• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a method for the operation of a marine propeller (1) comprising the following steps: - detection, by means of a sensor (11), of noise on a solid body (1, 4, 8) caused by gas cavitation and/or pseudocavitation, - transmission of a measurement signal of the sensor (11) by means of a contactless transmission method from the sensor (11) to a signal processing unit, and - generation of control commands by the signal processing unit depending on the received measurement signal to change the propeller speed by means a drive motor and/or to change the angle of attack of the blade of the marine propeller (1) by means of an actuator.
    公开号:AU2013214319A1
    申请号:U2013214319
    申请日:2013-01-29
    公开日:2014-08-07
    发明作者:Joachim Hoffmann
    申请人:Siemens AG；
    IPC主号:B63H1-18
    专利说明:
    PCT/EP2013/051636 / 2011P22986WO 1 Description Method for the operation of a marine propeller The present invention relates to a method for the operation of a marine propeller. Cavitation is generally understood to be the formation of cavities in a liquid. In the case of hydrodynamic cavitation, this cavitation is caused by a flow-induced change in the static pressure in the liquid. Every object moving through water causes cavitation from a certain speed. During the operation of a marine propeller, generally also referred to as a "marine screw", cavitation is observed from a certain speed. In most cases, cavitation represents a problem since the resulting pressure surges in the water can result in corrosion and erosion of the propeller blades. In addition, the cavitation noise can be disruptive to various applications and result in operational restrictions. For example, when a propeller-driven ship is used as a research ship, cavitation noise can disrupt measurements in the water. This noise can also disturb marine animals, which can, for example, restrict the range of movement of cruise ships or ferries. Cavitation noise also enables acoustic detection of a ship, which can be undesirable, for example in the case of a submarine. It is the object of the present invention to disclose an improved method for the operation of a marine propeller. The object is achieved by a method as claimed in claim 1 and an apparatus as claimed in claim 4.
    PCT/EP2013/051636 / 2011P22986WO 2 The method according to the invention for the operation of a marine propeller comprises the following steps: detection of a noise caused by gas cavitation and/or pseudocavitation on a solid body by a sensor; transmission of a measurement signal of the sensor by means of a contactless transmission method from the sensor to a signal processing unit, i.e. an evaluation unit; and generation of control commands to change the speed of the propeller by means of a drive motor and/or to change the angle of attack of the marine propeller by means of an actuator. In this case, the control commands are generated by the signal processing unit and namely depending on the received measurement signal. The apparatus according to the invention for the operation of a marine propeller comprises a sensor unit, a signal transmission unit and a signal processing unit. The sensor is able to detect a noise on a solid body caused by gas cavitation and/or pseudocavitation. The signal transmission unit is suitable for the contactless transmission of a measurement signal from the sensor to a signal processing unit. The signal processing unit is suitable for the generation of control commands to a drive motor to change the propeller speed and/or to an actuator to change the angle of attack of the marine propeller, wherein the control commands are generated depending on the received measurement signal. The present invention makes use of the fact that, in the case of hydrodynamic cavitation, generally three different types of cavitation are observed: on the one hand: vapor cavitation which is known as "hard cavitation" or "cold boiling", and, on the other, gas cavitation and pseudocavitation which are summarized under the term "soft cavitation"; see for example PCT/EP2013/051636 / 2011P22986WO 3 Sauer, Julrgen: Unsteady Cavitating Flows - A New Model Based on Front Capturing (VOF) and Bubble Dynamics (in German); Dissertation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Karlsruhe University (Technical University), 2000, http://digbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/3122000. Vapor cavitation describes the formation of vapor-filled cavities (= vapor bubbles) due to a drop in the static pressure of the liquid: according to Bernoulli's law, the higher the speed of a flowing liquid, the