark current is also suppressed.
    In practice, if the potential between the box n and the node FD does not increase monotonically, there is a barrier to the transfer of the charges, so that certain carriers may never be evacuated even after long transfer times, such as as shown in Figure 5. This barrier may cause a dragging effect and noise.
    What is more, in the case of large pixels with “flat” potentials in the well n, the transfer of the carriers is limited by the diffusion and the time necessary for a complete transfer can become considerable. For example, for a pixel with a step of 5.6 μm, the average transfer time is 12 ns but rises to 600 ns with a step of 40 μm.
    In the prior art, a fractional pinched photodiode structure has been implemented in the article by Lim et al. entitled “A CMOS Image sensor based on unified pixel architecture with Time-Division Multiplexing scheme for color and depth image acquisition” (IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society, vol. 2 no.3, May 2014) and shown in Figures 6 ac . To improve charge transfer, a conventional pinched photodiode as described above is split into two small pieces with double number of floating diffusion nodes 600, 602, 612. The distance of travel of the electrons generated is thus reduced , and accelerated load transfer. Indeed, as shown in Figure 6c), the slightly curved shape of the potential in the depletion zone leads to the generation of a
    BE2017 / 5527 lateral electric field to increase the speed of transfer by drift effect.
    The above fractionated pinched photodiode has a lower sensitivity than that of the conventional pinched photodiode due to the reduced size of its detection area and the doubling of the number of its FD nodes. The optical surface is also reduced and, consequently, the filling factor of this fractional structure is also lower than that of the conventional pinched photodiode. The above arrangement is, in fact, simply equivalent to two demodulators sharing a floating broadcast node. It is therefore necessary to find a balance between the speed of charge transfer and the filling factor.
    It therefore remains to propose a solution allowing the implementation of an efficient demodulator, equipped with a pinched photodiode offering good sensitivity, rapid charge transfer and a high filling factor.
    ABSTRACT
    The present invention relates to a demodulator according to claim 1 and an associated operating method according to claim 14.
    If a person skilled in the art designates the device of the present invention by the term demodulator, this device nevertheless plays more the role of a correlator.
    The invention makes it possible to create a potential gradient by applying the polarization signal to the distinct zone. The potential barrier encountered by minority carriers decreases and the transfer of charges from the semiconductor zone towards the storage nodes can be carried out more quickly. The present invention makes it possible to associate the
    BE2017 / 5527 diffusion and drift to ensure faster transfer of charges towards the storage nodes and avoid problems of dragging and noise.
    Preferably, the distinct areas of the pinch layer are polarized by demodulation signals, while the associated transfer grids are polarized by the same demodulation signal or by a DC signal in order to improve the demodulation speed. .
    Preferably, a side photodiode is formed inside the demodulator. The presence of this lateral photodiode brings a compromise between the demodulation speed and the filling factor. The short distance between the pinched photodiode and the storage nodes makes it possible to obtain a high demodulation speed. At the same time, since the charge carriers are generated within a large region due to the laterally extending depletion regions, the quantum yield, the fill factor and the sensitivity thus obtained are high.
    Advantageously, the semiconductor zone and the pinch layer extend laterally so as to increase the surface of the depletion region.
    The extended semiconductor region and pinch layer may assume a sprawling shape to form a plurality of tentacles which extend laterally and taper outward from a central region of the pinch layer towards said limit.
    This particular sprawling shape creates a strong gradient from the end of the tentacles to the central area, allowing to trap and channel a large amount of minority carriers generated in
    BE2017 / 5527 direction of the central area. The rate of recombination of pre-transfer carriers is therefore greatly reduced.
    Thanks to this embodiment of the invention, the area of the central area of the pinch diode can therefore be very small, thereby improving the demodulation speed.
    More advantageously, the demodulator of the present invention is used for time of flight measurements. It is possible, for example by opting for demodulation signals in phase opposition for the transfer gates, to carry out effective and coherent correlation measurements.
