• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a method for low - cost operation of a processing machine, wherein a suitable processing speed is determined and the processing machine is operated at the appropriate processing speed, wherein costs are determined depending on the processing speed, wherein the suitable processing speed is determined as the processing speed, which in the operation of the Processing machine leads to a predetermined cost in a predetermined processing time.
    公开号:AT512015A1
    申请号:T1069/2012
    申请日:2012-10-04
    公开日:2013-04-15
    发明作者:Stephan Schultze；Alexander Koehl
    申请人:Bosch Gmbh Robert；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    • * t
    Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart
    Method for low-cost operation of a processing machine
    description
    The present invention relates to a method for low-cost operation of a processing machine and to a computing unit for carrying out the method.
    State of the art
    The invention is concerned with the low-effort operation of processing machines which are operated at a certain processing speed, i. Do a certain number of processing steps in a given period of time or produce a certain number of products in the specified period of time. Such processing machines are generally industrial machines, for example, printing presses, packaging machines, CNC machines, conveyor belts and much more.
    If, for example, energy consumption is considered as a cost, the costs essentially result from the energy consumption for processing (" processing costs ") and the energy consumption for any downtime (" standstill costs "). The span then extends from a maximum permissible processing speed and maximum downtime to a minimum permissible processing speed (in order to be able to complete the desired number of processing steps / products in the given time) without a downtime. The machine operator has no clues in the prior art for the specification of the lowest cost Beaibeitungsgeschwindigkeit. Usually, industrial machines concerned are therefore operated at the maximum allowable processing speed. Although it is known from DE 10 2007 062 287 A1 that in printing presses, if necessary by reducing the processing speed, an energy saving is possible. However, a cost-poorest processing speed itself is not disclosed.
    »* * · * · Φ ι · · · · · · -2m - ··
    It is therefore desirable to specify a way in which an operating machine can be operated in the simplest possible way with the lowest possible costs.
    Disclosure of the invention
    According to the invention, a method for low-cost operation of a processing machine and a computing unit for carrying out the method with the features of the independent patent claims are proposed. Advantageous embodiments are the subject of the dependent claims and the following description.
    Advantages of the invention
    The invention gives a possibility of how a processing machine can be operated as cost-effectively as possible. For this purpose, the costs are determined as a function of the processing speed and then (preferably automatically) a machining speed is specified which leads to the desired (usually the lowest possible) costs. Costs include energy consumption as well as financial costs, which, in addition to energy costs, may also include personnel costs (labor costs), maintenance costs (eg increased wear at increased processing speed) and / or other financial costs. At least some of the method steps, in particular calculations, take place in a computing unit. Fundamental relationships between machining speed and cost will be explained below with reference to FIG.
    The method is particularly suitable for machines with a low base load and a disproportionately increasing power consumption with increasing production speed, since a cost saving is greatest here. Machines with electric drives that increase their power consumption for acceleration and deceleration with the production speed, or machines with motors, blowers or pumps, whose speed increases with the production speed, are particularly suitable for the process.
    Preferably, only processing speeds between the o.g. minimum permitted machining speed and maximum permissible • • * ♦ ···· · »· ♦ • -3A14
    Machining speed are taken into account, which simplifies the determination of the appropriate processing speed.
    In a preferred embodiment, determined suitable processing speeds 5 are stored in a product-specific manner, for example in a computer-implemented database. The storage may also be dependent on environmental parameters, e.g. Temperature, humidity and the like which experience has shown also influence energy consumption. If, at a later time, processing takes place under the same boundary conditions, the stored data can advantageously be used.
    Appropriately, a relationship between the processing speed v and the available processing time Tges is formed. The number of processing steps or products to be done within the processing time Tges is denoted by N 15. For example, the processing costs usually depend on time and
    Processing speed from, Stiüstandkosten (eg Off or Standby) usually only from time. The required processing time Tproj results as a quotient N / v.
    In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a cost function is determined for the dependence of the costs on the processing speed, preferably as a polynomial function, preferably of the third degree, and from this determines the suitable processing speed. Alternatively, the appropriate processing speed can be determined metrologically by determining the costs, for example, are measured and the processing speed is traversed over the allowable range 25. The processing speed for which the desired (e.g., lowest) cost is measured (i.e., the appropriate processing speed) is then used for operation.
