• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a device for detecting signal pulses (2) in an analog measuring signal (1) of a particle counter. The device has an AD converter (6) and an evaluation unit (10), wherein the evaluation unit (10) has a slope evaluation unit (16), the signal pulses (2) by evaluating the slopes between adjacent samples (8) in the digital data stream ( 7) of the AD converter (6) determined in real time.
    公开号:AT517499A1
    申请号:T50716/2015
    申请日:2015-08-12
    公开日:2017-02-15
    发明作者:Brunnhofer Georg
    申请人:Avl List Gmbh；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Method and device for detecting signal pulses
    The invention relates to a device for detecting signal pulses in an analog measurement signal of a particle counter, the device having an AD converter and an evaluation unit. Furthermore, the invention relates to the use of this device and a method for detecting signal pulses in an analog measurement signal with such a device.
    Particle counters generally have a carpet of light through which a mostly separated stream of particles is passed, each particle, when passing through the carpet of light, producing scattered light which is detected by a light sensor. In order to improve the measurability, the particles usually pass through a condensation unit in which condensation droplets grow on particles. Due to the larger size and the uniformity of the condensation droplets, the countability is made possible compared to a direct measurement of the particles.
    Due to the Gaussian light intensity distribution of the carpet of light, a passing particle generates an equally Gaussian signal pulse. In the optimal case, each individual particle delivers a single scattered light pulse, which corresponds to a temporal course of sporadically occurring signal pulses. The statistical probability distribution of discrete events can be determined using a Poisson distribution.
    If the time interval between particles is too low, coincidence occurs. In this case, the signal pulses generated by the particles following one behind the other superimpose signal-wise into a single signal pulse and can not be separated more than two individual events.
    The light sensor generates an analog measurement signal, which is evaluated for the detection and counting of the signal pulses. Usually, a threshold value is defined, wherein the generated signal pulse of a passing particle is detected by a comparator element and the particle is considered to be detected when this threshold value is exceeded. If the threshold is set too high, it may happen that too small signal pulses are not counted incorrectly. However, if the threshold is set too low, closely spaced, partially overlapping signal pulses (coincidences) will be detected as just a single signal pulse, and therefore some signal pulses will not be detected. Background noise can also lead to false results if the threshold is too low.
    It is particularly disadvantageous if the measured pulse ensemble has a drift behavior, so that said ensemble moves out of the measuring range defined by the threshold value during the measurement. The signal evaluation via threshold values can lead unnoticed to a wrong result.
    The signal evaluation is usually carried out in the analog domain, since the signal pulses in the measurement signal are very short, usually in the range of 80-200 ns, so that digitization requires a very high sampling rate. Although AD converters are available which allow a sufficiently high sampling rate even for very short signal pulses, the evaluation by means of thresholds in the digital domain has no significant advantages over the analog domain, so that in general an evaluation in the analog domain is simpler and therefore represents preferred solution.
    Thus, there is a need in the art for apparatus and methods for detecting signal pulses that allow for better coincidence detection and counting accuracy, and that provide a way to detect, evaluate, and balance drift behavior of the measurement signal.
    These and other objects of the prior art are inventively achieved by a device of the type mentioned, in which the evaluation has a slope evaluation, the signal pulses determined by evaluating the slopes between adjacent samples in the digital data stream of the AD converter in real time. Instead of fixed threshold values, the course of the measuring signal can thereby be evaluated in a simple manner. Gradient changes can be evaluated to detect pulse peaks. This also makes it possible to detect and compensate for drift behavior. An evaluation in real time is required in continuous measurement methods and can be achieved by the device according to the invention.
    In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the AD converter generates the digital data stream at a sampling rate of over 50 MSPS (million samples per second or megasamples per second), preferably between 50 and 105 MSPS. This already allows a detection of signal pulses in the nanosecond range.
    According to the invention, the detection of signal pulses can preferably be implemented in an integrated circuit, preferably a field programmable gate array. This allows a hardware-oriented, yet flexible implementation of the recognition algorithms, thereby enabling signal evaluation in real time in a simple manner.
    In a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the evaluation unit may have a detection unit which detects a signal pulse when a sequence of samples meet the conditions of a parameter set, wherein the parameter set comprises at least one parameter selected from minimum slope increase, minimum slope duration and / or minimal slope slope. Such a parameter set allows a fast detection of signal pulses based on simple comparative arithmetic operations. Integrieroder differentiating are not required.