    Other advantages and novel features of the invention will appear more clearly on reading the detailed description which follows, with reference to the appended drawings.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
    Figure 1 illustrates an example of signals for determining correlation measurements in a prior art TOF camera;
    Figure 2a) shows a top view of a demodulator of the prior art, and Figure 2b) shows a cross section of the demodulator along line A-B of Figure 2a);
    Figure 3 illustrates an example of a demodulation pixel of the prior art; FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a monotonic potential barrier inside a demodulator of the prior art;
    FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a non-monotonic potential barrier inside a demodulator of the prior art;
    Figures 6 a-c illustrate a structure of fractional pinched photodiode as implemented in the prior art, Figure 6a) showing a top view of said structure, Figure 6b) its cross section and the
    BE2017 / 5527
    Figure 6c) representing the potential barrier inside said structure;
    Figure 7a) is a cross section of a demodulator according to the invention;
    Figure 7b) shows the potential barrier inside the structure of Figure 7a) under first polarization conditions;
    Figure 8a) shows a cross section of a demodulator according to the invention;
    Figure 8b) shows the potential barrier inside the structure of Figure 8a) in second polarization conditions;
    Figure 9 shows a cross section of a demodulator according to an embodiment of the invention;
    Figure 10 shows a top view of the demodulator of Figure 9; Figure 11 shows a top view of a demodulator according to another embodiment of the invention;
    Figure 12 schematically illustrates an implementation of a TOF sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention; and Figure 13 schematically describes in more detail an embodiment of an electronic device capable of being used in the context of the embodiments.
    DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
    In what follows, the present invention will be presented in relation to a demodulator formed inside a p-doped semiconductor layer. It goes without saying that a person skilled in the art could easily implement the demodulator of the invention inside an n-doped semiconductor layer by permuting the type of doping of the different elements forming the demodulator.
    Cross-section views of a demodulator 400 according to the invention are shown in Figures 7a) and 8a).
    BE2017 / 5527
    The demodulator 400 of the present invention comprises:
    - a pinched photodiode intended to generate majority and minority carriers in response to an incident modulation signal. When the demodulator 400 is used for measuring the time of flight, this modulation signal is a modulated light reflected by a scene of particular interest.
    - At least one storage node 406, 407 intended to store the minority carriers generated by the pinched photodiode. If two storage nodes are shown in Figures 7a) and 8a), the invention is not limited, however. The storage node can, for example, take the form of floating broadcast nodes.
    - At least one transfer gate 404, 405 connected between the storage node 406, 407 and the pinched photodiode and driven by a transfer signal so as to transfer the minority carriers generated by the pinched photodiode in the direction of the storage node. If two transfer grids are shown in Figures 7a) and 8a), the invention is however not limited thereto. The carrier transfer mechanism, once inside the photodiode, is normally diffusion even if, as will be explained below, the invention makes it possible to obtain additional transfer by drift effect. The transfer signal can be a demodulation signal or a DC signal, as will be explained below.
    The pinched photodiode of the demodulator 400 includes:
    - An epitaxial semiconductor layer 413 doped with a first dopant (p, for example) of a first type of conductivity. This epitaxial layer 413 is preferably weakly doped or an intrinsic semiconductor. This epitaxial layer 413 can be formed above a semiconductor substrate 414 for example, doped with a dopant (p in this case) of the first type of conductivity.
    BE2017 / 5527
    a semiconductor zone 415 doped with a second dopant (n, for example) of a second type of conductivity, opposite to the first type of conductivity, formed inside the epitaxial semiconductor layer 413. This semi zone -conductive 415 is preferably a box n implanted deep inside the epitaxial semiconductor zone 413.
    a pinch layer 401 doped with a third dopant (p +, for example) of the first type of conductivity, formed over said semiconductor zone 415. This pinch layer 401 is preferably highly doped and forms a contact ohmic. The third dopant may differ from the first only by its concentration.
    The storage nodes 406, 407 are formed inside the epitaxial semiconductor layer 413 and the transfer grids 404, 405 are formed over the epitaxial semiconductor layer 413.
    The pinch layer 401 of the demodulator 400 of the invention is divided into at least two distinct zones 401a, 401b spaced apart by an electrical insulating element 601. Each zone 401a, 401b is designed to be polarized independently by a respective polarization signal so creating a potential gradient inside the semiconductor zone 415.