lower the static pressure of the liquid. If the static pressure of the liquid falls below its evaporation pressure, vapor bubbles form. The vapor bubbles are then generally entrained with the flowing liquid into regions of higher pressure. If the static pressure exceeds the vapor pressure once again, the vapor bubbles collapse in the form an implosion, virtually at the speed of sound. An imploding cavity can result in the formation of very high pressure surges. In addition, the implosion is usually accompanied by cavitation noise, since a part of the released energy is emitted in the form of sound waves. Gas cavitation is, on the other hand, based on a different phenomenon: the drop in the static pressure of the liquid is accompanied by a decrease in the solubility of a gas dissolved in the liquid, for example air. On the transition of dissolved gas by means of diffusion to the non-dissolved state, small gas-filled cavities form in the liquid. Therefore, during gas cavitation, saturation-pressure-dependent outward diffusion of the gases dissolved in the liquid takes place. In the case of pseudocavitation, in which, as the prefix "pseudo" indicates, strictly speaking, no "formation" of cavities in a liquid takes place, gas bubbles already present PCT/EP2013/051636 / 2011P22986WO 4 in the liquid, but which were previously unnoticed due to their microscopically small expansion, increase their volume due to a drop in the static pressure of the liquid. Therefore, pseudocavitation does not describe the "formation" of cavities, but an "expansion" of gas bubbles of the undissolved gases in the liquid due to a drop in pressure. Only in the case of completely degassed and purified liquids, are the cavities exclusively filled with vapor. In practice, i.e. in real flows, cavitation generally occurs as a combination of gas cavitation, pseudocavitation and vapor cavitation. In particular, gas and vapor cavitation occur in a mixed form. Initially, gas cavitation and pseudocavitation cause bubbles to expand on the so-called cavitation nuclei up to a critical radius and, when this radius is reached with the associated drop below the vapor pressure curve, vapor cavitation sets in. Although all three named types of cavitation - vapor, gas and pseudocavitation - occur virtually simultaneously, their significance differs greatly in engineering practice, for example for in shipping. With respect to the potential damage they can cause to a material, for example a metal used to produce the marine propeller, it should be borne in mind that, compared to vapor cavitation and pseudocavitation, gas cavitation is a very slow process. In the case of gas cavitation, the renewed dissolution of the gas bubbles in regions of higher pressure does not take place abruptly. As a result, gas cavitation generally does not cause damage to material; the gas bubbles actually act as a type of damper, which counteracts the high frequency impacts of vapor cavitation, see Vortmann, Claas: PCT/EP2013/051636 / 2011P22986WO 5 Investigations into the Thermodynamics of Phase Transition in the Numerical Calculation of Cavitating Nozzle Flows (in German); Dissertation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Karlsruhe University (Technical University), 2001, http://digbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/3202001. Similarly to gas cavitation, pseudocavitation generally does not cause damage to a marine propeller since the gas-filled cavities only expand and contract but do not implode. Vapor cavitation also differs significantly from gas and pseudocavitation with respect to noise development. While the pressure surges during the vapor cavitation result in the development of a relatively loud noise, the characteristic cavitation noise, the two other types of cavitation, gas and pseudocavitation, only cause a relatively weak noise. Vapor cavitation and gas/pseudocavitation differ in the following point: vapor cavitation only occurs when the static pressure exceeds the boiling curve when going from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase. On the other hand, gas and pseudocavitation, and hence their "noise", in principle always occur when there is a change in the pressure in the water. However, the boiling point and gas solubility are intrinsically linked: in the precursor stage of vapor cavitation, gas solubility is reduced so that the dissolved gas separates out. Shortly before boiling point is reached, gas solubility is so greatly reduced that extreme bubble formation, and hence a detectable noise, sets in. Therefore, the separation process results in noise which it is desirable to detect.