    A polynomial function of the third degree is particularly suitable for a sufficiently accurate approximation of the cost function at a reasonable computational cost. The degrees of the polynomial function can be assigned to different sub-processes according to the following table. 1 ** - 47 * 14 **
    Degree of power required for speed increase Example 0 Constant power consumption of the control, heating or cooling, control parts of the drives, infrastructure 1 Linear rising Sliding friction, product-dependent energy (heating power per product, forming energy per product, ...) 2 Square rising IZR of an electric motor in the drive, winding losses through higher accelerations - > Motor current I is proportional to the acceleration, conversion of the kinetic energy into heat by bleeder resistance of the drives, laminar flow 3 Cubic rising turbulent flow of pumps and blowers
    Thus, the following formula (1) describes the average power consumption P [W] as a function of the production speed v [roducts or steps / time unit]: 5 P (v) = α0 + αγ -v + a2 * v2 + a3 V (1)
    The energy consumption Wprod during processing is the integral of the power consumption over the time Tproddct processing.
    T * prod 10 ^ 0) = J aQ + arv + a2-v2 + α3 · ν3ώ (2) o
    From Tpruti = N / v follows: (3)
    ** - 57Ί4 ** · *
    ^ (v) = «o - ^ + arV + * 2-vN + a} -v2-N
    V
    Taking into account a standstill energy consumption (off, standby, idle, etc.), the total energy consumption Wges results:
    ) (4)
    The minimum permissible speed is given by: (5)
    = N rp • * tot
    The parameters N and Tges are known.
    A production speed v0 with minimal energy consumption is determined by minimizing the cost function fVges for v =
    As costs to be reduced (or minimized), however, costs other than energy consumption may also be considered, for example financial costs. In addition to pure energy consumption, energy costs per kWh and fixed operating costs (eg personnel costs, maintenance costs, etc.) also play a role here.
    The coefficients used for a cost function within the scope of the invention may be determined in various advantageous ways. The determination is made automatically in a correspondingly arranged arithmetic unit.
    According to a first embodiment, the coefficients are determined in the context of at least one measurement run. In this case, the costs E are measured for a plurality of different processing speeds v, for example the energy consumption by a corresponding measuring device. In the case of a 3rd degree polynomial, for example, four measuring points are sufficient. The coefficients can then be determined from the measuring points (Eh). It is expedient to carry out one measurement each for v = 0 and three further processing speeds greater than zero. The three further speeds are expediently chosen such that at least one value less than v0 and at least one value greater than vp exist. This can be achieved by measuring the minimum permissible speed and the maximum permissible speed. Alternatively, this can be achieved by determining the slope of the cost function between the measurement points and as long as further measurement points are measured until a sign change of the slope has taken place.
    Alternatively, very many processing speeds can be measured over the entire permissible speed range, which corresponds to an essentially continuous passage through the measuring range. As a result, a point table is obtained from which the coefficients e.g. can be determined by the method of least squares. According to a further embodiment, the measurement point table is used directly for determining the suitable processing speed by searching for the desired costs in the measurement point table and extracting the associated processing speed from the measurement point table. Possibly. is an interpolation necessary.
    According to another embodiment, the coefficients may be determined during normal operation (i.e., not in a specific measurement run). In turn, the costs for different speeds are measured. However, these are speeds that occur during normal operation (or are close to such). The determination of the coefficients according to this embodiment may possibly take longer than the determination of the coefficients by a special measuring run. As a result, the appropriate processing speed is set at a later time, but it can be saved for the test drive, which can lead to time and cost benefits overall.
    Once the coefficients have been determined, a minimum of the cost function can be determined analytically or numerically. Alternatively, the cost function may be graphed so that the operator can select the appropriate processing speed therefrom. A touch screen is particularly suitable for this purpose. Alternatively or additionally, the costs per product / processing can be determined as a function of the processing speed and displayed to the operator. Conveniently, the current operating point is displayed in this representation. As a result, the potential for savings can be made clear and the operator is informed about which speed changes lead to cost savings.
