• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
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    • 专利摘要:
    In a preparation containing at least one chemical fungicide, in addition to the at least one chemical fungicide, a mixture comprising at least the strains Aureobasidium pu / lu / DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 are included, the at least one chemical fungicide and the mixture of strains Aureobasidium pullulans strains in synergistically effective amounts are present in the preparation and use of the preparation and method for the prophylaxis or for the reduction of the spread of at least one caused by a fungal pathogen plant disease.
    公开号:AT519820A1
    申请号:T104/2017
    申请日:2017-03-15
    公开日:2018-10-15
    发明作者:
    申请人:Erber Ag；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Summary:
    In the case of a preparation comprising at least one chemical fungicide, in addition to the at least one chemical fungicide, a mixture comprising at least the strains Aureobasidium pullulans DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 is present, the at least one chemical fungicide and the mixture of the strains Aureobasidium pullulans strains in synergistically effective amounts of the preparation and use of the preparation and method for prophylaxis or for reducing the spread of at least one plant disease triggered by a fungal pathogen.
    1/31 ί
    The present invention relates to a preparation containing at least one chemical fungicide and the use of the preparation and method for prophylaxis or for reducing the spread of at least one plant disease caused by a fungal pathogen.
    In order to maximize crop yields in agriculture as much as possible, it is necessary to protect agricultural products as much as possible from pest infestation. This is of great importance in all agricultural crops, especially in fruit and vegetable cultivation, and to protect crop plants from infestation by pathogens, it is customary to spray or treat them with chemical fungicides in order to prevent a plant-pathogenic infection or its spread to reduce. Chemical fungicides of this type usually have a very wide range of applications and do not act specifically against individual pathogens, so that they are used very widely. Similar to what is known from antibiotics, the pathogens develop resistance or reduced sensitivity to such fungicidal chemical substances over time and the effect of the chemical fungicides used for the treatment or prevention of infestation with pathogens becomes less and less until the pathogenic substances are so resistant to the spraying agents that a new substance must be sought.
    In addition to the problem that resistance or reduced sensitivity to them develops over time, the chemical fungicides also have the problem that after application to the plants to be treated they at least partially get into the soil, which can lead to contamination and in addition to the contamination, other microorganisms, the treatment or prevention of which was not intended in the present case, can also become resistant to these chemical fungicides. In this way there is the undesirable effect that not only the target organisms (pathogens) can become resistant, but also non-target organisms whose treatment by the use of the respective chemical fungicide was not originally intended. This can have the consequence that these non-target organisms, in turn, develop completely undetected resistances or reduced sensitivities, and then, if necessary, cannot be treated with conventional chemical fungicides or that a treatment will not bring the desired success.
    Plants, fruits or vegetables treated in this way subsequently enter the food cycle of farm animals and humans and can cause great damage due to the unknown exposure to fungicides, for example by developing secondary resistance.
    In addition, the use of chemical fungicides is increasingly negative, because people see the use of fungicides due to their increasing knowledge about the mode of action and the consequences of excessive use of chemi2 / 31 ···· ···· reject it and want to push it back as far as possible, which makes the search for alternatives necessary.
    In addition to the use of chemical fungicides, it has been known for some time to use biological fungicides, which have the advantage that the pathogens cannot develop resistance to these biological fungicides. Whether and to what extent the effect of biological agents can be equated with that of chemical fungicides depends on the specific biological agent or mixture used and on the specific pathogen against which an effect is to be achieved, so that for each individual case Most tests and examinations are required.
    From DE 699 19 762 T2, fungicidal compositions for combating phytopathogenic diseases on useful plants have become known, in which a combination of two fungicidally active substances has been used in order to achieve a synergistic fungicidal action and thereby the total amount used to be able to lower fungicidal substances.
    Furthermore, EP 0 930 824 B1 shows a mixture which essentially consists of a preparation of the Reynoutria sachalinensis plant and a nitrogen fertilizer which mixture can be used to prevent infestation by phytopathogenic fungi and to combat phytopathogenic fungi. With this mixture, too, the total amount of active ingredients applied should be reduced.
    Finally, WO 99/62341 shows a protective and curative measure as well as corresponding compositions which are intended to treat plant diseases biologically, the compositions being intended in particular for use after the harvest. Such a composition contains at least one antagonistic microorganism and in particular a biological anti-fungal agent, e.g. an enzyme.
    Finally, R. Castoria et al. (Postharvest Biology and Technology 22, pages 7 to 17, 2001) described the action of Aureobasidium pullulans (LS-30) as an antagonist of pathogenic substances on fruits which attack them after the harvest, in which it was found that Aureobasidium pullulans shows a significant antagonistic activity against Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger in various plants. For example, apple wounds were treated with Aureobasidium pullulans (LS-30) and, for comparison, wounds were only treated with water. These results showed that Aureobasidium pullulans has good antagonistic activity against fungal apple rot.
    WO 2008/114304 describes the use of Aureobasidium pullulans strains together with the adjuvant calcium propionate and calcium propionate with soybean oil or with the fungicide procymidone to combat Botrytis cinerea in grapes. It
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    However, neither a combination of individual Aureobasidium pullulans strains nor an Aureobasidium pullulans strain with the fungicide cyprodinil, fludioxonil or a mixture of cyprodinil, fludioxonil was tested.
    Despite these findings, there is still a need to provide effective fungicides or fungicidal mixtures with which the amount of chemical fungicides can be significantly reduced and with which, in addition, a significantly improved effect compared to the use of a single substance, namely both a chemical fungicide as well as a biological agent can be achieved.
    To achieve this object, the preparation according to the present invention is essentially characterized in that, in addition to the at least one chemical fungicide, a mixture comprising at least the strains Aureobasidium pullulans DSM
    14940 and DSM 14941 is included, the at least one chemical fungicide and the mixture of the strains Aureobasidium pullulans strains being present in the preparation in synergistically effective amounts.
    In that the preparation contains, in addition to at least one chemical fungicide, a mixture comprising at least the strains Aureobasidium pullulans DSM 14940 and DSM
    14941 in synergistically effective amounts, it is possible to achieve a better fungicidal action than if the individual substances had been used alone or separately. Finally, such a procedure succeeds in abolishing or holding back resistance to the chemical fungicides, which are already observed when they are used alone, and thus surprisingly significantly improves the mode of action of the fungicides again. The composition is particularly effective in the prophylaxis of fungal pathogens which have at least resistance or a lower sensitivity to at least one of the chemical fungicides in the preparation. Particularly effective means that the synergism factor of the preparation compared to the individual substances is greater than 1.1.
    The term “preparation” is understood to mean a finished solution or suspension which contains all of the individual substances, namely at least one chemical fungicide and the two Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 and which is applied directly to plants. Preparations are typically aqueous solutions or suspensions, also called tank mixtures, which are usually mixed before being applied to the plants. The individual substances or components in concentrated liquid or solid form are mixed with water in a tank and dissolved or suspended. It is irrelevant whether the individual substances or components are introduced separately, or as a concentrated premix consisting of at least one chemical fungicide and the two Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941, mixed with water and dissolved or suspended , The
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    The order in which water and the individual substances or components or the premix are introduced into the tank is irrelevant. The individual substances or components or the concentrated premixes are, for example, around the
    Factor 1:10, 1: 100, 1: 1000 or 1: 10000 diluted in the tank to achieve the effective concentration in the composition.