    In order to filter out background noise, the evaluation unit can advantageously have a threshold unit which eliminates samples when it falls below a defined detection threshold from the evaluation.
    In a further embodiment, the evaluation unit may have a drift detection unit, which determines and evaluates criteria for the detection and / or evaluation of the drift behavior of the measured pulse ensemble. As a result, sources of error can be detected early and less results can be avoided.
    In a preferred manner, according to the invention, the criteria for detecting and / or assessing the drift behavior may include a change in the background light, an average signal pulse amplitude and / or an average signal pulse duration. Such criteria allow a qualified statement about the causes of a drift behavior occurring, so that appropriate maintenance measures can be scheduled in good time.
    Advantageously, the device may comprise a compensation element for compensating a drift behavior in the particle counter, wherein a control variable of the compensation element for detecting and / or evaluating the drift behavior of the measurement signal is transmitted to the evaluation unit. In particular, a change in the background light in the measuring cell can be compensated with the compensation element, wherein the compensation element can be provided in the analog domain or in the digital domain. The compensation of the drift behavior ensures that the zero line of the measuring signal does not shift. This ensures, for example, the effectiveness of the detection threshold for filtering out background noise. At the same time, the control variable is used by the evaluation unit as one of the characteristic values for the detection and / or evaluation of drift behavior.
    All device elements, in particular the A / D converter, the evaluation unit, the slope evaluation unit, the detection unit, the threshold unit, the drift detection unit, and / or the compensation member, as well as all other functional elements of the device can be designed as a separate hardware unit, as required, they can be arbitrarily combined to any hardware units in subgroups, they can each be integrated into other units, or they can be partially implemented in software or as a whole.
    The device according to the invention can advantageously be used to determine a maintenance time on the basis of a drift behavior. Concrete statements about the type of maintenance required can be derived from the respective criteria.
    The aforementioned method for detecting signal pulses in an analog measurement signal provides that signal pulses are determined by evaluating the slopes between adjacent samples in the digital data stream of the AD converter in real time.
    Advantageously, the method may detect a signal pulse if a sequence of samples satisfies the conditions of a parameter set, wherein the parameter set comprises at least one parameter that is selected from minimal slope increase (minjncr), minimum slope duration (peak_valid) and / or minimal slope decrease ( min_decr).
    If appropriate, several different parameter sets can be evaluated and compared in parallel, for example for the dynamic determination of the optimal parameter set with regard to counting accuracy, for categorizing particle properties or for determining coincidences. The parallel parameter sets can be used, for example, for automatic correction.
    Advantageously, scannings according to the invention are evaluated only when a defined detection threshold is exceeded in order to filter out background noise.
    In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, criteria for detecting and / or evaluating the drift behavior of the measured pulse ensemble can be determined, the criteria for detecting and / or evaluating the drift behavior preferably comprising a change of the background light, an average signal pulse amplitude and / or an average signal pulse duration ,
    Advantageously, the minimum ratio of average signal pulse duration to sampling interval can be less than 40, preferably less than 20 and in particular less than 6. Due to the stable evaluation algorithm, signal pulses can be reliably detected even with a few samples. This also increases the maximum permissible passage velocity of the particles. With the method according to the invention, for example, at a sampling frequency of 100 MSPS signal pulses of only 30 ns duration can be detected. This corresponds to a ratio of signal pulse duration (3 * 10'8 s) to sampling interval (1 * 1 O'8 s) of 3. For a sufficient and meaningful evaluation of the drift behavior by the average signal pulse amplitude or the average signal pulse duration, a higher Sense frequency be useful.
    Deviations from the ideal signal form can be quantified and subsequently considered to detect partially superimposed signal pulses. The degree of deviation from the ideal signal form allows conclusions to be drawn regarding the coincidence occurring.