    The operation of the pinched photodiode is in fact based on the principle that the semiconductor zone 415, preferably a box, can be completely depleted. The resulting potential in the photodiode constitutes the pinch voltage v p . In the prior art, this potential is referred to as 'ground', which means that the potential of the pinch layer 401, typically polarized to ground, and the potential of epitaxial layer 413, typically also polarized to ground , are equal. If the entire potential system is displaced, the displacement of the reference voltages on the pinch layer 401 and of the tension of the epitaxial layer 413 will cause the displacement of the pinch potential
    BE2017 / 5527
    Vp. It follows that, if the pinch layer 401 is polarized at a potential different from the mass, the pinch voltage inside the semiconductor zone 415 will also be modified.
    The invention takes advantage of this behavior to create a potential gradient inside the semiconductor region 415, by referencing a part of the semiconductor region 415 to a first pinch layer 401a by a first polarization signal. Go and by referencing a second part of the semiconductor zone 415 to a second pinch layer 401b by a second polarization signal Vb. The pinch layers 401a and 401b can, for example, be separated by a zone called STI (isolation by shallow trench) or the zones 401a and 401b can be isolated by isolation by junction. It is also possible to short-circuit the zones 401a and 401b while continuing to apply different polarization signals so as to create a power dissipation in the pinch layer 401, 401a, 401b while creating a regular voltage gradient throughout the pinch layer between the contact areas where different voltages are applied in the pinch layer. This embodiment is possible and has the advantage of offering a regular gradient in the pinch layer at the cost, however, of a power consumption.
    The modulation of the voltages Va and Vb, for example in phase opposition as will be explained below, makes it possible to create a potential gradient modulated in the pinched photodiode. It follows that the minority carriers collected in the box 415 will now migrate by drift effect towards the transfer grid 404, 405 towards which the potential gradient points. Diagrams of the potentials inside the demodulator 400 of the invention are shown in Figures 7b) and 8b), showing said potential gradients and the associated displacement of the carriers under different polarization conditions. As an example, the potential gradient could range from voltages of substantially 1.1 V (at 415) to voltages of substantially 2.2 V to 2.5 V (at 406, 407). During the transfer, the tension of the blocked transfer grid (405) is fixed, by
    BE2017 / 5527 example, at approximately 0 V while the voltage of the active transfer gate (404) is fixed at approximately 3.0 V.
    The distinct zones 401a, 401b can be attacked by demodulation signals, Va and Vb, preferably demodulation signals in phase opposition, while the transfer gates are on and pass through by transfer signals taking the form of signals. direct current. The potential gradient in the semiconductor zone 415 is created by a polarization difference Va and Vb and defines to which transfer gate 404, 405 and which respective storage node 407, 406 the minority carriers are routed.
    Preferably, each distinct zone 401a, 401b of the pinch layer 401 is associated with a respective transfer grid 404, 405. The distinct zone and its associated transfer grid are then attacked together by the same demodulation signal so as to improve modulation. If the demodulator comprises two distinct zones 401a, 401b and two transfer grids 404, 405, a first demodulation signal can attack the first association 401a, 404 while a second demodulation can attack the second association 401b, 405, the second signal demodulation signal being in phase opposition with respect to the first demodulation signal. This allows correlation measurements to be made, as previously explained.
    In one embodiment, the transfer grids are not implemented and the storage nodes 406, 407 are connected to the photodiode by default. The demodulation signals on the pinch layers 401a, 401b create a potential gradient which defines to which storage node the minority carriers collected in the box 415 will drift to allow modulation or demodulation of the carriers.
    Other embodiments of the demodulator 400 of the present invention are shown in Figures 9-11. FIG. 9 represents a cross section of a demodulator 400 according to an embodiment of
    BE2017 / 5527 the invention. FIG. 10 represents a top view of the demodulator 400 of FIG. 9.
    According to one embodiment of the invention, a lower junction and at least one lateral junction substantially perpendicular to the lower junction are formed at the interface of the semiconductor zone 415 with the epitaxial semiconductor layer 413, and the demodulator 400 further comprises a generation means intended to generate minority and majority carriers at said lateral junction and to form a lateral photodiode. It should be understood that the semiconductor zone 415 includes a bottom wall and lateral side walls. By lateral is meant that said lateral side walls are not parallel to the bottom wall and are substantially perpendicular to the bottom wall. The bottom junction is formed at the interface between the bottom wall and the epitaxial semiconductor layer 413 while the side junctions are formed at the interface between said lateral side walls and the epitaxial semiconductor layer 413.