    The term “chemical fungicide” is understood to mean a chemical, fungicidal active ingredient, in particular cyprodinil (CAS No. 121552-61-2), fludioxonil (CAS No. 131341-861), fenhexamide (CAS No. 126833-17- 8), fenpyrazamine (CAS No. 473798-59-3), pyrimethanil (CAS No. 53112-28-0), preferably cyprodinil and fludioxonil.
    The term “fungal pathogen” is understood here to mean a microorganism that causes a disease in its host. Fungal pathogens here are preferably the microorganisms Neofabreaea spp., In particular Pezicula malicorticis (DSMZ 62715) and Botrytis spp., In particular Botrytis cinerea, which are diseases in fruit, wine and vegetable crops, in particular apples, grapes, strawberries, and squashes, such as zucchini and cause gourds.
    A particularly good synergistic effect is achieved in that the preparation contains the at least one chemical fungicide and a mixture comprising at least the strains Aureobasidium pullulans DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 in synergistically effective amounts. Surprisingly, it has been found that the use or the application of a chemical fungicide and the mixture comprising at least two different Aureobasidium pullulans strains, namely DSM 14940 and DSM 14941, shows a significantly better, in particular a synergistic, activity, in contrast to Use of only one of the two Aureobasidium pullulans strains and the chemical fungicide. The cell quantity ratio of the two Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 to each other is chosen between 2: 1 and 1: 2, in particular 1: 1, so that a corresponding mixture can also be produced easily.
    A particularly reliable, in particular synergistic effect of the preparation is achieved if the Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 each in a concentration of 1 x 10 5 to 1 x 10 8 cells / ml preparation, preferably 1 x 10® to 2 x 10 7 cells / ml preparation, preferably 1.67 × 10 6 to 3.33 × 10 6 cells / ml preparation, particularly preferably 2.5 × 10 6 cells / ml preparation. By the Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 each in a concentration of 1 x 10 5 to x 10 8 cells / ml preparation, preferably 1 x 10 6 to 2 x 10 7 cells / ml preparation, preferably 1.67 x 10 6 up to 3.33 x 10 6 cells / ml preparation, particularly preferably 2.5 x 10® cells / ml preparation, use of this preparation succeeds in putrefaction, which is selected by various fungal pathogens selected from the group Neofabreaea spp., in particular Pezicula malicorticis (DSMZ 62715) and Botrytis spp.,
    5.31
    in particular Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia spp., Penicillium spp., Coletotrichum spp. et al to suppress safely and reliably, especially to prevent the growth of putrefaction marks caused by external damage to the fruit.
    According to a development of the invention, the preparation is designed such that the chemical fungicide from the group cyprodinil (CAS No. 121552-61-2), fludioxonil (CAS No. 131341-86-1), fenhexamide (CAS No. 126833-17-8) and fenpyrazamine (CAS No. 473798-593), pyrimethanil (CAS No. 53112-28-0), or a combination of at least two of them.
    Cyprodinil and fludioxonil and mixtures of cyprodinil and fludioxonil are particularly preferred. In particular, cyprodinil or fludioxonil are already showing a significantly reduced activity against fungal pathogens, since they are already developing resistance to these two active substances. It has surprisingly been possible to show that if the chemical fungicides cyprodinil, fludioxonil or a combination of both are present in a preparation according to the invention, the resistances can be suppressed and the substances, even if they are present in low concentrations in the preparation, can develop their full effect against fungal pathogens.
    According to a development of the invention, the preparation is designed in such a way that, as synergistic amounts, cyprodinil in a concentration of 0.00375 g / l preparation to 5 g / l preparation, preferably 0.02 g / l preparation to 1.0 g / l preparation, in particular 0.1875 g / l preparation to 0.375 g / l preparation and that fludioxonil in a concentration of 0.0025 g / l preparation to 5 g / l preparation, preferably 0.01 g / l preparation to 1 .0 g / l preparation, in particular 0.125 g / l preparation up to 0.25 g / l preparation is contained. The amount of chemical fungicides used depends above all on whether the fungal pathogen already has resistance or a reduced sensitivity or sensitivity to the chemical fungicide. If the chemical fungicides cyprodinil or fludioxonil are contained in the stated amounts in the preparation, they can develop their full effect against fungal pathogens despite the small amount contained and surprisingly the fungal pathogens against these known chemical fungicides in combination with Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 showed no or reduced resistance or sensitivity. In addition, the preparation according to the invention, which contains the mixture of Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941, showed a synergistic effect, so that with an amount that is significantly less than the sum of the amounts of the respective individual substances or components, which would have been necessary to achieve an equally good effect, the endurance will be found.
    / 31 ···· ···· ······· · · • · · · ··· · · • · · · ······· ····· · ·· • · · ζΛ · · · · ··
    In the present case, a synergistic effect is an over-additive increase in the fungicidal action of a combination of at least one chemical fungicide with a mixture of the two Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 compared to a) the sole use of the at least one chemical fungicide or b ) the sole use of the mixture of the two A. pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 or, compared to c) the use of the at least one chemical fungicide, together with one of the two A. pullulans strains DSM 14940 or DSM 14941. The use of the A. pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 individually in combination with chemical fungicides or the use of mixtures of conventional A. pullulans strains (AP 241 and AP 298) with each other or with one of the two A. pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 in combination with chemical fungicides also surprisingly showed no synergistic effect. For the mathematical calculation of the synergistic effect, as in Colby et al. (Weeds 15, pages 20 to 22, 1967), a synergism factor of greater than 1 being seen as confirmation of the presence of a synergistic effect.
    The best effect could be achieved in that a preparation according to the invention is essentially characterized in that cyprodinil and fludioxonil in a weight ratio of 2: 1 to 1: 2, preferably from 2: 1 to 1: 1, in particular from 1, 5: 1 in the preparation. By using two chemical fungicides in the preparation in addition to two biological fungicides (= A. pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941), not only does it have a broad-spectrum effect against fungal pathogens, but surprisingly it has been shown that the amount of individual substance used is drastically reduced could be, so that a synergistic effect of all components is proven.
    The invention further aims at the use of a preparation according to the present invention, which is used for the prophylaxis and / or for controlling the spread of plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens.
    With such a use, it is possible to curb the development and / or spread of plant diseases on the affected fruits or to bring them to a complete standstill, as a result of which a longer storage period of the harvest can be ensured and, in particular, the spread of fungal pathogens can be suppressed.
    The preparation is particularly preferably used for plant diseases which are selected by the fungal pathogens from the group Neofabreaea spp, in particular Pezicula malicorticis, Botrytis spp., Monilinia spp., Penicillium spp., Coletotrichum spp. are caused. With these fungal pathogens, especially with N. malicortcis and B. cinerea, the best results can be achieved and in particular a spread of the plant disease in affected plants can be almost completely suppressed and also
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    good prophylaxis against the occurrence of plant diseases can be provided.
    The highest synergistic effects are achieved if, as corresponds to a development of the invention, the preparation is designed such that Aureobasidium pullulans DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 each in a cell quantity ratio of 1 x 10 6 to 2 x 10 7 cells / ml preparation, preferably 1.67 × 10 6 to 3.33 × 10 6 cells / ml preparation, particularly preferably 2.5 × 10 6 cells / ml preparation and the chemical fungicides fludioxonil and / or cyprodinil in a concentration of preferably 0.0025 g / l preparation up to 1.0 g / l preparation, in particular 0.125 g / l preparation up to 0.25 g / l preparation for fludioxonil or 0.00375 g / l preparation up to 1.0 g / l preparation, in particular 0.1875 g / l preparation up to 0.375 g / l preparation for cyprodinil are included. With such a preparation, synergism factors of up to 1.5 can be achieved.