    PCT/EP2013/051636 / 2011P22986WO 6 Hence, the invention enables the detection of an impending, i.e. imminent, onset of vapor cavitation. This enables countermeasures to be taken at the right time and the disadvantageous concomitant repercussions of vapor cavitation to be avoided. At the same time, the measurement of the noise caused by gas and/or pseudocavitation is not performed by means of an acoustic or pressure measurement in the liquid phase surrounding the marine propeller, but by picking up acoustic signals on a solid body such as the actual propeller, on a propeller shaft or on ship's plating on the hull of the ship, i.e. on a solid body in the environment of the liquid phase. The noise caused by gas and/or pseudocavitation is measured acoustically on a solid body functioning as an acoustic conductor, for example the drive shaft; at the same time, gas and/or pseudocavitation are caused by rotation of the marine propeller in the liquid phase. At times of danger, for example in the vicinity of a hostile tracking ship, a watercraft, for example a submarine has to be able to leave the present location, which might have already been detected, as quickly as possible without creating any noise which would enable the watercraft to be detected. In a situation of this kind, the invention offers the possibility of optimizing the speed of the watercraft, i.e. the speed of the marine propeller, while avoiding vapor cavitation and the concomitant cavitation noise. Advantageous embodiments and developments of the invention may be derived from the dependent claims. At the same time, the method according to the invention can also be developed in accordance with the dependent apparatus claims and vice versa.
    PCT/EP2013/051636 / 2011P22986WO 7 According to a preferred embodiment of the method, the solid body is the marine propeller and/or a propeller shaft used to drive the marine propeller and/or ship's plating. According to a preferred embodiment of the method, the contactless transmission method uses electromagnetic waves, preferably radio waves or optical waves. According to a preferred embodiment of the method, the sensor unit can be arranged on a watercraft, in particular on the marine propeller and/or on a drive shaft used to drive the propeller and/or on the hull of the watercraft. According to a preferred embodiment of the method, a sensor is provided which is suitable for the detection of a noise in the liquid caused by gas cavitation and/or pseudocavitation, during the detection of said noise, a measurement signal is sent from the sensor to a signal processing unit, and triggered by the arrival of the measurement signal, the signal processing unit generates data relating to the change in at least one operating variable of the marine propeller. According to a preferred embodiment of the method, said detection is used as an indicator of a change in the static pressure in the liquid. According to a preferred embodiment of the method, said detection is used to determine a value range, within which a content of a gas dissolved in the liquid lies. An excess pressure (thrust) forms on the front side of the propeller blades, while a negative pressure (lift) forms on PCT/EP2013/051636 / 2011P22986WO 8 the rear side of the propeller blades. In this case, the term "marine propeller" comprises all propellers, which are used to drive a watercraft, for example a ship or a submarine. In the case of the operation of a marine propeller, the noise of the gas and pseudocavitation is an indication of a change in the static pressure of the liquid in the region of the propeller. In this case, in particular a reduction in the static pressure is of significance since this can mean the imminent onset of vapor cavitation. If the noise detected and hence it is established that there is a drop in the static pressure in the liquid, in particular in the water supporting the watercraft, during the operation of a marine propeller, one possible countermeasure is to reduce the speed of the propeller and/or to change the angle of attack of at least one propeller blade of the marine propeller in order to increase the pressure on the rear side and hence not to enter the vapor cavitation range. Other measures for increasing the pressure on the rear side of the propeller blades are to blow in water or to open the channels penetrating the propeller blades through which water is able to flow from the excess pressure side to the negative pressure side. It is possible, when using the method during the operation of a marine propeller, for a sensor to be provided, which is able to detect said noise on a propeller shaft used to drive the marine propeller. The propeller shaft is firmly connected to the propeller in order to be able to set it into rotation. The sensor is preferably in contact with the propeller shaft. It is also possible for at least one part of the sensor to be secured to the shaft.