    The subject invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to Figures 1 to 3, which show by way of example, schematically and not by way of limitation advantageous embodiments of the invention. It shows
    1 shows an analog measuring signal with a plurality of signal pulses,
    2 shows a block diagram of a device according to the invention for detecting signal pulses with a detector unit and an evaluation unit and
    3 shows a diagram of a digitized signal pulse ensemble for explaining the parameters for the evaluation algorithm
    FIG. 1 shows the course of a measurement signal 1 recorded by a photodetector, wherein the light intensity I is plotted over the time t. The measurement signal can originate, for example, from a sensor cell of a condensation particle counter, wherein each of the three signal pulses 2 shown in the measurement signal 1 has been generated by a particle passing through the carpet of light of the measurement cell. When the particle or the aerosol droplets condensed on the particle traverses a carpet of light, the light scattered by the particle strikes the photodetector 3 (see FIG. 2) and generates a signal pulse 2. In FIG. 1, the first two signal pulses 2 show a beginning one Overlay, as it can occur with very little temporal succession.
    The duration of such signal pulses is - determined by the particle (end) size and the width of the carpet of light - typically in the range of a few nanoseconds, for example in the range of 80 to 200 ns.
    The height of the signal pulse is related to the scattered light intensity and thus to the particle size. The pulse width provides information about the time required for the particle to pass through the light curtain or the optical detection device.
    Fig. 2 shows an embodiment of a device according to the invention. The device has a detector unit 9 with a photodetector 3, a transimpedance amplifier 4, a compensation element 5, and an AD converter 6, and an evaluation unit 10 with a field programmable gate array 11.
    The current generated by the photodetector 3 (i.e., the measurement signal 1) is amplified by the transimpedance amplifier 4 and thereby converted into a voltage signal T before being digitized by the AD converter. The voltage signal 1 'is shown in Fig. 2 in a diagram above the compensation member 5, wherein the samples 8 are shown schematically for digitization. The voltage signal may be subjected to anti-aliasing filtering in a known manner prior to AD conversion.
    The short duration of the signal pulses in the nanosecond range requires a very fast sampling, a fast digital signal evaluation algorithm and a correspondingly high bandwidth of the analog signal path when the signal is digitized. For this purpose, for example, a high-speed high-bandwidth photodetector can be used as photodetector 3. Tuned to the downstream transimpedance amplifier 4 must have a sufficiently high gain. It is important to ensure that a sufficiently high gain bandwidth product guarantees the necessary signal bandwidth (the higher the gain of an amplifier, the more limited its bandwidth will be).
    The compensation element 5 compensates for background light fluctuations in the detection chamber. The controlled variable VCOmp used by the compensation element 5 is further forwarded to the evaluation unit 10 and serves as one of several criteria for drift detection. With increasing change in the background light, it is possible to conclude that the measuring system is contaminated or decalibrated. The drift detection is described in more detail below.
    The signal line from the transimpedance amplifier 4, or the compensation element 5 to the AD converter 6 may preferably be constructed via a differential line pair, which additionally provides signal integrity to electromagnetic coupling.
    The sampling frequency may preferably be in the range of 50 MHz to 105 MHz in order to ensure a sufficiently high resolution of the signal pulses for the subsequent signal evaluation.
    The digitized signal is forwarded as digital data stream 7 to the evaluation unit 10. Since the particle count is based on a continuous detection of signal pulses, they must be recognized and evaluated by the evaluation unit 10 in real time. The main requirements of the evaluation unit 10 are therefore, above all, fast data acquisition and, consequently, ensuring the real-time capability of the evaluation algorithm. So probably the reading of the samples of the AD converter with a sampling rate fs of 50 MSPS to 105 MSPS, as well as the detection and evaluation of the scattered light pulses are therefore processed in a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) 11.
    The functions performed by the evaluation unit 10 may include a signal pulse detection and evaluation 13, a counting algorithm 14 and a drift detection unit 15 for drift detection and evaluation. These functional units can either be implemented directly in the FPGA 11 or in a downstream unit. Optionally, the evaluation unit 10 can also be embodied in other ways (for example without an FPGA) as long as the means selected ensure a sufficient processing speed. The signal pulse detection and evaluation 13 further comprises a slope evaluation unit 16 for evaluating the slopes between adjacent samples, a detection unit 17 for detecting signal pulses based on parameter sets, and a threshold unit 18. The threshold unit 18 ensures that samples are evaluated only when a defined detection threshold is exceeded.
    Due to the requirement for fast processing and real-time capability of the evaluation algorithm, the mathematical complexity must be kept low. In order to detect the signal pulses and to be able to separate from one another, the FPGA 11 can evaluate different parameters or conditions associated with these parameters and thereby generate an output signal (or several output signals) which can then be processed for counting and further evaluation.