    To simplify the embodiment just described, it may be provided to set the 5 coefficients aj = 0. In this embodiment, already three measuring points for the
    Coefficient determination, which expediently at vM) and two further processing speeds greater than zero are performed. If more than three processing speeds are measured, the coefficients can be determined more accurately using the method of least squares. 10
    If the energy consumption is measured as cost, this is preferably done by means of a single energy meter, preferably at the feed point of the machine. Alternatively, several decentralized measuring instruments are used and their measured values summed. In the case of decentralized execution, the coefficients can first be determined decentrally and these 15 then summed. The decentralized determination of the coefficients can in each case be carried out in particular according to one of the alternatives described above. In the decentralized version, not all energy consumers need to be equipped with a measuring device. For example. Consumers are familiar (such as modern electric drives) that can self-mediate their energy consumption internally. Also known are consumers whose energy consumption data sheets can be taken.
    An arithmetic unit according to the invention, e.g. a control device of a processing machine is, in particular programmatically, adapted to perform a erfmdungsgemäßes method 25
    Also, the implementation of the invention in the form of software is advantageous because this allows very low cost, especially if an executing processing unit is still used for other tasks and therefore already exists. Suitable data carriers for providing the computer program are in particular floppy disks, hard disks, flash memory, EEPROMs, CD-ROMs, DVDs and the like. It is also possible to download a program via computer networks (Internet, intranet, etc.).
    Further advantages and embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the description and the accompanying drawings. ·· ♦ «··« • · «•• -87 * 14 "
    It is understood that the features mentioned above and those yet to be explained below can be used not only in the particular combination indicated, but also in other combinations or in isolation, without departing from the scope of the present invention.
    The invention is illustrated schematically with reference to an exemplary embodiment in the drawing and will be described in detail below with reference to the drawing. F igurenbeschreibung
    FIG. 1 shows a processing machine designed as a printing press, which is operated within the scope of the invention.
    FIG. 2 shows exemplary courses of energy consumption over time for different processing speeds.
    FIG. 3 shows the graphical representation of an exemplary cost function. FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a processing machine embodied as a printing machine and designated by 100 as a whole. A printing material, for example paper 101, is fed to the machine via an infeed 110. The paper 101 is guided and printed by here designed as printing units 111,112,113,114 processing facilities and output by a pull-out (outfeed) 115 again. In the example shown, the feeder and the pull-out unit serve to transport the printing material at a medium transport speed. Alternatively or additionally, corresponding driven processing devices can be provided, which process and transport the material.
    Infeed 110 has a drive 110 " ' and the extraction unit 115 has a drive 115 ", which are each connected via a data connection 151 to a (transport) control device 150, for example a PLC. The drive 110 '" or 115 " ' includes, for example, a motor and a control electronics. The data connection 151 may be ·····························
    • · φ φ φ φ "-9 714- · in particular as a real-time fieldbus connection, for example as a SERCOS ΠΙ connection, to be executed. For example, via the data connection 151, a lead axis position is transmitted digitally to the infeed 110 and the extension unit 115 (wave-less). The printing units 111 to 114 can be, for example, digital printing units based on an ink-jet principle or operating electrophotographically. Likewise, however, analogue printing units (flexographic printing, offset printing, etc.) may be provided. The essence of the invention is unrelated to the type of machine operated. The printing units transmit the printed image, for example, line by line to the material 101. To control the printing units 111 to 114, encoder signals are transmitted on a corresponding encoder line 152, as is known. The encoder signals can - as in the present example - as encoder emulation by the controller 150 or - as indicated by the dashed arrow - are generated by a rotary encoder. As a further embodiment, an encoder emulation connection from the drive electronics of the drives 110 or 115 via the encoder line to the digital printing units is available. In general, the encoder information-as shown in FIG. 1-can be transmitted in a bus structure or in a star-shaped manner (not shown). In the latter case, several encoder signal outputs in the system are necessary. 20
    The power consumption of all components shown depends in practice on the processing speed, the processing speed being defined as the number of finished printed (i.e., all colors) products per unit of time. FIG. 2 shows exemplary courses of energy consumption over time for different processing speeds.
    On the ordinate is the energy consumption E (for example in kWh), on the abscissa the elapsed time t (for example in min) is plotted. 30
    The diagram shows the energy E supplied to an exemplary processing machine over time t, wherein a defined number of processing steps are carried out or produced by products. The available period is Tges and extends from 0 to t4. After this time usually starts the next processing cycle. »* * *« «* * * * · * * * * * * · * * -10714 · - ·
    Four exemplary cases 201-204 are distinguished, it being assumed that the energy consumption per unit time (corresponding to the slope in the diagram) is also different for different processing speeds. The processing speed itself results indirectly from the respective course, more precisely from the position of a bend in the course.