    The generation means may comprise, for example, a box 402, 403 of the first type of conductivity (p, for example) formed inside the epitaxial semiconductor layer 413. The at least one transfer grid 404, 405 and at least one storage node 406, 407 are formed inside said box 402, 403. The at least one transfer grid 404, 405 and at least one storage node 406, 407 are encapsulated by said box 402, 403 since it is important to isolate the storage node from the epitaxial semiconductor layer. This isolation could also have been achieved in another way, for example by isolation from a buried oxide. The box 402, 403 is in contact with the semiconductor zone 415. The epitaxial semiconductor layer 413 is an intrinsic semiconductor.
    The doping of the epitaxial semiconductor layer 413 and the doping of the well 402, 403 are preferably adapted to form at least one depletion region 411, 412 which extends laterally inside the
    BE2017 / 5527 epitaxial semiconductor layer 413. This depletion region is free to form laterally because the intrinsic epitaxial semiconductor layer 413 is much more weakly doped than the well 402, 403. By way of example, the epitaxial layer 413 can be doped from 1E11 / cm 3 to 1 E14 / cm 3 , typically to substantially 1 E12 / cm 3 , while the well 402, 403 of the photodiode can be typically doped from 1E15 to 1E17 / cm 3 , typically at substantially 1E16 / cm 3 .
    Indeed, a depletion zone formed at the interface of a conventional p-n junction does not split symmetrically between the n and p zones but will extend on the weakly doped side. In the present invention, since the epitaxial semiconductor layer 413 is intrinsic, a large depletion region 411,412 is formed laterally to correspond to the lateral junction of doped semiconductor zone n 415 / intrinsic semiconductor layer p 413. The presence of the box p 402, 403 prevents the depletion region 401, 402 from extending between the storage node 406, 407, the transfer grid 404, 405 and the semiconductor zone 415. As a result, the majority of the minority carriers collected inside the pinched photodiode comes from the lateral depletion region 411,412.
    The semiconductor layer 413 may comprise a boundary 440 and, preferably, may further comprise a semiconductor implant 410 doped with a fourth dopant (p +, for example) of the first type of conductivity, formed over said semi layer -conductive 413, arranged along said boundary 440 to form a lateral PlN photodiode. This implant makes it possible to improve the isolation between pixels and to obtain better sensitivity. It should be noted that, in Figures 10 and 11, the limit 440 takes a square shape but that any geometric shape could be implemented.
    Another embodiment of the demodulator 400 of the invention is shown in Figure 11.
    BE2017 / 5527
    With the lateral photodiode presented above, the depletion regions do not extend near the limit 440 or near the semiconductor implant 410. The efficiency of the photodiode is therefore not optimized. To remedy this, as shown in FIG. 11, the semiconductor zone 415 and the pinch layer 401a, 401b extend laterally so as to increase the surface of the depletion region 511, 512. This increase in surface is perceptible if we compare the surfaces of the depletion regions 511, 512 of FIG. 11 with those of the depletion regions 411, 412 of FIG. 10.
    The extended semiconductor region 415 and the pinch layer 401a, 401b assume a tentacular shape and form a plurality of tentacles 513 which extend laterally and taper outward from a central region 514 of the layer pinch 401 towards said limit 440.
    This particular sprawling (or star-shaped) form creates within it a potential gradient from the end of the tentacles 513 to the central area 514 making it possible to accelerate the trapping and the transfer of the minority carriers collected in the direction of the central area 514 , seat of modulation.
    The invention therefore makes it possible to substantially reduce the surface of the central region 514 and, preferably, to make it less than the surface of the depletion region 511, 512. The central region 514 of the pinch layer 401a, 401b is defined by the surface of the virtual intersection of the pinch layer 401a, 401b with a virtual zone connecting the transfer grids 404, 405.
    Preferably, the storage node 406, 407, the transfer grid 404, 405 and the central zone 514 of the pinch layer 401 a, 401 b are arranged along a central line 450, and the depletion region 511, 512 s 'extends laterally on either side of said central line 450.