    A particularly preferred use according to the invention is characterized in that the fungal pathogens, in particular Botrytis cinerea and Neofabraea malicoricis (Pezicula malicorticis), have resistance and / or reduced sensitivity or sensitivity to at least one chemical fungicide. If the fungal pathogens have resistance or reduced sensitivity to at least one chemical fungicide, the preparation according to the invention can be used, since the fungal pathogens are sensitive to the preparation used and the pathogens are successfully rendered harmless. Surprisingly, it was also possible in particular to use a chemical fungicide to which the resistance was clearly developed. The reason given is that the pathogens have to use energy to maintain resistance, which they are unable to apply due to the use of the Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 and their antagonistic effect as a food competitor, and so the chemical fungicide can be fully activated again can be.
    The at least one chemical fungicide and at least one mixture comprising the Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 are preferably used in synergistically effective amounts. With such an application, the amount of fungicidal substances used, both biological and chemical, can be significantly reduced compared to the individual substances, without the fungicidal activity being reduced. In this way, it is possible on the one hand to significantly reduce the environmental impact of the harmless chemical fungicides and, moreover, to achieve safe and reliable protection of fruits, in particular protection against fungal pathogens such as N. malicortcis, B. cinerea, Monilinia spp., Penicillium spp., Coletotrichum spp.
    8/31 • ·
    The at least one chemical fungicide is selected from the group consisting of cyprodinil, fludioxonil or a combination of cyprodinil and fludioxonil, in particular a mixture of cyprodinil and fludioxonil in a weight ratio of 2: 1 to 1: 2, preferably 2: 1 to 1: 1 , especially 1.5: 1. By using the chemical fungicide as a mixture of cyprodinil and fludioxonil in a weight ratio of 2: 1 to 1: 2, in particular 1.5: 1, a particularly broad protection against a number of fungal pathogens can be achieved.
    The amount of chemical fungicides used can be reduced even further if the Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 are used in a cell quantity ratio of 2: 1 to 1: 2, preferably 1: 1. The cell quantity ratio relates in particular to the number of cells used.
    Finally, the invention relates to a method for prophylaxis or for reducing the spread of at least one plant disease triggered by a fungal pathogen, which is essentially characterized in that
    a) at least one chemical fungicide and
    b) at least the two Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 are applied at least once to a crop plant, a) and b) being applied to the crop plant in synergistically effective amounts, in particular by spraying, atomizing or sprinkling.
    With such a method, fungal pathogens, their habitat or the fruit, wine and vegetable crops to be kept free of them, in particular apples, grapes, strawberries, and squashes, such as zucchini and squash, can be obtained by applying at least one chemical fungicide and the two aureobasidium to make pullulan's strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 harmless. The method is preferably carried out in such a way that a preparation is applied by spraying, atomizing or sprinkling. With such a method, despite the use of small amounts of the chemical fungicides and biological fungicides, it is possible to apply an active compound to the plants, fruits or vegetables to be treated, in particular apples, which safely and reliably remove the fungal pathogens such as Neofabreaea spp., Botrytis spp., Monilinia spp., Penicillium spp., Coletotrichum spp., in particular N. malicortcis (Pezicula malicorticis) and B. cinerea, or their spread is restricted. It is important for the occurrence of the synergistic effect that components a) and b) are present together and simultaneously on the crop. It is possible to apply components a) and b) separately from one another, or else to apply the two Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 of component b) separately from one another, as long as these are present or act on the crop at the same time. It is possible a) and b) or the individual aureobasidium
    9/31 • 4 ···· 4 4 4 ·· • · · · 4444444 ♦ 4 4 4 4 4 44 • · ^ 4 444 4 44 pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 in separate tank mixes to the desired amount or concentration to be adjusted and applied to the crop plants in time or in quick succession, in particular on the same day or within 24 hours, in accordance with the desired application rate per hectare (ha). For the sake of simplicity and for reasons of cost, however, the joint application of components a) and b), i.e. Components a) and b) are present in the same tank mixture or preparation, preferably.
    The method is advantageously carried out in such a way that a) and b) are mixed, dissolved or suspended together in one preparation and that the preparation is applied to the crop. With such a procedure, a ready-to-use solution, suspension or mixture can be prepared which can be applied directly to crop plants to be treated.
    Particularly good results can be achieved here if the method is carried out in such a way that 1 × 10 11 to 1 × 10 14 cells / ha, preferably 1 × 10 12 to 2 × 10 13 cells / ha of preparation, preferably 1, per application , 67 × 10 12 to 3.33 × 10 12 cells / ha of preparation, particularly preferably 2.5 × 10 12 cells / ha of the individual Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 are applied. By applying such cell counts of the Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941, effective prophylaxis or a significant reduction in the spread of plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens could be achieved. In the same way, effective prophylaxis or a significant reduction in the spread of plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens could be achieved if, as is in accordance with a further development of the invention, the process is carried out in such a way that cyprodinil is used as chemical fungicide, in particular 3.75 g / ha to 5000 g / ha, preferably 20 g / ha to 1000 g / ha, in particular 187.5 g / ha to 375 g / ha, or that fludioxonil is used as a chemical fungicide, in particular 2.5 g / ha to 5000 g / ha, preferably 10 g / ha to 1000 g / ha, in particular 125 g / ha to 250 g / ha.
    It is particularly effective if the method is carried out such that the at least one chemical fungicide and the at least two Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941, in particular the preparation, are applied during the flowering phase of the crop. Applying the preparation during the flowering phase of the crop results in particularly efficient prophylaxis or reduction in the spread of plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens. The definition of the flowering phase of the crop is used in internationally customary BBCH coding of the stages of development, the flowering phases of the grapevine here being BBCH coding 53, 55, 57 and 60-69 (Lorenz et al., Phenological developmental stages of the grapevine. Vitic. Enol. Sci. 49, 66-70, 1994) and the strawberry herein the BBCH coding
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    from 55-59, 60, 61, 65 and 67 (Meier et al., Phenological stages of development of pome fruit, stone fruit, currant and strawberry. Nachrichtenbl. Deut. Pflanzenenschutz, 46, 141-153, 1994). Repeated application of components a) and b) during the flowering phase or during the flowering phase and in the subsequent development stages, namely fruit development and fruit ripening, can further increase the synergistic effect.
    The invention is explained in more detail below on the basis of exemplary embodiments.
    Example 1: Aureobasidium pullulans strains and chemical fungicides for combating fungal plant pathogens
    The effects of the Aureobasidium pullulans strains AP 241, AP 268 (the strains AP 241 and AP 268 are deposited with the DSM), DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 (individually or in combination) together with the chemical fungicides cyprodinil and fludioxonil (individually or in combination) against the fungal plant pathogens Botrytis and Neofabreaea was determined in an apple test. 12 untreated apples of the same variety with uniform ripeness and size were used per treatment. Before the test, the apples were surface sterilized in 70% ethanol for three minutes and dried under the sterile bench. For each apple, four wounds with a wound diameter of 5 mm were placed at the same distance in the equatorial plane between the calyx and the stem using a sterile pipette tip. Immediately after the four artificial wounds had been made, 10 pl of different test solutions (preparations) were applied to each apple. The apples were then stored. A putrid area formed around the wounds, the diameter of which is a measure of the spread of the pathogen's infection. For the evaluation, the diameter of the punctures of 0.5 cm was subtracted from the digestion diameter.