    PCT/EP2013/051636 / 2011P22986WO 9 It is possible, when the using the method during the operation of a marine propeller, for a sensor to be provided, which is able to detect said noise on a ship's hull. In this case, the ship's hull forms the outer shell of the watercraft, which is moved with the aid of the marine propeller. The sensor is preferably in contact with the ship's hull. It is also possible for at least a part of the sensor to be fastened to the ship's hull. It is possible, when using the method during the operation of a marine propeller, for a sensor to be provided, which is able to detect said noise on the marine propeller. The sensor is preferably in contact with the propeller. It is also possible for at least a part of the sensor to be fastened to the propeller, for example on a propeller blade. According to a preferred embodiment of the detector apparatus, the sensor unit is arranged on a watercraft, in particular on a propeller and/or on a shaft driving the propeller and/or on the hull of the watercraft. Since the formation of cavitation is dependent upon the static pressure p in the liquid, the temperature T of the liquid and also on n, i.e. the number or the concentration of the dissolved gasses in the liquid, this method may also be used to deduce the content or saturation stage of gases dissolved in liquids. The propeller incites gas cavitation and/or pseudocavitation and the noise caused thereby in the liquid. To this end, the rotational speed of the propeller is preferably increased slowly until the point is reached at which the typical noise can be detected. If a propeller is installed in a cooling or heating system, for example cooling or heating water pipes, the method according to the invention PCT/EP2013/051636 / 2011P22986WO 10 can, therefore, be used to determine gas cavitation and/or pseudocavitation. According to a preferred embodiment, this application comprises the following further steps: performance of calibration, during which in each case a corresponding limit speed is determined at different values of the content of the gas dissolved in the liquid; and storage of the corresponding value pairs of gas content and limit speed for a subsequent step of said deduction. The calibration step is used to determine for different gas concentrations the rotational speed of the propeller at which gas and/or pseudocavitation and the noise caused thereby occur in the liquid. The value pairs determined in this way can be stored, optionally with further extra or interpolated additional values, in a memory unit. If subsequently the limit speed at which gas and/or pseudocavitation and the noise caused thereby occur is determined for a liquid with an unknown content of dissolved gas, it is possible to deduce from the stored value pairs the value range in which the content of dissolved gas lies. It is possible, during this application, for the propeller to be operated in intervals or, when the limit speed is reached, to be operated continuously at this limit speed. The propeller can be permanently operated continuously at a limit rotational speed; if the gas content exceeds a critical limit value, gas and/or pseudocavitation and the characteristic noise occur. The above described properties, features and advantages of this invention and the way in which these are achieved will be explained more clearly and in a more understandable way in connection with the following description of the exemplary embodiments, which are explained in more detail in connection PCT/EP2013/051636 / 2011P22986WO 11 with the drawings. These show, in each case schematically and not true to scale: Fig. 1 a phase diagram of water; Fig. 2 a marine propeller; Fig. 3 a signal processing chain; and Fig. 4 a control loop. Fig. 1 shows a p-T-phase diagram of water, in which the three different aggregate states solid S, liquid L and gaseous V are separated from each other by phase boundaries depicted as lines. The line between the triple point T3 and the critical point C, i.e. the phase boundary between liquid L and gaseous V, forms the boiling point curve SPK significant for vapor cavitation. Starting from a first state point P1, the static pressure p in the liquid drops, for example as the result of the rotation of a marine screw. When the static pressure p sinks far enough to reach the boiling point curve SPK at the second state point P2, vapor cavitation sets in and still remains with a further fall in the pressure p, for example up to the third state point P3. Gas cavitation and/or pseudocavitation with a corresponding noise occur as early as a pressure change in the liquid phase range L between the first state point P1 and the second state point P2. The closer the pressure p in the liquid phase range L along the stretch Pl-P2 comes to the boiling point curve PCT/EP2013/051636 / 2011P22986WO 12 SPK, the more evident the noise caused by gas cavitation and/or pseudocavitation. In order to avoid the harmful concomitant repercussions of vapor