    BE2017 / 5527
    The demodulator 400 could also include pixel circuits 408, 409 formed inside a well 402, 403 of the first type of conductivity (for example p in this case), said well being formed inside the epitaxial semiconductor layer 413, as shown in FIG. 9. This box can be the same as that of the generation unit, or different. The pixel circuits 408, 409 could also be implemented directly inside the epitaxial semiconductor layer 413, as shown in FIGS. 7a) and 8a), if the embodiment of the lateral photodiode is not not implemented.
    It should be noted that any embodiment of the demodulator presented above could be used in time of flight type (TOF) applications. It is possible, for example by opting for demodulation signals in phase opposition for the transfer grids, to carry out coherent correlation measurements from TOF measurements, as explained in the preamble of the description.
    Figure 12 shows an embodiment of a telemetry system according to the present invention. The telemetry system comprises a light source 49 intended to emit light 51 towards a scene 55, preferably focused on a region of particular interest, where the light is reflected. The telemetry system further comprises at least one pixel 31 intended to receive the reflected light. A signal generator 43 is provided to allow the light source 49 to emit modulated light. The signal generator 43 generates a first clock signal or modulation signal on the node 48 which preferably oscillates continuously at a predefined frequency, e.g. at around 10 MHz. This signal generator 43 also generates second to fifth clock signals which are respectively delivered on nodes 44, 45, 46, 47, and maintain a phase relationship of 0 °, 180 °, 90 ° and 270 ° with the first clock signal on node 48. A person skilled in the art may also consider using, in the operating diagram, other clock phases or more clock phases, more clock phases many leading to more
    BE2017 / 5527 high measurement accuracy at the cost, however, of a longer measurement time. Alternatively, instead of modulating by means of phases of a clock signal, those skilled in the art may also consider transmitting a pseudo-random bit stream and mixing it with a set of same delayed pseudo-random bit streams. and / or reversed. The use of pseudo-random bit streams, sometimes called pseudo-noise, is known to those skilled in the art in the literature. In this case, it is advisable to use, instead of the first and second clock signals, a pseudo-random pattern, to use, instead of the third clock signal, the same pseudo-random pattern but inverted bit by bit , and, instead of the fourth clock signal, the same pseudo-random pattern but delayed by a bit period, and, instead of the fifth clock signal, the same pseudo-random pattern but reversed and delayed by a bit period.
    The signal generator 43 also generates a control signal 41 causing a modulation signal modification means to modify the modulation signal, e.g. a control signal 41 causing a selector 58 to make a selection from the second to fifth clock signals, in other words from among the different phases of the clock signal. The selector 58 performs a sequential switching between these four phases connecting the input node 42 of a mixer 29 of a detector and mixer stage 200 to the second to fifth clock signals on the nodes 44, 45, 46 and 47 of sequentially. At each of these positions, the selector 58 can remain connected during a relaxation period, for example. about 1 ms.
    A buffer 50 controls the light source 49 which emits its light 51 towards the scene 55, preferably focused on the region of particular interest. Part of this light will be reflected, thereby generating a reflected light 52. This reflected light 52 then arrives on an optical focusing system such as a lens 56 by means of which it is imaged or focused on a detector 28 at the inside the pixel 31, where the incident fraction is called reflected modulated light (ML) 27.
    BE2017 / 5527
    Indirect light 53 and direct light 54, both emanating from secondary light sources 30 which are not supposed to intervene in the measurement of the TOF, will also be present in the scene, will strike the optical focusing system 56 and will therefore be focused on the detector 28. The part of this light which enters the detector 28 will be called a light background (BL) 26. Among the light sources 30 which generate a BL, mention may be made of incandescent lamps, fluorescent tubes, sunlight , daylight or any other light present on the scene and not emanating from the light source 49 for the measurement of the TOF. An objective of the present invention is to obtain valid measurements of the TOF even in the presence of the signal from the BL26.
    The ML 27 and the BL 26 strike the photodetector 28 and generate respectively a current of ML and a current of BL, namely photo-induced current responses to the BL 26 and to the incident ML 27. The detector 28 delivers these currents to a mixer means which follows, e.g. to the mixer 29, intended to mix the current responses to the BL 26 and to the incident ML 27 with the clock signal phase shifted on the input node 42. As already indicated above, this BL 26 can induce a current of BL up to 6 orders of magnitude greater than the ML current induced by the ML 27 received for the TOF measurements.