    The 4 test solutions that were placed in each of the 4 wounds per apple were:
    1. Pathogen (negative control)
    2. Pathogen and Aureobasidium (individually or in combination)
    3. Pathogen and chemical fungicide (individually or in combination)
    4. Pathogen and aureobasidium (individually or in combination) and chemical fungicide (individually or in combination)
    The efficacy of inhibiting the pathogen was calculated for the test solutions 2 to 4 from the digestion diameters measured at the end of the storage. This efficiency corresponds to the percentage decrease in the digester diameter compared to the respective negative control. Would e.g. the digestion diameter of test solution 1: 5 cm and that of test solutions 2, 3 and 4 each 1 cm so the efficiency of test solution 2 to 4 would be 80%. The efficiency of the negative control is zero by definition.
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    • ········ • · · • · · · • · · · ·· • ·· • ··
    The efficiencies (WG) of the individual components in test solutions 2 and 3 were calculated according to the Colby formula (SR Colby “Calculating synergistic and antagonistic responses of herbicide combinations”, Weeds 15, pages 20 to 22, 1967) of the effects the combination of aureobasidium and chemical fungicide (test solution 4) can be calculated using the following formula.
    E = WG X + (WG Y / 100) x (100 - WG X)
    E ... expected value
    WG X ... efficiency single component X
    WG Y ... efficiency single component Y
    If the measured efficiency of the combination of the Aureobasidium pullulans strains and chemical fungicide (test solution 4) is greater than the calculated expected value (E), one speaks of a synergistic effect (the individual components reinforce one another in a mutually additive manner). The synergism factor is a measure of the synergistic effect and was calculated as the quotient of the efficiency of the combination of the substances or components (test solution 4) and the calculated expected value (E). If the synergism factor is greater than or equal to 1.1, the effect of the combination is synergistic compared to the effect of the individual components. When this document speaks of “synergism” or “synergistic effect” or “synergistic effect” or the like, this always refers to combinations with a synergism factor of greater than or equal to 1.1, in comparison to the individual components of the combination. For each test arrangement, consisting of test solutions 1 to 4, 12 replicates (12 apples) were examined.
    Tested fungal plant pathogens:
    Botrytis spp .:
    Botrytis cinerea Bc97 (the strain Botrytis cinerea Bc97 is deposited with the DSM)
    This strain has resistance to the chemical fungicides strobilurin, boscalid and cyprodinil and a reduced sensitivity to fludioxonil.
    Botrytis cinerea 12/4 (the strain Botrytis cinerea Bc12 / 4 is deposited with the DSM) This strain has no known reduced sensitivity or resistance to chemical fungicides.
    Neofabreaea spp .: Pezicula malicorticis 160622 (DSM 62715)
    Pathoqenlösungen:
    To produce the pathogen solutions, MEid agar plates overgrown with pathogen at 20 ° C. (ME agar: 30 g malt extract, 15 g agar, 5 g peptone per 1000 ml distilled water) conidia with an area of approx. 1-2 cm times Removed 2 cm and suspended in 10 ml of water with a douncer. Then the conidia concentration in the / 31 ······· · · • · »♦ ··· · · • ♦ · · · ··· ♦ · · • · ♦ · · ·· · • 1 _ .. ....
    Thomas chamber microscopically counted and adjusted to the desired concentration with water.
    Botrytis
    Final concentration of the conidia in the test solution: 2 x 10 5 conidia / ml
    Concentration of the conidia in the 2 x concentrated pathogen solution: 4 x 10 5 conidia / ml
    Neofabreaea
    Final concentration of the conidia in the test solution: 1 x 10 6 conidia / ml
    Concentration of the conidia in the 2 x concentrated pathogen solution: 2 x 10 6 conidia / ml
    Aureobasidium pullulans strains:
    DSM 14940
    DSM 14941
    AP 241 isolated Aureobasidium pullulans strain
    AP 268 isolated Aureobasidium pullulans strain (the strains AP 241 and AP 268 are deposited with the DSM)
    Aureobasidium pullulans concentrations:
    The Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940, DSM 14941, AP 241 and AP 268 were placed on nutrient agar plates (YM agar: 3 g yeast extract, 3 g malt extract, 5 g peptone, 10 g glucose and 20 g agar in 1000 ml distilled water) at 27 ° C cultivated and the cells were harvested with 0.6% NaCl solution. The concentration of the yeast cells was counted microscopically in the Thomak counting chamber and adjusted to the desired concentration with water. Studies of cell viability and the colony-forming units showed that> 99.9% of the cells are viable and can form colonies. Thus, the cells, in particular the cells / ml, are also synonymous with colony-forming units (CFU) and, in particular, with KBU / ml.
    x concentrated aureobasidium solution: 1 x 10 7 cells / ml x concentrated aureobasidium solution: 2 x 10 7 cells / ml
    Final concentrations in the test solution (preparation):
    DSM 14940, DSM 14941, AP 241 and AP 268: 5 x 10 6 cells / ml
    AP 1: 1: 1 mixture of DSM 14940 and DSM 14941: 2.5 x 10 6 cells / ml DSM 14940 and 2.5 x 10 6 cells / ml DSM 14941
    AP 2: 1: 1 mixture of DSM 14940 and AP 241: 2.5 x 10 6 cells / ml DSM 14940 and 2.5 x 10 6 cells / ml AP 241
    AP 3: 1: 1 mixture of DSM 14940 and AP 268: 2.5 x 10 6 cells / ml DSM 14940 and 2.5 x 10 6 cells / ml AP 268
    13/31 • 99 · • · · · · ♦ 9 9 · • · 9 · * · 99 · - 17 • ·· ·
    AP 4: 1: 1 mixture
    2.5 x10 6 cells / ml AP 241
    AP 5: 1: 1 mixture
    2.5 x10 6 cells / ml AP 268
    AP 6: 2: 1 mixture of
    DSM 14941 and AP 241: 2.5
    DSM 14941 and AP 268: 2.5
    10 6 cells / ml DSM 14941 and
    10 6 cells / ml DSM 14941 and
    DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 (3.33 x 10 6 cells / ml DSM 14940 and 1.67 x 10 6 cells / ml DSM 14941)
    AP 7: 1: 2 mixture of DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 (1.67 x 10 6 cells / ml DSM 14940 and 3.33 x 10 6 cells / ml DSM 14941)
    Chemical fungicides:
    The following chemical fungicides were used with the concentration given in the table:
    # Concentration of the active ingredient of the chemical fungicide in the test solution or preparation 2 x concentrated chemicalfungicide solution 4 x concentrated chemical fungicide solution A 0.01875% (w / v) cyprodinil (= 0.1875 g / l preparation) 0.01250% (w / v) fludioxonil (= 0.125 g / l preparation) 0.0375% (w / v) cyprodinil0.0250% (w / v) fludioxonil 0.075% (w / v) cyprodinil0.050% (w / v) fludioxonil B 0.01250% (w / v) fludioxonil (= 0.125 g / l preparation) 0.0250% (w / v) fludioxonil 0.050% (w / v) fludioxonil C 0.01875% (w / v) cyprodinil (= 0.1875 g / l preparation) 0.0375% (w / v) cyprodinil 0.075% (w / v) cyprodinil
    Test solutions per wound:
    Wound/test solution approach Composition of the test solution applied to the apple wound 1 pathogen control 5 pl 2 x concentrated pathogen solution5 pl water 2 Pathogen + Aureobasidium 5 μΙ 2 x concentrated pathogen solution5 μΙ 2 x concentrated aureobasidium solution 3 Pathogen + chemical fungicide 5 μΙ 2 x concentrated pathogen solution5 μΙ 2 x concentrated chemical fungicide solution 4 Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 5 μΙ 2 x concentrated pathogen solution2.5 μΙ 4 x concentrated aureobasidium solution2.5 μΙ 4 x concentrated chemical fungicide solution
    14/31
    • · ···· • 99 ·· ·• • • · • • • • ···· • • • • • " ··· • 9 9
    Results
    Botrytis cinerea Bc97
    Test system: Jonagold Honsel apples
    Storage temperature: 20 ° C; Storage period: 6 days
    Pathogen: Botrytis cinerea Bc97
    Aureobasidium pullulans strains: DSM 14940, DSM 14941, AP 241, AP 268
    Chemical fungicides: fludioxonil, cyprodinil
    Aureobasidium strain DSM 14940 DSM 14941 AP 241 AP 268 Chemical fungicide (w / v) 0.125 g / l fludioxonil Average diameter of rotting spots (cm) pathogen control 3.18 3.44 3.03 2.62 Pathogen + Aureobasidium 3.03 2.65 2.80 2.45 Pathogen + chemical fungicide 0.68 0.28 0.48 0.53 Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 0.78 0.40 0.42 0.45 efficiency pathogen control 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 Pathogen + Aureobasidium 4.7 23.0 7.7 6.4 Pathogen + chemical fungicide 78.8 91.8 84.3 79.9 Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 75.7 88.4 86.3 82.8 expected value(E) Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 79.8 93.7 85.5 81.2 Synergismusfaktor1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0
    15/31 • ♦ ···· φφφφ ·· · · φ φ φ φ · φ • ···· · φ
    Aureobasidium strain DSM 14940 DSM 14941 AP 241 AP 268 Chemical fungicide (w / v) 0.1875 g / l cyprodinil Average diameter of rotting spots (cm) pathogen control 3.41 3.56 2.95 3.13 Pathogen + Aureobasidium 3.30 3.45 2.88 2.96 Pathogen + chemical fungicide 2.80 3.14 2.21 2.52 Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 2.73 3.04 2.18 2.49 efficiency pathogen control 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pathogen + Aureobasidium 3.2 3.1 2.4 5.4 Pathogen + chemical fungicide 17.9 11.8 25.1 19.5 Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 19.9 14.6 26.1 20.4 expected value(E) Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 20.5 14.5 26.9 23.9 Synergismusfaktor1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9
    Aureobasidium strain DSM 14940 DSM 14941 AP 241 AP 268 Chemical fungicide (w / v) 0.1875 g / l cyprodinil 0.125 g / l fludioxonil Average diameter of rotting spots (cm) pathogen control 3.65 3.56 2.95 3.13 Pathogen + Aureobasidium 1.45 1.77 1.65 1.57 Pathogen + chemical fungicide 1.73 1.93 1.64 1.82 Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 1.54 1.38 1.26 1.25 efficiency pathogen control 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pathogen + Aureobasidium 60.3 50.3 44.1 49.8 Pathogen + chemical fungicide 52.6 45.8 44.4 41.9 Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 57.8 61.2 57.3 60.1 Expected value (E) Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 81.2 73.0 68.9 70.8 Synergismusfaktor0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8
    16/31
    From the tables above it is clear that the applications of each
    Aureobasidium pullulans strains together with the chemical fungicides fludioxonil or
    Cyprodinil and none together with the mixture of fludioxonil and cyprodinil
    have a synergistic effect.
    Aureobasidium strain AP1: DSM 14940 + DSM 14941 Chemical fungicide (w / v) 0.1875 g / l cyprodinil0.125 g / l fludioxonil 0.125 g / l fludioxonil 0.1875 g / lcyprodinil Average diameter of rotting spots (cm) pathogen control 4.17 4.21 4.17 Pathogen + Aureobasidium 1.42 1.50 2.33 Pathogen + chemical fungicide 1.83 1.17 3.63 Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 0.33 0.08 1.83 efficiency Pathoenkontrolle 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pathogen + Aureobasidium 66.0 64.4 44.0 Pathogen + chemical fungicide 56.0 72.3 13.0 Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 92.0 98.0 56.0 expected value(E) Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 85.0 90.1 51.3 Synergismusfaktor1.1 1.1 1.1
    Aureobasidium strain AP 6: DSM 14940 + DSM 14941 Chemical fungicide (w / v) 0.1875 g / l cyprodinilPreparation 0.125 g / l fludioxonil 0.125 g / l fludioxonil 0.1875 g / l cyprodinil Average diameter of rotting spots (cm) pathogen control 4.02 4.11 3.89 Pathogen + Aureobasidium 1.64 1.83 2.29 Pathogen + chemical fungicide 1.74 1.62 3.51 Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 0.41 0.05 1.67 efficiency pathogen control 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pathogen + Aureobasidium 59.2 55.5 41.1 Pathogen + chemical fungicide 56.7 60.6 9.8 Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 89.8 98.8 57.1
    17/31 • · · · · ········ ······· · · ···· ··· · · • · · · ······ · ···· ··· · ·· · _ ·! Γ · _ · · ·
    expected value(E) Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 82.3 82.4 46.9 Synergismusfaktor1.1 1.2 1.2
    Aureobasidium strain AP 7: DSM 14940 + DSM 14941 Chemical fungicide (w / v) 0.1875 g / l cyprodinil0.125 g / l fludioxonil 0.125 g / l fludioxonil 0.1875 g / lcyprodinil Average diameter of rotting spots (cm) pathogen control 3.68 3.74 4.00 Pathogen + Aureobasidium 1.78 1.96 2.51 Pathogen + chemical fungicide 1.83 2.04 3.38 Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 0.32 0.54 1.78 efficiency pathogen control 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pathogen + Aureobasidium 51.6 47.6 37.3 Pathogen + chemical fungicide 50.3 45.5 15.5 Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 91.3 85.6 55.5 expected value(E) Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 75.9 71.4 47.0 Synergismusfaktor1.2 1.2 1.2
    The table above clearly shows that the use of mixtures of the two aureobasidium strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 together with the chemical fungicides cyprodinil and fludioxonil as well as together with the mixture of cyprodinil and fludioxonil have significant synergistic effects. The efficiency of the preparations from DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 with the chemical fungicide (s) (test groups 4) are in each case significantly higher than the calculated expected value (E). The synergism factor is greater than or equal to 1.1.
    In the AP 1 and in the AP 6 group, together with fludioxonil, there was almost no putrefaction (diameter of the decay site of 0.08 cm or 0.05 cm), which confirms the very good prophylactic effect of the preparations according to the invention. The remaining experiments in groups AP 1, AP 6 and AP 7 showed clear reductions in putrefaction, which shows the reduction in the spread of the fungal disease through the inventive preparations.