cavitation, such as corrosion and loud implosion sounds, attempts are made, for example during the operation of a marine screw, to prevent a drop in the static pressure p in the water to below boiling pressure SPK, i.e. states along the stretch P2-P3 depicted as dashed. Fig. 2 is a top view of a marine propeller 1 comprising a propeller hub 2 and a plurality of propeller blades 3 fastened thereto. The propeller 1 with the propeller blades 3 is brought to rotation during the operation of the propeller 1 in the water 5 by a shaft 4. The shaft 4 protrudes through an opening, with a seal 10 to prevent the penetration of water 5, in a ship's plating 8 into the interior 9 of a ship's hull where it can be set turning by a drive motor. Every movement of the blades 3 in the water 5 causes changes to the static pressure in the water 5. However, these pressure changes are only high enough from a certain speed for vapor cavitation to occur. In contrast to this, gas and pseudocavitation types of cavitation, by means of which gas filled, in particular air-filled, bubbles 6 are created in the water 5, occur with even small pressure changes in the water 5. During the operation of the propeller 1, these air bubbles 6 attributed to gas and the pseudocavitation, expand and contract continuously. Noise caused thereby is propagated through the water 5 in the form of sound waves 7. The sound waves 7 emitted by the bubbles 6 reach a pressure sensor lb arranged on a propeller blade 3. The sound waves 7 PCT/EP2013/051636 / 2011P22986WO 13 also strike the ship's plating 8 and excite vibrations therein. These vibrations can be detected by a vibration sensor 11c, which is in contact with the ship's plating 8. The sound waves 7 also strike the propeller 1 and excite vibrations therein. The fixed connection of the propeller 1 to the shaft 4 means these vibrations can also be detected by a vibration sensor 11c, which is in contact with the shaft 4. Fig. 3 shows a signal processing chain consisting of a sensor 11, a signal processing unit 12 and a control unit 13. The sensor 11 is one of the sensors 11a, lb and lc shown in Fig. 2. When the sensor 11 detects a noise caused by the air bubbles 6 attributed to gas and the pseudocavitation, it sends a corresponding measurement signal 14 to the signal processing unit 12. It is possible for the sensor 11 only to send a measurement signal 14 to the signal processing unit 12 when the sound pressure level of the noise exceeds a prespecified threshold value. However, it is also possible for the sensor 11 to generate measurement signals 14 which it sends to the signal processing unit 12 independently of the sound pressure level of the noise. In this case, the evaluation or filtering of the measurement signals 14 can be performed by the signal processing unit 12. The signal transmission from the sensor 11 to the signal processing unit 12 is preferably performed by conduction, for example via a line wire, since wireless transmission by means of electromagnetic waves in the water can be subjected to relatively high attenuation due to absorption. If the sensor is arranged on the rotating propeller, the electrical connection can be maintained with the aid of, for example, sliding contacts arranged in the propeller hub.
    PCT/EP2013/051636 / 2011P22986WO 14 If the signal processing unit 12 receives a measurement signal 14 corresponding to a noise with a minimum sound pressure level, it generates data 15 relating to a change in the static pressure in the liquid. The data 15 can be present in the form of a flag variable, which simply indicates whether a noise was detected. Alternatively or additionally, the data 15 can contain information on a sound level, a type of vibration, a frequency and other characteristics of the noise. The data 15 can also include output data to be output on an output device, for example a screen or a loud speaker in order to inform a user about the detected noise. In the present example, the data 15 generated by the signal processing unit 12 contains input data for a control unit 13, which, according to the input data, for example in the case of a motor driving the shaft 4, causes a reduction in speed or, in the case of an actuating apparatus controlling the propeller blades 3, causes a change of an angle of attack of the propeller blades 3. These measures are aimed at stopping or reversing a reduction in the static pressure in the water 5 indicated by the noise so that the onset of vapor cavitation is avoided. Fig. 4 shows as a preferred exemplary embodiment of the present invention a control loop for the operation of a marine propeller. In field 30, a sound pressure or a vibration is measured by a sensor for the detection of noise in the water caused by gas cavitation and/or pseudocavitation. The sensor 11 can be one of the sensors 11a, lb and lc shown in Fig. 2. In field 31, a check is performed to see the sensor has detected noise in the water caused a by gas cavitation and/or pseudocavitation. The assignment