    The detector 28 and the mixer 29, forming the detector and mixer stage 200, can also be implemented in the form of a single device, for example as described in document EP1513202A1, where the photo-generated charges are mixed to generate suddenly the flow of mixing products.
    The detector and mixer stage 200 will generate the products for mixing the current responses to the incident BL 26 and to the incident ML 27 with phase-shifted clock signals, these signals being integrated on node 38 by means of an integrator, for example implemented in the form of a capacitor 25, the dimension of which is preferably kept small, for example. the capacity
    BE2017 / 5527 parasitic of the surrounding transistors. An automatic reset of the mixer output signal on node 38 of the integrator is performed during integration.
    This reset can, for example, be implemented by a comparator 33 triggering a reset switch, for example. a reset transistor 32, so as to ensure an automatic reset of the output signal of the mixer on the node 38 as soon as this signal reaches a reference value Vref, and thus to avoid saturation.
    In alternative embodiments, not illustrated in the drawings, the automatic reset of the output signal of the mixer on the node 38 of the integrator can be implemented in several other ways. One of them consists in triggering a charge pump, instead of the reset switch 32, so as to add a fixed quantity of charges to the capacitor 25 to thereby improve the noise performance at the cost, however, of increased complexity.
    The mixing products forming the mixer output signal are available in sequential form synchronized with the modulation signal modification means, in the example illustrated the selector 58, at the node 38 of the integrator. An output driver 24, e.g. a buffer, provides a voltage gain substantially equal to 1 and a current amplification making it possible to deliver a stronger output signal at the output node 23.
    An example of an output signal at the node 23 is represented on the graph 59. The curve 62 corresponds to the evolution as a function of time of the voltage of the output signal at the output node 23. The contribution of the Average BL 26 and average ML 27 is assumed to be constant throughout the acquisition.
    During a first relaxation period 34, the selector 58 is connected to node 44. The incoming signal from detector 28 (responses to BL 26 and ML 27) is mixed with the second signal
    BE2017 / 5527 clock at node 44, namely a 0 ° phase shifted version of the first clock signal which attacks light source 49. The output signal from the mixer at node 38 will therefore be determined by a component of BL and an output of the ML mixed at 0 °. The next relaxation period 35 begins with the connection of the input node 42 to the node 45 by means of the selector 58. From there, the mixer 29 is driven with a phase shift of 180 °. Its output will therefore be determined by the same component of the BL and an output mixed at 180 °. The 90 ° and 270 ° phases are then treated in an analogous manner in subsequent relaxation periods 36 and 37, respectively.
    A time of flight data reconstruction block 39 uses the output signal at the output node 23 to measure, for example by sampling, the end values of each relaxation period 34, 35, 36, 37 , also called phase interval. This data is grouped into TOF pairs, e.g. (0 °, 180 °) and (90 °, 270 °). The TOF data reconstruction block 39 is used to convert the raw pixel signals into a useful time-of-flight output 40.
    Figure 13 schematically describes in more detail an embodiment of an electronic device 1300 capable of being used in the context of the embodiments. The electronic device 1300 includes a CPU 1301 playing the role of processor. The electronic device 1300 furthermore comprises a microphone 1310, a loudspeaker 1311 and a touch screen 1312 connected to the processor 1301. These units 1310, 1311, 1312 play the role of human-machine interface and allow a user to interact with the electronic device. The electronic device 1300 furthermore comprises an interface for telecommunications (eg a UMTS / LTE interface) 1304 and an interface for a wireless LAN (eg a WiFi interface) 1305. These units 1304, 1305 play the role of I / O interfaces for data communication with external devices such as companion devices, servers or cloud platforms. The electronic device 1300 further includes an image sensor 1320 designed to obtain data
    BE2017 / 5527 of compressed sensor image. The image sensor 1320 can be linked more particularly to a time-of-flight camera technique. The electronic device 1300 further comprises driving circuits 1321 intended to drive a light source 1322, for example. for telemetry with at least one predefined pulse frequency. The electronic device 1300 further comprises a data storage unit 1302 (eg a hard disk, a solid state solid state disk SSD or an SD memory card) and a data memory 1303 (eg a RAM memory) . The data memory 1303 is designed to temporarily store or cache data or computer instructions for processing by the processor 1301. The data storage unit 1302 is designed as a long-term storage unit , eg. for recording image sensor data obtained from image sensor 1320.