    The course 201 corresponds to the usual case that the processing machine is operated at the maximum allowable processing speed. The desired steps / products are then completed at the earliest time t, and the processing machine is then left switched on at standstill. The energy consumption per unit time at standstill is correspondingly lower, so that the graph after the kink has a smaller slope.
    The course 203 corresponds to a case in which the processing machine is operated at a slightly reduced processing speed. The desired steps / products are then completed at time t3 and the processing machine is then switched into a power-saving mode (eg "standby"). The energy consumption per unit time in energy-saving mode is very low, so that the graph after the kink has almost no slope.
    The course 202 corresponds to a case where the processing machine is operated at a further reduced processing speed. The desired steps / products are then completed and the processing machine is then switched off. The energy consumption per unit time in the off state is essentially zero, so that the graph after the kink has no slope.
    The course 204 finally corresponds to the case in which the processing machine is operated at the minimum allowable processing speed. The desired steps / products are then done exactly at time t4, there is no subsequent standstill phase.
    The courses according to FIG. 2 are purely exemplary. Usually, the gradients will be product-specific and possibly also machine-specific. Also external influences, such as the ambient temperature, can affect the gradients.
    • ft ft * ft ft * * - 1Γ 7 14 * - · · * · · ·
    It will be appreciated that the total energy (i.e., E (^)) expended at the end of the cycle is minimal for the trace 203. The associated processing speed can be determined in the context of the present invention. Today, the machine operator has no information about the product-specific energy-optimal processing speed. Thus, the machine operator can not use potential savings.
    FIG. 3 shows a diagram of an exemplary cost function ε (v) which is dependent on the processing speed v. The energy consumption E in [Wh] is plotted over the processing speed v in [N / min . It can be seen that a minimum of the energy consumption is approximately at vo = 310 N / min. As coefficients were used. • ao = 500 [W] • as = 50 [Ws] • a2 = 20 [Ws *] • a3 = 0 [Ws3] 15 · N = 2000 [Products]
    The suitable processing speed vg can be determined within the scope of the invention in accordance with the methods already explained. The processing machine will then operate at the appropriate processing speed v0 so that the cost is minimal under the condition that a desired number N of processing steps or products can be accomplished in a predetermined time Tges.
    权利要求:
    Claims (9)
    [1]
    1. A method for low-cost operation of a processing machine (100), wherein a suitable processing speed (v0) is determined and the processing machine (100) is operated at the suitable processing speed (v0), whereby costs (E) are determined as a function of the processing speed (v), the suitable processing speed (v0) being determined as the processing speed which is used during operation of the processing machine (100). at predetermined cost in a predetermined processing time leads.
    [2]
    2. Method according to claim 1, wherein to determine the suitable processing speed (v0) a cost function dependent on the processing speed (v) is locally or globally minimized.
    [3]
    3. The method of claim 2, wherein as a cost function a polynomial function, preferably 3rd degree, is used.
    [4]
    4. The method of claim 3, wherein during a test drive or during normal operation, the costs (E) for a number of different processing speeds are determined and from the measuring points, the coefficients of the polynomial function are determined.
    [5]
    A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the appropriate processing speed (v <>) and / or referring back to claim 3 or 4 the cost function and / or referring back to claim 4, the coefficients are stored product specific.
    [6]
    A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein a machining speed dependent cost function is plotted and the appropriate machining speed (v #) is selected from the graph. • · * · · «···» · · · · · · · · · · 15 · / 14 · - ··
    [7]
    7. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the suitable processing speed (vö) is determined by measuring the cost (E) for a plurality of processing speeds and that processing speed is determined as a suitable processing speed (v0), 5 whose cost (E) the come closest to predetermined costs.
    [8]
    8. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein an industrial machine is operated as a processing machine, for example. A printing press, punching machine, packaging machine, CNC machine or transport machine. 10
    [9]
    9. A computing unit (150) adapted to perform a method according to any one of the preceding claims.



    , Oct, 2012
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    引用文献:
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    法律状态:
    2017-11-15| REJ| Rejection|Effective date: 20171115 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    DE102011115432A|DE102011115432A1|2011-10-08|2011-10-08|Method for operating processing machine, involves determining appropriate processing speed, where processing machine is operated in appropriate processing speed|
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