    18/31
    Aureobasidium strain AP 2: DSM 14940+AP 241 AP 3:DSM 14940+ AP 268 AP 4: DSM 14941 +AP 241 AP 5: DSM 14941+ AP 268 Chemical fungicide (w / v) 0.125 g / l fludioxonil Average diameter of rotting spots (cm) pathogen control 3.13 3.18 2.99 2.98 Pathogen + Aureobasidium 2.97 2.83 2.73 2.70 Pathogen + chemical fungicide 1.61 1.53 1.53 1.34 Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 1.54 1.47 1.62 1.52 efficiency pathogen control 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.o Pathogen + Aureobasidium 5.1 11.0 8.9 9.5 Pathogen + chemical fungicide 48.5 51.8 48.9 55.1 Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 50.7 53.7 45.8 49.1 Expected value (E) Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 51.1 57.1 53.4 59.3 Synergismusfaktor1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8
    The synergistic effect of mixtures of AP 1, AP 6 and AP 7 with the two chemical fungicides cyprodinil and fludioxonil against the pathogen Botrytis cinerea Bc97 was also confirmed with different concentrations of chemical fungicide as in the experiments above.
    For cyprodinil, concentrations of 0.02 g / l; 0.06 g / l; 0.125 g / l; 0.375 g / l; 0.5 g / l and 1 g / l preparation confirm the synergistic effect (synergism factor greater than or equal to 1.1), the highest synergism factor being determined for the concentrations 0.125 g / l and 0.375 g / l, respectively.
    For fludioxonil for all concentrations, namely 0.01 g / l; 0.05 g / l; 0.125 g / l; 0.25 g / L; 0.5 g / l and 1 g / l the synergistic effect are confirmed (synergism factor greater than or equal to 1.1), the highest synergism factor being determined for the concentrations 0.125 g / l and 0.25 g / l, respectively.
    Botrytis cinerea 12/4
    Test system: Jonagold Honsel apples
    Storage temperature: 20 ° C; Storage period: 7 days
    Pathogen: Botrytis cinerea 12/4 (no sensitivity or resistance to fludioxonil and / or cyprodinil)
    19/31 • · · · · · · · • · · · ······· ····· ··· ”· _ ·! $ ·· _ · ··
    Aureobasidium: DSM 14940, DSM 14941 and AP 1
    Chemical fungicides: fludioxonil, cyprodinil; it was only 1/50 of the above
    Amount of chemical fungicide used.
    Aureobasidium strain DSM 14940 DSM 14941 AP 1:DSM 14940 +DSM 14941 Chemical fungicide (w / v) 0(= 00 (= c 000375% cyprodinil, 00375 g / l preparation), 00025% fludioxonil), 0025 g / l preparation) Average diameter of rotting spots (cm) pathogen control 3.60 3.57 3.63 Pathogen + Aureobasidium 1.88 2.22 1.64 Pathogen + chemical fungicide 1.45 1.67 1.38 Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 1.53 1.58 0.03 efficiency pathogen control 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pathogen + Aureobasidium 47.8 37.8 54.8 Pathogen + chemical fungicide 59.7 53.2 62.0 Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 57.5 55.7 99.1 expected value(E) Pathogen +Aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 79.0 70.9 82.8 Synergismusfaktor0.7 0.8 1.2
    From the table above it can be clearly seen that only the use of the mixture of both Aureobasidium strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 together with the chemical fungicides cyprodinil and fludioxonil (AP 1 group) has a synergistic effect. The efficiency of test group 4 (mixture of Aureobasidium strains + chemical fungicide) is significantly higher than the calculated expected value (E). The synergism factor is greater than or equal to 1.1. There was almost no putrefaction (diameter of the putrid area of 0.03 cm), which confirms the very good prophylactic effect of the inventive preparation.
    The synergistic effect of mixtures of AP 1, AP 6 and AP 7 with the two chemical fungicides cyprodinil and fludioxonil against the pathogen Botrytis cinerea 12/4 was also confirmed with different concentrations of chemical fungicide, analogous to the experiments above.
    For cyprodinil, for all concentrations, namely 0.001 g / l; 0.00375 g / l; 0.005 g / l; 0.01 g / l; 0.05 g / l; 0.1 g / l and 0.1875 g / l preparation confirm the synergistic effect (synergism factor greater than or equal to 1.1).
    / 31
    For fludioxonil for all concentrations, namely 0.001 g / l; 0.0025 g / l; 0.005 g / l; 0.01 g / l; 0.05 g / l; 0.1 g / l and 0.125 g / l preparation the synergistic effect can be confirmed (synergism factor greater than or equal to 1.1).
    Since the amount of chemical fungicide used depends on the pathogen itself, but especially on its resistance or reduced sensitivity to the individual chemical fungicides, it can be assumed that for some pathogens a higher or lower amount of the chemical fungicide is sufficient to use the aureobasidium pullulan's mixture of DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 to work synergistically.
    Neofabraea spp:
    Test system: Apples of the Eistar Fuchshof variety
    Storage temperature: 20 ° C; Storage period: 16 days
    Pathogen: Pezicula malicorticis 160622 (DSM 62715)
    Aureobasidium: DSM 14940, DSM 14941 and AP 1 (contrary to the above, the total concentration of the Aurobasidium pullulans strains used was 1 x 10 7 cells / ml)
    Chemical fungicides: fludioxonil, cyprodinil
    Aureobasidium strain AP 1 (DSM 14940 + DSM 14941) chemicalFungicide (w / v) 0.1875 g / l cyprodinil0.125 g / l fludioxonil 0.125 g / l fludioxonil 0.1875 g / lcyprodinil Average diameter of rotting spots (cm) pathogen control 1.90 1.84 1.94 Pathogen + Aureobasidium 1.30 1.23 1.44 Pathogen + chemical fungicide 0.94 1.91 1.61 Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 0.33 1.09 0.83 efficiency pathogen control 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pathogen + Aureobasidium 31.6 33.2 25.8 Pathogen + chemical fungicide 50.5 -3.8 17.0 Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 82.6 40.8 57.2 Expected value (E) Pathogen + aureobasidium + chemical fungicide 66.8 30.6 38.4 Synergismusfaktor1.1 1.3 1.5
    / 31
    The table above clearly shows that the use of the two aureobasidium strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 together with the chemical fungicides cyprodinil and fludioxonil have a clear synergistic effect. The efficiency of the Pathogen + Aureobasidium + chemical fungicide (test group 4) is clearly above the calculated expected value (E). The synergism factor is greater than or equal to 1.1.
    Furthermore, the individual strains were also in a concentration of 1 x 10 7 cells / ml in the test solution with the chemical fungicides cyprodinil (0.01875% (w / v) = 0.1875 g cyprodinil per liter of preparation) and fludioxonil (0.01250 % (w / v) = 0.125 g fludioxonil per I preparation) tested individually and in combination (0.01875% (w / v) cyprodinil; 0.01250% (w / v) fludioxonil). The synergism factor was less than or equal to 1.0 and therefore the use of chemical fungicides with only one Aureobasidium pullulans strain is not synergistic.
    The synergistic effect of mixtures of AP 1, AP 6 and AP 7 with the two chemical fungicides cyprodinil and fludioxonil against the pathogen Pezicula malicorticis 160622 was confirmed analogously to the above experiments with different concentrations of chemical fungicide.
    For cyprodinil, concentrations of 0.02 g / l; 0.06 g / l; 0.125 g / l; 0.375 g / l; 0.5 g / l and 1 g / l preparation confirm the synergistic effect (synergism factor greater than or equal to 1.1), the highest synergism factor being determined for the concentrations 0.125 g / l and 0.375 g / l, respectively.