    It should be noted that the above description is only a configuration given by way of example. Configuration variants can be implemented using additional or different sensors, storage devices, interfaces and the like. As an example, in alternative embodiments, the UMTS / LTE interface 1304, the WiFi interface 1305, the microphone 1310, the touch screen 1312 and / or the speaker 1311 may be omitted or replaced by d 'other units. In the same way, the touch screen 1312 could, for example, be replaced by a display device which is not sensitive to touch.
    It should be noted that the present technology can also be configured as described below.
    (1) Demodulator comprising:
    - a pinched photodiode configured to generate majority and minority carriers in response to an incident modulation signal;
    BE2017 / 5527
    - at least one storage node configured to store the minority carriers generated by the pinched photodiode;
    the pinched photodiode comprising:
    - an epitaxial semiconductor layer doped with a first dopant (p, n) of a first type of conductivity;
    - a semiconductor zone doped with a second dopant (n, p) of a second type of conductivity, opposite to the first type of conductivity, formed inside the epitaxial semiconductor layer; and
    a pinch layer strongly doped with a third dopant (p +, n +) of the first type of conductivity, formed over the semiconductor zone, the pinch layer being divided into at least two distinct zones spaced apart by an electrical insulating element, each area being designed to be independently biased by a respective bias signal so as to create a potential gradient within the semiconductor area, wherein the electrical insulating member has shallow trench isolation.
    (2) Demodulator according to (1), in which at least one of the polarization signals of at least one zone is a demodulation signal.
    (3) Demodulator according to (2), further comprising at least one transfer grid connected between the storage node and the pinched photodiode and arranged to be controlled by a transfer signal to transfer the minority carriers generated by the pinched photodiode to the storage node.
    (4) Demodulator according to (3), in which the transfer signal is a DC signal or said demodulation signal.
    BE2017 / 5527 (5) Demodulator according to (1), in which the at least one storage node is directly connected to the pinched photodiode.
    (6) Demodulator according to any one of (1) to (5), in which the semiconductor zone is a first box.
    (7) Demodulator according to any one of (1) to (6), in which a lower junction and at least one lateral junction substantially perpendicular to the lower junction are formed at the interface of the semiconductor zone with the layer epitaxial semiconductor.
    (8) Demodulator according to (7), further comprising a generation unit configured to generate minority and majority carriers at said lateral junction to form a lateral photodiode.
    (9) Demodulator according to (8), in which the generation unit comprises at least a second box of the first type of conductivity (p, n) formed inside the epitaxial semiconductor layer, and in which the at least one transfer grid and the at least one storage node are formed inside said at least one second box, the second box being in contact with the semiconductor zone.
    (10) Demodulator according to (9), in which the epitaxial semiconductor layer and the second well are doped to form at least one depletion region extending laterally inside the epitaxial semiconductor layer.
    (11) Demodulator according to any one of (8) to (10), in which the semiconductor layer has a limit, and which demodulator further comprises a semiconductor implant doped with a fourth dopant (p +, n +) of the first type of conductivity, formed over said semiconductor layer, arranged along said boundary, to form a lateral PIN photodiode.
    BE2017 / 5527 (12) Demodulator according to (10) or (11), in which the semiconductor zone and the pinch layer extend laterally so as to increase the surface of the depletion region.
    (13) Demodulator according to (12), in which the semiconductor zone and the pinch layer form a plurality of tentacles which extend laterally and taper outwards from a central zone of the layer of pinching towards said limit.
    (14) Demodulator according to any one of (1) to (13) intended to be used in time of flight type applications.
    (15) Method for operating the demodulator according to any one of (3) to (4) and from (6) to (14), comprising the following steps:
    - association of each distinct zone of the pinch layer with a transfer grid;
    - Attack of at least one of the distinct areas of the pinch layer by a demodulation signal; and
    - attack on the associated transfer gate by a signal from a direct current signal and said demodulation signal.
    (16) Method according to (15) intended to be used in time-of-flight type applications, the demodulator comprising two distinct zones and two transfer grids, the method comprising the following steps:
    - attack of a first association of a distinct zone and of a transfer grid by a first demodulation signal;
    - Attack of a second association of another distinct zone and of another transfer gate by a second demodulation signal, said second demodulation signal being in phase opposition with respect to said first demodulation signal.