    FIG. 3 shows by way of example some parameters based on a digital measurement signal 1: 1. Threshold
    In order to hide the noise component of the system of digital signal evaluation, the detection threshold is introduced as a threshold above which the detection of a signal pulse begins. The condition defined by the detection threshold can be determined for each individual sample without consideration of adjacent samples. It should be noted that the detection threshold in its function differs from a threshold used in the prior art for generating a count event, since the detection threshold is not used as the exclusive criterion for particle counting. 2. Minimum slope increase (minjncr)
    As a parameter for the rise of a signal pulse and thus also for its frequency is a parameter that determines the minimum signal rise between two consecutive data points Da. Once the slope between successive samples is above the minimum signal rise, the first condition for detecting a signal pulse is satisfied. To evaluate this parameter (or the associated condition), the determination of the slope between two scans is required. Based on a single value of a sample, no statement can be made regarding this parameter. 3. Minimum slope duration (peak_valid)
    In addition to the value of the slope, the amplitude of a signal pulse is also relevant for the correct detection of the signal pulse. The minimum slope duration parameter defines a minimum number of steadily increasing data points that must have a waveform to be detected as a signal pulse. In combination, the conditions checked using the parameters of the minimum slope slope (minjncr) and the minimum slope duration (peak_valid) also serve as low-pass filters. Signal peaks resulting from superimposed noise are filtered out. 4. Minimum flank drop (min_decr)
    In order to correctly detect a signal pulse, it must also be determined whether it has reached a peak value. A peak value is reached when the rise is followed by a drop below the value for a minimum flank fall. The minimum flank drop (min_decr) thus represents the counterpart to the minimum flank rise (minjncr). This parameter (or this subcondition) is of particular importance in the separation of signal pulses of closely successive or partially superimposed signal pulses.
    On the basis of the parameters, a parameter set is created, which must be fulfilled as a condition for the detection of a signal pulse. To find the optimal parameter set, a compromise between counting accuracy, speed of evaluation and noise sensitivity must be found. A simple parameter set would be 1x minjncr + 1x min_decr. This would allow signal pulse detection within only three samples.
    It would also be possible to combine the parameters minjnc and peak_valid as a minimum condition. If the parameters minjnc and peak_valid are set high enough, the noise carpet is blanked out and relevant signal pulses are recognized correctly, provided they are not too noisy. If the parameter min_decr is also taken into account, this results in an additional low-pass filter function.
    A parameter set which uses all the above parameters to determine signal pulses could therefore, as a condition for the detection, use a sequence of samples above the
    Define detection threshold in which in a continuous sequence of slopes at least once the minimum edge rise is exceeded, the number of slopes exceeds the minimum slope duration, and in which after the maximum value at least one (negative) slope falls below the minimum slope drop. Furthermore, it could be defined in which period of time this flank fall must be undercut.
    It is also possible to define further parameters based on the slope values (for example, a minimum duration for the slope drop, analogous to the value peak_valid), which are combined to evaluate the signal to form a parameter set.
    Optionally, several sets of parameters can be evaluated in parallel to determine correction factors, such as for the detection of coincidences.
    The inventive method further allows a simple detection and evaluation of the drift behavior of the measuring device. The drift behavior can be assessed on the basis of several criteria, which include the change in the background light Vcomp, the average signal pulse amplitude Apeak and the average signal pulse duration Tpeak.
    A change in the background light VCOmp may indicate a de-calibration of the detector unit and / or the light source. The background light is an important parameter for the determination of maintenance intervals. The background light can be monitored, for example, via the control parameter of the compensation element 5.
    The average signal pulse amplitude Apeak is influenced in particular by the particle size. In condensation particle counters, particles grow to a certain and constant size before passing through the optical detection unit (i.e., the measuring cell of the measuring device). Although the beam shape of the carpet of light and variations of the scattering angle can lead to deviations of the individual scattered light pulses, on average the particles form scattered light pulses of approximately constant intensity on the photodetector.
    From the signal point of view, this means an average constant pulse amplitude. Changes in the scattered light intensity therefore allow conclusions to be drawn regarding a deterioration in the quality of growth of the equipment in the condenser.
    The average signal pulse duration Tpeak is a measure of the residence time of the particles in the carpet of light. A longer average signal pulse duration Tpeak indicates longer lingering particles in the carpet, indicating contamination of the metering chamber, or change in fluid flow, or change in the carpet of light. The evaluation of this value is essential for the determination of maintenance intervals.