    For fludioxonil for all concentrations, namely 0.01 g / l; 0.05 g / l; 0.125 g / l; 0.25 g / l; 0.5 g / l and 1 g / l the synergistic effect are confirmed (synergism factor greater than or equal to 1.1), the highest synergism factor being determined for the concentrations 0.125 g / l and 0.25 g / l, respectively.
    Example 2: Field trials
    Field trials in the control of Botrytis spp., Mainly Botrytis cinerea, wine (table grapes) and strawberries have shown that the tank spray mixture (preparation) of Aureobasidium pullulans DSM 14941 and DSM 14940 together with the chemical agents Cyprodinil and Fludioxonil were able to synergistically increase the efficiency on the pathogen.
    Test system A: table grapes (Vitis vinifera)
    Location: Italy
    Duration: September 11 to November 11, 2014
    Number / type of application of the tank spray mixtures: 5 identical treatments of 1,000 l / ha each. The tank mixes were applied by spraying. The spray was applied in accordance with the BBCH coding of the phenological stages of development / 31 ······· · · • · · · ··· · · • · · · ······· ····· ·· ·
    - · _ · 2 7 · - '*' of the grapevine (Lorenz et al., Phenological stages of development of the grapevine. Vitic. Enol. Sei.
    49, 66-70, 1994) in the following stages of development:
    BBCH 53: “Events” (inflorescences) clearly visible
    Test system B: strawberries (Fragaria ananassa)
    Place: Austria
    Duration: May 9 to June 10, 2016
    Number / type of application of the tank mix: 6 identical treatments, each with 1,000 l / ha. The tank mixes were applied by spraying.
    The spray application was in each case in accordance with the BBCH coding of the phenological developmental stages of the strawberry (Meier et al., Phenological developmental stages of the pome fruit, the stone fruit, the currant and the strawberry. Nachrichtenbl. Deut. Pflanzenenschutz., 46, 141-153, 1994) in following stages of development:
    BBCH 55: The first blooms are visible on the base of the rosette
    The following spray mixture was applied directly to the crops in the respective test groups:
    Group 1: untreated control
    Group 2: treated with cyprodinil and fludioxonil; Concentrations in the tank mix: 0.1875 g / l cyprodinil and 0.125 g / l fludioxonil. Thus, per hectare (ha)
    187.5 g of cyprodinil and 125 g of fludioxonil applied to the crops.
    Group 3: treated with AP 1; Aureobasidium pullulans concentrations in the tank mix: 2.5 x 10 6 cells / ml DSM 14940 and 2.5 x 10 6 cells / ml DSM 14941. Thus 2.5 x 10 12 cells DSM 14940 and 2, 5 x 10 12 cells DSM 14941 applied.
    Group 4: treated with cyprodinil and fludioxonil as well as with AP 1; Concentrations in the tank mix (= preparation): 0.1875 g / l cyprodinil and 0.125 g / l fludioxonil as well as 2.5 x 10 6 cells / ml DSM 14940 and 2.5 x 10 6 cells / ml DSM 14941. Thus, per Hectare (ha)
    187.5 g of cyprodinil and 125 g of fludioxonil were applied to the plant cultures and 2.5 × 10 12 cells DSM 14940 and 2.5 × 10 12 cells DSM 14941.
    Synergy of AP 1+ mixture of Cyprodinil and Fludioxonil crop table grape strawberry Proportion of fruit infected by the pathogen [%] Group 1 27,30 62,30 Group 2 9.80 27.60 Group 3 15,10 45,80 Group 4 2.30 10.10 efficiency Group 1 0.0 0.0 Group 2 64.1 55.7 Group 3 44.7 26.5
    / 31
    Group 4 91.6 83.8Expected value (E) Group 4 80.1 67.4 Synergismusfaktor1.1 1.2 Efficiency calculation: e.g. for group 4: we Degree of efficiency = [1 - (2.30 / 27.30)]
    *
    100
    The table above clearly shows the synergistic reduction in the spread of the pathogen by the application of the AP 1 mixture together with the chemical fungicides. The synergism factor is greater than or equal to 1.1.
    Analogous to the table above, the following groups were also tested in the field trials (table grape and strawberry):
    Group 5: treated with cyprodinil; Concentration of cyprodinil in the tank mix: 0.1875 g / l; Spreading: 1,000 l / ha
    Group 6: treated with fludioxinil; Concentration of fludioxinil in the tank mix: 0.125 g / l; Spreading: 1,000 l / ha
    Group 7: treated with cyprodinil and AP 1; Concentrations in the tank mix: 0.1875 g / l cyprodinil and 2.5 x 10 6 cells / ml DSM 14940 and 2.5 x 10 6 cells / ml DSM 14941; Spreading: 1,000 l / ha
    Group 8: treated with fludioxinil and AP 1; Concentrations in the tank mix: 0.125 g / l fludioxinil and 2.5 x 10 6 cells / ml DSM 14940 and 2.5 x 10 6 cells / ml DSM 14941; Spreading: 1,000 l / ha
    In an analogous evaluation of groups 1, 3 and 5 to 8, a synergistic effect was found for the application of the AP 1 mixture together with only one of the two chemical fungicides, in each case in comparison with the individual application (chemical fungicide or AP 1 mixture), i.e. achieved a synergism factor of 1.1 or greater.
    The synergistic effect of mixtures of AP 1 with the two chemical fungicides cyprodinil and fludioxonil against pathogens was confirmed analogously to the above field tests with different concentrations of chemical fungicide.
    For cyprodinil, for all application rates, namely 20 g / ha; 100 g / ha; 187.5 g / ha; 375 g / ha, 500 g / ha and 1000 g / ha, the synergistic effect is confirmed (synergism factor greater than or equal to 1.1), the highest synergism factor being determined for the application of 187.5 g / ha and 375 g / ha has been.
    For fludioxonil it was possible for all application rates, namely 10 g / ha; 50 g / ha; 125 g / ha; 250 g / ha; 500 g / ha and 1000 g / ha the synergistic effect are confirmed (synergism factor greater than or equal to 1.1), whereby the highest synergism factor was determined for the application of 125 g / ha and 250 g / ha.
    / 31 ···· ····
    权利要求:
    Claims (19)
    [1]
    claims
    1. Preparation containing at least one chemical fungicide, characterized in that in addition to the at least one chemical fungicide, a mixture containing at least the strains Aureobasidium pullulans DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 is contained, the at least one chemical fungicide and the mixture of the strains Aureobasidium pullulans strains present in synergistically effective amounts in the preparation.
    [2]
    2. Preparation according to claim 1, characterized in that the Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 are present in the cell quantity ratio of 2: 1 to 1: 2, preferably 1: 1.
    [3]
    3. Preparation according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the synergistic amount of the Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 each in a concentration of 1 x 10 5 to 1 x 10 8 cells / ml preparation, preferably 1 x 10 6 up to 2 x 10 7 cells / ml preparation, preferably 1.67 x 10 6 to 3.33 x 10® cells / ml preparation, particularly preferably from 2.5 x 10 6 cells / ml preparation.
    [4]
    4. Preparation according to one of claims 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the chemical fungicide is selected from the group cyprodinil, fludioxonil, fenhexamide, fenpyrazamine and pyrimethanil or is selected from a combination of at least two chemical fungicides thereof.