of a measured noise to gas PCT/EP2013/051636 / 2011P22986WO 15 cavitation and/or pseudocavitation can, for example, be performed with reference to characteristic properties of the measured value, such as frequencies, amplitudes, type of vibration, etc. In this way, noise by caused by gas cavitation and/or pseudocavitation can be distinguished from other noises. If the check in field 31 reveals that the sensor has detected noise in the water caused by gas cavitation and/or pseudocavitation Y, it is asked in field 32, whether this noise exceeds a prespecified threshold value, for example with reference to a sound level or a vibration amplitude. If this is the case Y, the next field is field 34 in which a control signal 35 is generated, for example a command to be sent to a motor to reduce a speed of the propeller or a command to be sent to an actuating apparatus to reduce an angle of attack of the propeller blades. Since the high volume of the noise indicates that there is a risk of entering the vapor cavitation range, these measures must be used to increase the static pressure and hence reduce the thrust of the propeller. In parallel to this, the loop 36 is used to return to the field 30 so that a new measurement can take place. If on the other hand, the question in field 32 reveals that the detected noise does not exceed the prespecified threshold value N, a control signal 37 is generated in field 33, for example a command to be sent to the motor to increase the speed of the propeller or a command to be sent to the actuating apparatus to increase the angle of attack of the propeller blades. Since the low volume of the noise indicates that there is no risk of entering the vapor cavitation range, these measures can be used to increase the thrust of the propeller and hence further reduce the static pressure. In PCT/EP2013/051636 / 2011P22986WO 16 parallel to this, the loop 38 is used to return to field 30 so that a new measurement can take place. On the other hand, if the check in field 31 indicates that the sensor has not detected any noise in the water generated by gas cavitation and/or pseudocavitation N, it is possible to go directly to field 33. Although the invention was illustrated in more detail by the preferred exemplary embodiments, the invention is not restricted by the disclosed examples and other variations can be derived by the person skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention.
    权利要求:
    Claims (5)
    [1] 1. A method for the operation of a marine propeller (1), comprising the following steps: - detection, by means of a sensor (11), of noise on a solid body (1, 4, 8) caused by gas cavitation and/or pseudocavitation; - transmission of a measurement signal (14) of the sensor (11) by means of a contactless transmission method from the sensor (11) to a signal processing unit (12); and - generation of control commands by the signal processing unit (12) depending on the received measurement signal (14) to change the propeller speed by means of a drive motor and/or to change the angle of attack of the marine propeller (1) by means of an actuator.
    [2] 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the solid body (1, 4, 8) is the marine propeller (1) and/or a propeller shaft (4) used to drive the marine propeller (1) and/or a ship's plating (8).
    [3] 3. The method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the contactless transmission method uses electromagnetic waves, preferably in the radio range or in the optical range.
    [4] 4. An apparatus for the operation of a marine propeller (1), comprising a sensor unit (11), a signal transmission unit and a signal processing unit (12), wherein the sensor (11) is able to detect a noise on a solid body (1, 4, 8) caused by gas cavitation and/or pseudocavitation, the signal transmission unit is suitable for the contactless transmission of a measurement signal (14) from the sensor (11) to a signal processing unit (12) and the signal processing unit (12) is PCT/EP2013/051636 / 2011P22986WO 18 suitable, depending on the received measurement signal (14), for the generation of control commands to a drive motor or an actuator to change the propeller speed and/or the angle of attack of the marine propeller (1).
    [5] 5. The apparatus as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that the sensor unit (11) can be arranged on a watercraft, in particular on the marine propeller (1) and/or on a shaft (4) used to drive the propeller (1) and/or on a hull (8) of the watercraft.
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    法律状态:
    2015-11-19| FGA| Letters patent sealed or granted (standard patent)|
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    DE102012201539.6||2012-02-02||
    DE201210201539|DE102012201539A1|2012-02-02|2012-02-02|Gaining data about a state of a liquid|
    PCT/EP2013/051636|WO2013113681A1|2012-02-02|2013-01-29|Method for the operation of a marine propeller|
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