    REFERENCE CHARACTERS:
    Measurement signal 1 Signal pulses 2 Photodetector 3 Transimpedance amplifier 4 Compensation element 5 AD converter 6 Digital data stream 7 Sampling 8 Detector unit 9 Evaluation unit 10
    Field programmable gate array (FPGA) 11 Analog signal path 12 Signal pulse detection and evaluation 13 Count algorithm 14 Drift detection unit 15 Slope evaluation unit 16 Detection unit 17 Threshold unit 18
    权利要求:
    Claims (15)
    [1]
    claims
    1. Device for detecting signal pulses (2) in an analog measurement signal (1) of a particle counter, the device having an AD converter (6) and an evaluation unit (10), characterized in that the evaluation unit (10) has a gradient evaluation unit (10). 16), the signal pulses (2) by evaluating the slopes between adjacent samples (8) in the digital data stream (7) of the AD converter (6) determined in real time.
    [2]
    2. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the AD converter (6) the digital data stream (7) with a sampling rate (fs) of over 50 MSPS, preferably in the range between 50 and 105 MSPS created.
    [3]
    3. Apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the detection of signal pulses (2) in an integrated circuit, preferably a field programmable gate array (11) is implemented.
    [4]
    4. Device according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the evaluation unit (10) comprises a detection unit (17) which detects a signal pulse (2) when a sequence of scans (8) meets the conditions of a parameter set, wherein the parameter set comprises at least one parameter that is selected from minimum slope increase (minjncr), minimum slope duration (peak_valid) and / or minimal slope decrease (min_decr).
    [5]
    5. Device according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the evaluation unit (10) has a threshold unit (18) exits the scans (8) falls below a defined detection threshold (thrhld) of the evaluation.
    [6]
    6. Device according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the evaluation unit (10) comprises a drift detection unit which determines and evaluates criteria for the detection and / or evaluation of the drift behavior of the measurement signal (1).
    [7]
    7. The device according to claim 6, characterized in that the criteria for the detection and / or evaluation of the drift behavior include a change of the background light (VCOmp), an average signal pulse amplitude (Apeak) and / or an average signal pulse duration (Tpeak).
    [8]
    8. Device according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the device comprises a compensation member (5) for compensating a drift behavior in the particle counter, wherein a control variable (VCOmp) of the compensation member (5) for detecting and / or evaluation of the drift behavior of Measuring signal (1) to the evaluation unit (10) is transmitted.
    [9]
    9. Use of a device according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that based on a drift behavior a maintenance time is determined.
    [10]
    10. A method for detecting signal pulses (2) in an analog measuring signal (1) with a device according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the evaluation unit (10) signal pulses (2) by evaluating the slopes between adjacent scans (8 ) in the digital data stream (7) of the AD converter (6) in real time.
    [11]
    11. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that a signal pulse (2) is detected when a sequence of scans (8) meet the conditions of a parameter set, wherein the parameter set comprises at least one parameter which is selected from minimal increase in edge ( minjncr), minimum slope duration (peak_valid) and / or minimal slope decrease (min_decr).
    [12]
    12. The method according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that samples (8) are evaluated only when a defined detection threshold (thrhld) is exceeded.
    [13]
    13. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 12, characterized in that criteria for the detection and / or evaluation of the drift behavior of the measured pulse ensemble (1) are determined, wherein the criteria for the detection and / or evaluation of the drift behavior preferably a change of the background light ( VCOmp), an average signal pulse amplitude (Apeak) and / or an average signal pulse duration (Tpeak).
    [14]
    14. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 13, characterized in that the minimum ratio of average signal pulse duration (Tpeak) to sampling interval (ts) is less than 40, preferably less than 20 and in particular less than 6.
    [15]
    15. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 14, characterized in that for the detection of partially superimposed signal pulses deviations from the ideal waveform quantified and taken into account subsequently.
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    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    ATA50716/2015A|AT517499B1|2015-08-12|2015-08-12|Method and device for detecting signal pulses|ATA50716/2015A| AT517499B1|2015-08-12|2015-08-12|Method and device for detecting signal pulses|
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    CN201680047474.9A| CN107923984B|2015-08-12|2016-08-12|Method and device for detecting signal pulses|
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