    [5]
    5. Preparation according to claim 4, characterized in that the chemical fungicide is selected from cyprodinil, from fludioxonil or from a combination of cyprodinil and fludioxonil.
    [6]
    6. Preparation according to claim 5, characterized in that as a synergistic amount cyprodinil in a concentration of 0.00375 g / l preparation to 5 g / l preparation, preferably 0.02 g / l preparation to 1.0 g / l preparation , in particular 0.1875 g / l preparation to 0.375 g / l preparation is included.
    [7]
    7. Preparation according to claim 5, characterized in that the synergistic amount of fludioxonil in a concentration of 0.0025 g / l preparation to 5 g / l preparation, preferably 0.01 g / l preparation to 1.0 g / l preparation , in particular 0.125 g / l preparation to 0.25 g / l preparation is included.
    [8]
    8. Preparation according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that cyprodinil and fludioxonil in a weight ratio of 2: 1 to 1: 2, preferably from 2: 1 to 1: 1, in particular from 1.5: 1 in the preparation available.
    [9]
    9. Preparation according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that Aureobasidium pullulans DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 each in a cell quantity ratio of 1 x 10 6 to 2 x 10 7 cells / ml preparation, in particular from 1.67 x 10 6 to 3.33 x 10®
    25/31 ♦ ··· · · · «··« «* · ······· · · • · · · · 9 · · * • · · · ····· · 9
    9 9 9 9 9 9 99 “· _’ 2 '$ · - * * ’
    Cells / ml preparation, particularly preferably 2.5 x 10 6 cells / ml preparation and the chemical fungicides fludioxonil and / or cyprodinil in a concentration of preferably 0.0025 g / l preparation to 1.0 g / l preparation, in particular 0.125 g / l preparation up to 0.25 g / l preparation for fludioxonil or 0.00375 g / l preparation up to 1.0 g / l preparation, in particular 0.1875 g / l preparation up to 0.375 g / l preparation for cyprodinil ,
    [10]
    10. Use of a preparation according to any one of claims 1 to 9 for prophylaxis or for reducing the spread of plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens.
    [11]
    11. Use according to claim 10, characterized in that the fungal pathogens are selected from the group Neofabreaea spp. and Botrytis spp.
    [12]
    12. Use according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that the fungal pathogens have a resistance and / or reduced sensitivity to at least one chemical fungicide.
    [13]
    13. A method for prophylaxis or for reducing the spread of at least one plant disease triggered by a fungal pathogen, characterized in that
    a) at least one chemical fungicide and
    b) a mixture comprising at least the Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 are applied at least once to a crop, wherein a) and b) are applied to the crop in synergistically effective amounts, in particular by spraying, atomizing or sprinkling.
    [14]
    14. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that a) and b) are mixed, dissolved or suspended together in a preparation and that the preparation is applied to the crop.
    [15]
    15. The method according to claim 13 or 14, characterized in that the preparation according to one of claims 1 to 9 is used.
    [16]
    16. The method according to any one of claims 13, 14 or 15, characterized in that per application as a synergistically acting amount in each case 1 x 10 11 to 1 x 10 14 cells / ha, preferably 1 x 10 12 to 2 x 10 13 cells / ha Preparation, preferably 1.67 × 10 12 to 3.33 × 10 12 cells / ha preparation, particularly preferably 2.5 × 10 12 cells / ha, of the Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 are applied.
    [17]
    17. The method according to any one of claims 13 to 16, characterized in that cyprodinil is used as the chemical fungicide, the synergistic amount being in particular 3.75 g / ha to 5000 g / ha, preferably 20 g / ha to 1000 g / ha , in particular
    187.5 g / ha to 375 g / ha can be applied.
    26/31 • · · · · · • · · · · ·
    [18]
    18. The method according to any one of claims 13 to 17, characterized in that fludioxinil is used as the chemical fungicide, with a synergistic amount in particular 2.5 g / ha to 5000 g / ha, preferably 10 g / ha to 1000 g / ha , in particular 125 g / ha to 250 g / ha are applied.
    [19]
    19. The method according to any one of claims 13 to 18, characterized in that the at least one application of the at least one chemical fungicide and the mixture comprising at least the Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941, in particular the preparation, takes place during the flowering phase of the crop.
    Vienna, March 15, 2017
    Erber Akt llschaft through:
    CUNOW nwalts KG
    27/31 Austrian
    Patent Office
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    EP3595449A1|2020-01-22|
    KR20190129069A|2019-11-19|
    US20200275665A1|2020-09-03|
    CN110573017A|2019-12-13|
    AU2018233513A1|2019-10-24|
    AT519820B1|2019-05-15|
    WO2018165686A1|2018-09-20|
    IL269268D0|2019-11-28|
    RU2737209C1|2020-11-26|
    WO2018165686A9|2019-05-09|
    PH12019502083A1|2020-03-09|
    BR112019018460A2|2020-04-14|
    CA3056465A1|2018-09-20|
    CL2019002632A1|2019-12-27|
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    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    ATA104/2017A|AT519820B1|2017-03-15|2017-03-15|Preparation containing at least one chemical fungicide and a preparation containing Aureobasidium pullulansstämme|ATA104/2017A| AT519820B1|2017-03-15|2017-03-15|Preparation containing at least one chemical fungicide and a preparation containing Aureobasidium pullulansstämme|
    CN201880017896.0A| CN110573017A|2017-03-15|2018-03-07|formulation comprising at least fludioxonil and a mixture comprising a strain of aureobasidium pullulans|
    RU2019132427A| RU2737209C1|2017-03-15|2018-03-07|Composition containing at least fludioxonil and mixture containing aureobasidium pullulans|
    CA3056465A| CA3056465A1|2017-03-15|2018-03-07|Preparation comprising at least fludioxonil and a mixture comprising aureobasidium pullulans strains|
    AU2018233513A| AU2018233513A1|2017-03-15|2018-03-07|Preparation containing at least fludioxonil and a mixture containing Aureobasidium pullulans strains|
    KR1020197029328A| KR20190129069A|2017-03-15|2018-03-07|A composition containing a mixture containing at least fludioxonil and aureobasidium pullulan strains|
    EP18718088.0A| EP3595449A1|2017-03-15|2018-03-07|Preparation containing at least fludioxonil and a mixture containing aureobasidium pullulans strains|
    PCT/AT2018/000012| WO2018165686A1|2017-03-15|2018-03-07|Preparation containing at least fludioxonil and a mixture containing aureobasidium pullulans strains|
    BR112019018460A| BR112019018460A2|2017-03-15|2018-03-07|prepared containing at least one chemical fungicide as well as a mixture containing strains of aureobasidium pullulans|
    US16/493,867| US20200275665A1|2017-03-15|2018-03-07|Preparation comprising at least one chemical fungicide and a mixture comprising aureobasidium pullulans strains|
    IL26926819A| IL269268D0|2017-03-15|2019-09-11|Preparation comprising at least one chemical fungicide and a mixture comprising aureobasidium pullulans strains|
    PH12019502083A| PH12019502083A1|2017-03-15|2019-09-12|Preparation containing at least fludioxonil and a mixture containing aureobasidium pullulans strains|
    CL2019002632A| CL2019002632A1|2017-03-15|2019-09-13|Preparation containing at least one chemical fungicide and a preparation containing strains of aureobasidium pullulans.|
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