    BE2017 / 5527
    权利要求:
    Claims (16)
    [1]
    1. Demodulator, comprising:
    - a pinched photodiode configured to generate majority and minority carriers in response to an incident modulation signal;
    - at least one storage node configured to store the minority carriers generated by the pinched photodiode;
    the pinched photodiode comprising:
    - an epitaxial semiconductor layer doped with a first dopant (p, n) of a first type of conductivity;
    - a semiconductor zone doped with a second dopant (n, p) of a second type of conductivity, opposite to the first type of conductivity, formed inside the epitaxial semiconductor layer; and
    a pinch layer strongly doped with a third dopant (p +, n +) of the first type of conductivity, formed over the semiconductor zone, the pinch layer being divided into at least two distinct zones spaced apart by an electrical insulating element, each area being designed to be independently biased by a respective bias signal so as to create a potential gradient within the semiconductor area, wherein the electrical insulating member includes shallow trench isolation.
    [2]
    2. Demodulator according to claim 1, wherein the polarization signals of at least one area is a demodulation signal.
    BE2017 / 5527
    [3]
    3. Demodulator according to claim 2, further comprising at least one transfer grid connected between the storage node and the pinched photodiode and arranged to be controlled by a transfer signal to transfer the minority carriers generated by the pinched photodiode to the node of storage.
    [4]
    4. Demodulator according to claim 3, wherein the transfer signal is a DC signal or said demodulation signal.
    [5]
    5. Demodulator according to claim 1, wherein the at least one storage node is directly connected to the pinched photodiode.
    [6]
    6. Demodulator according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the semiconductor zone is a first box.
    [7]
    7. Demodulator according to any one of the preceding claims, in which a lower junction and at least one lateral junction substantially perpendicular to the lower junction are formed at the interface of the semiconductor zone with the epitaxial semiconductor layer.
    [8]
    8. Demodulator according to claim 7, further comprising a generation unit configured to generate minority and majority carriers at said lateral junction to form a lateral photodiode.
    [9]
    9. Demodulator according to claim 8, in which the generation unit comprises at least a second box of the first type of conductivity (p, n) formed inside the epitaxial semiconductor layer, and in which the au at least one transfer grid and at least one storage node are formed inside said at least one second box, the second box being in contact with the semiconductor zone.
    [10]
    10. Demodulator according to claim 9, in which the epitaxial semiconductor layer and the second well are doped to form at
    BE2017 / 5527 minus a depletion region extending laterally inside the epitaxial semiconductor layer.
    [11]
    11. Demodulator according to any one of claims 8 to 10, in which the semiconductor layer comprises a limit, and which demodulator further comprises a semiconductor implant doped with a fourth dopant (p +, n +) of the first type of conductivity, formed over said semiconductor layer, arranged along said boundary, to form a lateral PIN photodiode.
    [12]
    12. Demodulator according to claim 10 or 11, wherein the semiconductor region and the pinch layer extend laterally so as to increase the surface of the depletion region.
    [13]
    13. A demodulator according to claim 12, wherein the semiconductor region and the nip layer form a plurality of tentacles which extend laterally and taper outward from a central region of the nip layer towards of said limit.
    [14]
    14. Demodulator according to any one of the preceding claims, intended for use in time of flight type applications.
    [15]
    15. Method for operating the demodulator according to any one of claims 3 to 4 and 6 to 14, comprising the following steps:
    - association of each distinct zone of the pinch layer with a transfer grid;
    - Attack of at least one of the distinct areas of the pinch layer by a demodulation signal; and
    - attack on the associated transfer gate by a signal from a direct current signal and said demodulation signal.
    [16]
    16. The method of claim 15 intended to be used in time of flight type applications, the demodulator comprising two zones
    BE2017 / 5527 separate and two transfer grids, the method comprising the following steps:
    - attack of a first association of a distinct zone and of a transfer grid by a first demodulation signal;
    5 - attack of a second association of another distinct zone and of another transfer gate by a second demodulation signal, said second demodulation signal being in phase opposition with respect to said first demodulation signal.
    BE2017 / 5527
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    法律状态:
    2018-11-29| FG| Patent granted|Effective date: 20181012 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    EP16184045|2016-08-12|
    EP16184045.9|2016-08-12|
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